T A D Q I Q O T L A R
jahon ilmiy – metodik jurnali
https://scientific-jl.com
61-son_6-to’plam_May-2025
3
ISSN:3030-3613
SHORTENING AND ITS CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES.
Khaydarova Nigora
Andijan state institute of foreign
languages Scientific supervisor.
Madaminova Gulzoda
Student of the group-303(FRGSL)
Annotation
: This article explores the phenomenon of shortening in the English
language, which is one of the most productive and dynamic word-formation processes.
It analyzes the types, characteristics, and functions of shortened forms, and their signifi
cance in modern communication.
Key words
: Shortening, clipping, abbreviation, acronym, initialism, word
formation, language economy, communication, blends.
Introduction:
Language is constantly evolving, adapting to the needs of its
speakers. One of the most noticeable trends in modern English is the tendency towards
linguistic economy—expressing more with less. Shortening is a vivid example of this
process. It refers to the reduction of longer words or expressions into shorter forms
while preserving the original meaning. This phenomenon is common in both spoken
and written discourse, and plays a crucial role in increasing the efficiency and s5peed
of communication.
Definition of Shortening:
Shortening, also known as abbreviation, is a process of word formation where a
part of a word or phrase is omitted to create a more concise version. Despite the
reduction, the resulting form remains understandable and retains the core meaning.
Types of Shortening:
a) Clipping:
Clipping involves shortening a word by removing one or more syllables. It is the
most basic form of shortening. There are several types:
Back clipping: e.g., ad (from advertisement), exam (from examination)
Fore clipping: e.g., phone (from telephone), plane (from airplane)
Middle clipping: e.g., flu (from influenza)
Complex clipping: e.g., sitcom (from situational comedy)
b) Acronyms:
Acronyms are formed by taking the initial letters of a phrase and pronouncing
them as a word. Examples include NASA (National Aeronautics and Space
Administration) and UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization).
T A D Q I Q O T L A R
jahon ilmiy – metodik jurnali
https://scientific-jl.com
61-son_6-to’plam_May-2025
4
ISSN:3030-3613
c) Initialisms:
Initialisms also use the first letters of a phrase, but unlike acronyms, each letter
is pronounced separately. For example, BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) and
FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation).
d) Blends:
Blending is a process where parts of two words are combined to create a new
word. Examples include brunch (breakfast + lunch) and smog (smoke + fog).
Characteristic Features of Shortening:
Brevity: The main purpose is to reduce the length of words or expressions.
Informality: Shortened forms are often used in informal speech and writing.
Widespread usage: Many shortened words eventually become standard
vocabulary.
Semantic retention: The shortened form maintains the essential meaning of the
original.
Productivity: The process is active and constantly generates new forms,
especially in areas like technology, media, and youth slang.
Role in Modern Communication:
In today’s fast-paced world, where texting, social media, and instant messaging
are dominant, shortening helps save time and effort. It also reflects trends in culture
and identity, particularly among younger generations. For example, abbreviations like
LOL (laugh out loud) and OMG (oh my God) have become part of everyday language.
Conclusion
: Shortening is an integral part of English word formation. It reflects
the natural tendency of language users to simplify and economize communication.
Understanding its mechanisms and features offers insight into linguistic innovation and
social dynamics in language use.
References:
1.
Bauer, L. (1983). English Word-Formation. Cambridge University Press.
2.
Crystal, D. (2003). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language (2nd
ed.). Cambridge University Press.
3.
Plag, I. (2003). Word-Formation in English. Cambridge University Press.
4.
Matthews, P. H. (2007). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics (2nd ed.).
Oxford University Press.
5.
Yule, G. (2020). The Study of Language (8th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
6.
McArthur, T. (Ed.). (1992). The Oxford Companion to the English Language.
Oxford University Press.
