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https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajiir
PUBLISHED DATE: - 04-11-2024
DOI: -
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajiir/Volume06Issue11-10
PAGE NO.: - 177-193
POLICE RECRUITMENT AND TRAINING:
ASSESSING THE IMPACT ON OFFICER
BEHAVIOR AND CITIZEN COMPLAINTS IN
NIGERIA
Maryjane Y. Oghogho
Ph.D. Student, City University, Cambodia
Irenen O. Ikponmwosa
Phd Student, City University, Cambodia
O.M.C Osazuwa
Ph.D. Student, City University, Cambodia
INTRODUCTION
In recent years, the conduct and behavior of law
enforcement officers have increasingly been
scrutinized by the public, policymakers, and
scholars, particularly in Nigeria. The relationship
between police recruitment and training practices
and their impact on officer behavior, particularly in
relation to citizen complaints, has emerged as a
significant concern within the field of law
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Abstract
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enforcement studies (Oromareghake et al., 2018).
Nigerian law enforcement agencies bear the
critical responsibility of upholding justice,
maintaining public safety, and protecting
individual rights. However, persistent reports of
police misconduct, excessive use of force, and
violations of civil liberties have raised questions
about the effectiveness of existing recruitment and
training
mechanisms
in
cultivating
professionalism and a respect for the rule of law
(Ulo, 2021).
The recruitment and training processes of police
officers play a fundamental role in shaping the
capacity of law enforcement agencies to perform
their duties effectively, ethically, and within legal
boundaries (Kasumu, 2017). Recent instances of
police brutality and misconduct in Nigeria have
sparked public debates about the adequacy of
these processes. Misconduct undermines public
trust in law enforcement institutions, diminishing
their ability to maintain order and serve
communities effectively (Temitope et al., 2020).
These developments underscore the pressing need
for a comprehensive assessment of how police
recruitment and training practices influence
officer behavior, particularly with respect to the
rising number of citizen complaints.
Recruitment serves as the foundational step in
constructing a responsible and law-abiding police
force, selecting candidates who meet the requisite
qualifications and demonstrate ethical character
and integrity (Ofekeze, 2023). Training programs
are equally vital, as they equip officers with the
tools, knowledge, and skills necessary to navigate
complex and potentially volatile situations while
adhering to legal and ethical standards. Effective
training emphasizes legal compliance, cultural
sensitivity, de-escalation techniques, and the
appropriate use of force, all of which are essential
for fostering professionalism and minimizing
instances of misconduct (Balogun et al., 2021).
Nonetheless, deficiencies in these areas may
contribute to a rise in excessive force, biased
behavior, and violations of citizens' rights, thereby
eroding public confidence in the police.
Understanding the nexus between recruitment,
training, and police
behavior is crucial for developing policies that aim
to reduce misconduct and enhance police
community relations in Nigeria.
A key issue at the heart of this study is the apparent
disconnect between the objectives of police
recruitment and training programs and the actual
behaviors exhibited by officers in the field. Despite
efforts to select qualified candidates, numerous
reports of misconduct, excessive force, and the
violation of citizens' rights raise questions about
the adequacy of current recruitment protocols
(Ojedokun, 2021). Furthermore, despite the design
of training programs to equip officers for ethical
and effective service, there seems to be a
discrepancy between the offered training and its
practical implementation, as demonstrated by
persistent issues of biased behavior and power
abuse. These concerns bring into question the
overall effectiveness of recruitment and training
methods in fostering a lasting respect for the law
among Nigerian police officers.
The lack of comprehensive research that
systematically examines the links between
recruitment, training, and officer behavior,
particularly within the Nigerian context, further
compounds this problem. Existing studies often
focus on isolated aspects of police misconduct or
training without thoroughly investigating the ways
in which recruitment and training practices
intersect and influence each other in shaping
officer conduct and contributing to citizen
complaints (Akindejoye & Ayenakin, 2022). This
gap in the literature highlights the necessity for a
comprehensive
investigation
into
refining
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recruitment strategies and training methodologies
to strengthen adherence to legal and ethical
standards among Nigerian law enforcement
officers.
Addressing this issue is critical for several reasons.
First, the behavior of law enforcement officers
significantly impacts public trust in police
institutions. Instances of misconduct erode
community confidence in the police, undermining
cooperation and weakening the legitimacy of law
enforcement efforts (Martins, 2023). Second,
officers who fail to respect legal and ethical
boundaries perpetuate cycles of misconduct,
contributing to strained police-community
relations and a rise in citizen complaints
(Marvellous, 2019). Finally, this issue has broader
societal implications, as it relates to matters of
accountability, transparency, and the equitable
application of justice in Nigeria (Hazen & Brank,
2023). Given the evident disconnect between
recruitment, training, and officer behavior, a
critical reassessment of these components is
essential to enhancing the integrity and
effectiveness of law enforcement in Nigeria.
In light of these concerns, this study seeks to
explore the nuanced relationship between police
recruitment, training, and officer behavior in
Nigeria, with particular attention to how these
factors influence citizen complaints. By examining
recruitment criteria, training methodologies, and
their alignment with real-world policing, this study
aims to identify best practices and areas for
improvement that could help foster a culture of
respect for the law among Nigerian police officers.
The study also aims to explore strategies for
bridging the gap between recruitment, training,
and on-the-ground behavior, with the ultimate
goal of reducing citizen complaints and promoting
ethical, accountable policing. We expect the
findings from this study to contribute to ongoing
discussions on police reform in Nigeria, offering
crucial insights into optimizing recruitment and
training to enhance police-community relations
curb misconduct, and guarantee that officers
uphold and respect the law in their interactions
with citizens.
Literature Review
Historical Influences on Police Conduct and Citizen
Complaints in Nigeria
The historical evolution of police recruitment and
training in Nigeria provides critical context for
understanding its impact on officer behavior and
the rise in citizen complaints. Law enforcement in
Nigeria traces its roots to colonial rule, where the
primary function of the police was to maintain
control and suppress dissent (Oromareghake et al.,
2018). During this period, the British colonial
authorities established a police force whose
primary role was not to serve or protect the public
but to reinforce colonial authority. As a result,
early police recruitment and training focused on
fostering compliance with the state rather than
respect for the law and human rights. This colonial
legacy has continued to influence the structure and
behavior of Nigerian police forces, often reflected
in the strained relationship between law
enforcement officers and the public.
The Police Act, which laid the foundation for
modern policing in Nigeria, aimed to formalize the
responsibilities and powers of law enforcement
agencies. However, critics often point out that the
framework it established is outdated and
misaligned with the contemporary needs of a
democratic society. Recruitment and training
under this system have often failed to evolve in
ways that promote community-oriented policing,
leading to concerns about the effectiveness of
these processes in curbing officer misconduct.
Over time, the inability to adapt recruitment
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standards and training programs to modern
ethical expectations has contributed to the rise in
citizen complaints, as officers frequently engage in
behaviors that violate citizens’ rights (Aborisade,
2021).
Nigeria's history of military rule has significantly
exacerbated challenges within its police force. The
military has traditionally undermined the police by
appropriating its functions during various
regimes, which has contributed to a culture of
underfunding and neglect of law enforcement
agencies (Omole, 2020). Even in the democratic
era, the police have struggled to adopt the
principle of "policing by consent," failing to
establish legitimacy and trust with the public.
Multiple military regimes entrenched a militaristic
approach to policing, positioning law enforcement
officers primarily as agents of state control rather
than as public servants (Kasumu, 2017). The
emphasis during these periods was on maintaining
regime stability rather than fostering community
engagement. Consequently, recruitment processes
often prioritized obedience and discipline over
civic responsibility and respect for human rights.
Similarly, training programs during and after
military rule focused on control and compliance,
leaving officers ill-equipped to navigate complex
community dynamics or manage situations with
the empathy and professionalism essential for
effective democratic policing.
Furthermore, Nigeria's diverse cultural landscape,
with its multitude of ethnic groups and languages,
presents unique challenges for police. Law
enforcement officers often face difficulties when
dealing with communities whose social and
cultural norms differ from their own. Yet, police
training programs have historically failed to
incorporate
cultural
sensitivity
training,
exacerbating the tension between officers and the
communities they serve. This lack of cultural
competence
has
often
resulted
in
misunderstandings and has contributed to biased
behaviors, further escalating citizen complaints
(Temitope et al., 2020).
The persistence of human rights violations in law
enforcement, including extrajudicial killings,
arbitrary arrests, and torture, has fueled calls for
reform. These abuses underscore a significant
disconnect between the recruitment and training
procedures and the upholding of legal and ethical
standards by officers. As such, critics often point
out that recruitment fails to adequately assess
candidates' commitment to justice, and training
fails to instill the importance of lawfulness and
respect for human rights. This has, in turn, fostered
a culture of impunity and misconduct among
officers, resulting in a pattern of citizen complaints
and deteriorating trust between law
enforcement and the public (Ulo et al., 2021). Civil
society organizations and international human
rights advocates have increasingly called for a
restructuring of recruitment and training to ensure
that officers are better equipped to serve in a
democratic context. Reform efforts have
emphasized the need for greater accountability in
the recruitment process and more comprehensive,
human rights-focused training programs. The goal
is to bridge the historical gap between law
enforcement practices and the ethical standards
required to restore public trust and reduce citizen
complaints.
Police Recruitment Practices and Challenges in
Nigeria
In Nigeria, police recruitment focuses on
candidates' educational qualifications, physical
fitness, and technical skills, assessed through
exams, fitness tests, and interviews (Adagbasa et
al., 2022). However, a key challenge is the limited
assessment of candidates’ intrinsic values, such as
ethics and commitment to the law. Traditional
recruitment methods do not adequately measure
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these qualities, which are essential for ethical law
enforcement (Solangi et al., 2021). As a result,
officers selected through these processes may lack
the integrity and empathy needed for responsible
policing, contributing to misconduct and citizen
complaints (Blumberg et al., 2020).
While recent improvements, such as psychological
assessments and background checks, have aimed
to address these issues (Helfgott et al., 2023),
recruitment still prioritizes technical skills over
candidates' alignment with values of respect for
the law. Profiling and thorough background checks
are essential to ensure that recruits are motivated
by a genuine desire to uphold the law rather than
by economic necessity (Solangi et al., 2021).
Without these measures, unfit individuals may join
the force, leading to behaviors such as police
brutality and abuse of power, further eroding
public trust (Oromareghake et al., 2018).
The consequences of inadequate recruitment
processes are evident in the growing reports of
misconduct, which strain community-police
relations (Omogbiya, 2023). Officers who lack a
strong ethical foundation may misuse their
authority, leading to excessive force and
corruption, undermining public trust, and
increasing citizen complaints (Ojedokun et al.,
2021). This misalignment between recruitment
and the need for ethical values limits the
effectiveness of community-oriented policing,
which relies on mutual trust and cooperation
(Ofekeze, 2023). We need to shift towards a
procedural justice approach in recruitment, which
emphasizes
transparency, fairness, and respect for citizens'
rights, to address these challenges. Implementing
more rigorous selection criteria and ongoing ethics
training can improve police behavior and public
trust (Omogbiya, 2023; Addah & Omogbiya, 2023;
Afolabi et al., 2021). This approach is essential for
fostering a professional and accountable police
force in Nigeria.
Police Training and Its Challenges in Nigeria
Training programs for law enforcement officers in
Nigeria typically comprise classroom instruction,
practical exercises, and simulations aimed at
equipping officers with the necessary skills and
knowledge for effective policing. These programs
emphasize ethical principles and values that guide
officers' behavior, providing strategies to defuse
tense situations and avoid unnecessary use of force
(Burton et al., 2022). Comprehensive training
instills a deep understanding of the legal
framework, promotes de-escalation techniques,
and encourages cultural sensitivity, emphasizing
the importance of unbiased and respectful
interactions with the public. However, inadequate
or outdated training can perpetuate harmful
behaviors, contribute to biased attitudes, and
erode community trust in law enforcement.
A significant challenge arises when training fails to
translate into real-world behavior. Instances
where officers engage in behaviors that deviate
from classroom principles highlight a gap between
training and practice (Balogun et al., 2021). This
gap may stem from factors such as organizational
culture,
peer
influence,
and
insufficient
reinforcement of training principles. Officers
lacking practical de-escalation skills may resort to
excessive force during encounters, leading to harm
or fatalities. The Nigerian Police receive training in
professional studies (covering police duties and
ethics), legal studies (including the rule of law and
fundamental human rights), and liberal studies
(focusing on communication, public relations, and
crime prevention psychology). The challenge lies
not in the training itself but in its enforcement
(Yunusa & Usman, 2022). For example, inadequate
enforcement of ethics and legal compliance can
lead to abuses of authority, violations of citizens'
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rights, and corrupt practices, thereby eroding
public trust and damaging police-community
relations. Cultural insensitivity and poor
communication skills can escalate tensions,
undermining community cooperation and crime
prevention efforts.
Additionally, poor training facilities and resources
hinder effective training, particularly in tactical
and intelligence operations. While some training
occurs, it often lacks adequacy and funding to
benefit all recruits (Ismail, 2020). With Nigeria's
poor police-population ratio, the need for well-
equipped training facilities is critical to improve
tactical and intelligence training and reduce
incidents of gun misfire (Akinyetun, 2022). Despite
initiatives promoting community policing that
show promise in improving police-community
relations and reducing crime (Ibrahim-Olesin et al.,
2024; Ernest et al., 2022), significant weaknesses
persist. Inadequate training on the use of force
continues to contribute to issues of excessive force
and human rights violations (Aborisade, 2023;
Uguru & Umobong, 2022). Furthermore, the
prevalence of corruption and unethical behavior
among officers undermines public trust and
effective policing (Afolabi et al., 2021). Therefore,
the Nigerian police force urgently needs
comprehensive reforms and enhanced training to
address these systemic issues.
The Relevance of Police Recruitment and Training
to Public Safety in Nigeria
It is impossible to overstate the importance of
police recruitment and training in Nigeria, as it
directly influences officer behavior, public safety,
and the relationship between law enforcement
agencies and the communities they serve
(Tepelena, 2022). Recruitment processes and
training shape the quality of officers, determining
the effectiveness and credibility of law
enforcement agencies (Kasumu, 2017). Law
enforcement agencies are responsible for
upholding the rule of law and protecting citizens'
rights (Audu et al., 2023). Officers wield significant
authority, making decisions that can affect
individuals and communities. Therefore, effective
recruitment and comprehensive training are
essential for preparing officers to handle complex
situations while adhering to ethical standards
(Staller, 2021).
The interplay between recruitment, training, and
respect for the law is critical. A strong recruitment
process ensures that candidates with a
commitment to ethical conduct and respect for the
law enter the profession. Conversely, deficiencies
in recruitment necessitate extensive training
efforts to address these gaps (Williams & Sondhi,
2022). However, recruitment and training alone
are insufficient; organizational culture, leadership,
and peer influences also significantly affect
officers' behavior. All organizational levels must
reinforce ethical conduct to ensure that training
translates into respectful and lawful behavior
(Koslicki, 2021; Nguindip et al., 2021).
Research shows a strong correlation between
police recruitment, training practices, and citizen
complaints. Procedural justice training, which
emphasizes respect, neutrality, and transparency,
has been effective in reducing complaints and
instances of excessive force (Wood et al., 2020).
Skill-building programs, such as "Verbal Judo,"
further enhance officer interactions and mitigate
complaints (Terrill et al., 2018). Interestingly,
studies have indicated that the type of policing
—
whether community-oriented or traditional
—
may
be less influential on complaint rates than the
quality of training and support provided to officers
(Wood et al., 2021). Coercive actions, such as stop-
and-frisk, can escalate citizen complaints,
highlighting the complex relationship between
police conduct, community perceptions, and
resulting grievances (Martin, 2024). Thus, while
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effective training is essential, the context in which
police actions occur significantly influences public
perception and the frequency of citizen
complaints, necessitating ongoing assessment and
reform in Nigeria’s police recruitment and training
practices.
Citizens' Perception of Police Behavior and the
Effectiveness of Police Training in Nigeria
Due to widespread reports of abuse and
misconduct within the police force, Nigerian
citizens view law enforcement with significant
distrust (Akinlabi, 2022). Citizens' encounters with
the police, often characterized by violence and
predatory behavior, deeply root this negative
perception. Such experiences not only undermine
public confidence in law enforcement but also
create substantial barriers to cooperation between
the police and the communities they serve (Ike et
al., 2021). Critics have criticized current police
training programs in Nigeria for their insufficient
emphasis on community engagement and ethical
conduct. Instead, these programs often prioritize
counter-terrorism measures at the expense of
fundamental policing principles that promote
accountability and respect for citizens' rights
(Nwobueze et al., 2018). This narrow focus
contributes to the disconnect between the police
and the community, as officers may lack the
necessary skills and knowledge to engage
positively with the public.
Experts suggest that enhancing police training to
include regular modules on community relations
and ethical policing could help bridge the trust
deficit between citizens and law enforcement
(Okeke, 2020). Such training should focus on
fostering empathy, improving communication
skills, and emphasizing the importance of treating
citizens
with
respect.
However,
the
implementation of these reforms faces challenges,
as victims of police misconduct
often feel apprehensive about reporting their
experiences. The fear of retaliation or further
victimization discourages individuals from seeking
justice and exacerbates the existing mistrust in the
police (Ike & Jidong, 2022).
Police Service Commission: Oversight of the
Nigeria Police Force
The Police Service Commission (PSC) is the
primary oversight div for the Nigeria Police
Force (NPF), established under the Nigerian
Constitution to promote transparency, fairness,
and professionalism in policing (Amusan & Saka,
2018). The PSC governs critical aspects of police
personnel management, including recruitment,
promotion, transfer, discipline, and the general
welfare of officers. As part of its mandate, the PSC
conducts recruitment exercises to select qualified
individuals based on merit, thereby maintaining
integrity within the force (Ibekwe & Subai, 2020).
It also approves promotions according to
established criteria, oversees transfers to prevent
undue influence, and investigates allegations of
misconduct
or
corruption,
recommending
disciplinary actions when necessary (Saxena,
2023).
Furthermore, the PSC advocates for improved
welfare and working conditions for police officers,
addressing issues such as salary, housing, and
healthcare (Minhas & Shah, 2019). The PSC has the
authority to suggest policies and strategies to the
federal government that aim to improve policing in
Nigeria.
Therefore,
the
Police
Service
Commission's establishment aimed to address
issues of nepotism, favoritism, and corruption
within the police force by establishing an
independent div to oversee personnel matters.
The aim is to build a more professional and
accountable police force that can effectively serve
and protect the citizens of Nigeria (Ahmed & Yashe,
2022).
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Human Rights Protection Agency: The Nigerian
National Human Rights Commission
The National Human Rights Act of 1995, amended
in 2010, established the Nigerian National Human
Rights Commission (NHRC) to promote and
safeguard human rights as outlined in the Nigerian
Constitution and international treaties, such as the
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights and
the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Okene
& Akani, 2019). The NHRC has quasi-judicial
powers, enabling it to summon witnesses, gather
evidence, award
compensation, and enforce its findings, as well as
inspect custodial facilities to protect prisoners'
rights.
As Nigeria's foremost institution for human rights,
the NHRC implements a variety of initiatives to
promote and protect human rights through public
education, training, mediation, and policy-
oriented research (Jegede, 2023). Its focus areas
include fostering democracy and beneficial
governance, addressing the rights of vulnerable
populations, and resolving conflicts, along with
tackling issues such as extrajudicial killings,
torture, and violence. The NHRC collaborates with
non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and civil
society organizations (CSOs) to enhance human
rights awareness through sensitization and
educational initiatives. Section 5 of the National
Human Rights Commission Act delineates its
powers and responsibilities, enabling the
Commission to assist victims of human rights
violations and seek appropriate remedies on their
behalf (Anushiem et al., 2021).
Comparative Analysis of Police Recruitment and
Training Practices in Nigeria and Other African
Countries
Police recruitment and training practices play a
crucial role in shaping officer behavior and,
consequently, influencing the frequency of citizen
complaints. A comparative analysis of Nigeria
alongside other African nations reveals significant
insights into the implications of these practices. In
Nigeria, inadequate recruitment standards often
lead to the selection of unqualified personnel,
contributing to unprofessional conduct within the
police force (Omogbiya, 2023; Addah & Omogbiya,
2023). The recruitment process is particularly
problematic, with reports indicating that
individuals can finish a prison term for armed
robbery in one city and then join the police force in
another the very next day, owing to a lack of a
central database of convicts (Omole, 2020). This
inefficient recruitment system compromises the
integrity of the police force and further
exacerbates public distrust. Additionally, heads of
police
training
colleges
have
reported
experiencing "instruction from above," where
powerful individuals in government can mandate
the passing of even those who fail the recruitment
course or examination, thereby undermining the
selection process (Omole, 2020).
Insufficient training on ethical conduct and the
appropriate use of force exacerbates these issues,
leading to human rights abuses and eroding public
trust in law enforcement (Afolabi et al., 2021;
Aborisade, 2023). Furthermore, the lack of
emphasis on community policing undermines the
establishment of positive police-community
relationships and perpetuates public distrust
(Nwobueze et al., 2018). The 2020 "End SARS"
protests in Nigeria serve as a poignant illustration
of the consequences stemming from these
deficiencies. These protests, ignited by pervasive
police brutality and extortion, underscored the
public's deep-seated grievances against law
enforcement, with lack of accountability and
inadequate training emerging as significant
contributing factors (Amnesty International,
2020).
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In contrast, several other African nations have
adopted promising practices to address similar
challenges. For instance, South Africa initiated
substantial police reforms following the apartheid
era, including revised recruitment standards that
emphasize diversity and human rights, alongside
the implementation of community-oriented
policing strategies (South African Police Service,
2016). While challenges persist, these reforms
have led to a more professional police service.
Similarly, Ghana has prioritized community
policing and developed training programs focusing
on human rights and ethical conduct (Ghana Police
Service, 2018), which have fostered improved
police-community relations and a reduction in
citizen complaints in specific regions. Rwanda has
also instituted rigorous recruitment standards,
including psychological evaluations and integrity
testing, resulting in a more disciplined and
professional police force characterized by lower
corruption rates (Rwanda National Police, 2021).
METHODOLOGY
This study employs an exploratory methodology,
focusing on a literature review and comparative
analysis of police recruitment and training
practices in Nigeria and other African countries. By
analyzing secondary data from academic journals,
government publications, and NGO reports, the
study aims to uncover the relationship between
these practices and their impact on officer
behavior and citizen complaints, ultimately
contributing to enhanced security in Nigeria.
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
The study explores the significant impact of police
recruitment and training practices on officer
behavior and citizen complaints in Nigeria.
Inadequate standards severely compromise the
recruitment
process,
allowing
unqualified
individuals, including those with criminal
backgrounds, to join the police force in the
absence of a centralized database for background
checks. This undermines the integrity of the police
force and erodes public trust. Furthermore,
political interference exacerbates these challenges,
with external pressures leading to the promotion
of candidates who fail to meet the required
standards. This diminishes the professionalism
and overall effectiveness of the police.
The study also reveals that police training
programs are insufficient, particularly in areas
related to ethical conduct and the appropriate use
of force. This gap in training contributes to human
rights violations and a decline in public confidence.
Additionally, the absence of comprehensive
training in community policing strategies hinders
the development of positive police-community
relations. The 2020 "End SARS" protests starkly
highlighted the consequences of these deficiencies,
as public outcry over police brutality and lack of
accountability underscored the urgent need for
reform.
In comparison, other African nations have
implemented successful reforms that Nigeria could
learn from. Countries like South Africa and Ghana
have improved police-community relations by
focusing
on
community-oriented
policing,
establishing higher recruitment standards, and
incorporating human rights into police training.
Rwanda’s rigorous recruitment standards have
produced a more disciplined and less corrupt
police force, further illustrating the benefits of
adopting such reforms.
The study also examines oversight mechanisms,
focusing on the Police Service Commission (PSC),
responsible for promoting transparency and
accountability in police personnel management.
The PSC's efforts in overseeing recruitment,
promotion, and disciplinary actions are crucial for
combating nepotism and corruption within the
police. Similarly, we emphasize the role of the
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National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) in
safeguarding human rights, addressing violations,
and collaborating with civil society to enhance
awareness and accountability within the police
force. These oversight bodies are crucial in
fostering ethical behavior and holding police
officers responsible for their misconduct.
DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
The findings from this study expose significant
deficiencies in the recruitment and training
practices of the Nigeria Police Force (NPF),
shedding light on their profound implications for
officer behavior and citizen trust. The study's
conclusions align with broader literature on
policing in developing countries, particularly
regarding the critical role of recruitment standards
in shaping police integrity. Omole (2020) has
emphasized that in Nigeria, the absence of a
comprehensive database for criminal records
enables individuals with violent histories to
infiltrate the police force, a problem that this study
confirms. Failure to properly vet recruits severely
undermines the integrity of the NPF, eroding
public trust and exacerbating the already fragile
relationship between law enforcement and the
communities they serve. The public's perception of
the police as untrustworthy or compromised
weakens the foundational principle of law
enforcement as a public safety institution. This
study’s findings are consistent with other research
that highlights the detrimental impact of poor
recruitment standards on public perceptions of
police efficacy and trustworthiness (Alemika,
2013; Obi, 2019).
The study highlights the widespread issue of
political interference in the recruitment process, a
concern that previous scholars have also
expressed. The phenomenon of "instructions from
above," whereby influential political figures ensure
the passing of unsuitable candidates, reflects the
broader issue of political patronage within the
NPF. Omole's (2020) findings, which demonstrate
that political interference disrupts the meritocratic
recruitment process by prioritizing loyalty to
political elites over competence and ethical
conduct, align with this observation. Such
interference compromises the professional
integrity of the police force, fostering a perception
among citizens that the police serve political
interests rather than public safety. This study adds
to the growing div of literature that calls for
depoliticizing law enforcement agencies to ensure
that recruitment and promotion are based on
merit rather than political connections (Osaghae &
Suberu, 2021). The consistency between the
current study’s findings and earlier works
highlights the systemic nature of these issues
within the NPF.
The inadequacies in police training identified in
this study further corroborate the findings of other
scholars. Specifically, the lack of focus on ethical
conduct and the appropriate use of force during
police training has been a recurring concern.
Afolabi et al. (2021) found that insufficient
emphasis on human rights and ethical policing
within training programs has contributed to a
culture of impunity within the NPF. This study
extends those findings by linking poor training
practices to the rise of police brutality and public
unrest, particularly as evidenced during the "End
SARS" protests. These protests, driven by
widespread grievances over police misconduct,
underscore the urgent need for reforms that
prioritize human rights and community
engagement. The findings of this study are in line
with other research that underscores the
connection between inadequate police training
and increased public distrust (Ajayi & Akintayo,
2022).
In contrast to the deficiencies within the NPF, this
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187
study identifies promising practices from other
African nations that offer valuable lessons for
Nigeria. For instance, South Africa’s post
-
apartheid police reforms, which emphasize human
rights and community-oriented policing, illustrate
the potential for systemic change in improving
police practices (South African Police Service,
2016). This aligns with the findings of this study,
suggesting that adopting similar reforms could
help address the deep-rooted issues within the
NPF. Similarly, Ghana’s focus on community
policing and human rights-centered training has
led to improved police-community relations, a
point that is consistent with the current study’s
emphasis on the need for Nigeria to strengthen its
training programs (Ghana Police Service, 2018).
Rwanda’s rigorous recruitment standards, which
include psychological evaluations and integrity
assessments, have successfully created a more
disciplined and less corrupt police force (Rwanda
National
Police,
2021).
These
examples
demonstrate that systematic and comprehensive
reforms, when effectively implemented, can
significantly improve police performance and
public trust, further validating the findings of this
study.
This study emphasizes the role of oversight
mechanisms, such as the Police Service
Commission (PSC) and the National Human Rights
Commission (NHRC), in promoting accountability,
echoing the findings of other scholars. Amusan and
Saka (2018) argue that the
PSC’s mandate to
oversee recruitment, promotion, and disciplinary
actions is crucial for fostering accountability
within the NPF. This study supports that view by
highlighting the importance of oversight in curbing
nepotism, favoritism, and corruption within the
police force. Moreover, Okene & Akani (2019)
opine that the NHRC's role in protecting human
rights serves as a necessary counterbalance to
police power, ensuring the resolution of violations
and the maintenance of accountability. This study
concurs with existing literature that stresses the
need for stronger collaboration between oversight
bodies, civil society organizations, and the public
to promote awareness of human rights and ensure
accountability within the NPF.
We recommend several key reforms to address the
deficiencies in police recruitment and training
practices in Nigeria. To facilitate comprehensive
background checks and select only qualified
candidates for the Nigeria Police Force (NPF), it is
essential to establish a centralized recruitment
database, thereby enhancing its integrity. We
should reform recruitment standards to prioritize
merit-based
selection
by
implementing
standardized criteria that focus on educational
qualifications, physical fitness, psychological
evaluations, and ethical conduct. We should also
train recruitment officers to mitigate biases.
Additionally, we need to revamp the NPF's training
programs to incorporate a curriculum that focuses
on ethical conduct, human rights, and community
policing strategies. We should use realistic
scenarios and collaborate with human rights
organizations
to
enhance
effectiveness.
Strengthening oversight mechanisms, such as
empowering the Police Service Commission to
conduct independent investigations into police
misconduct, will promote accountability and
improve public trust. Prioritizing community
engagement initiatives, including partnerships
between the NPF and local organizations, is crucial
for rebuilding trust and tailoring policing
strategies to the unique needs of various
neighborhoods. Lastly, we should institute regular
assessments of recruitment and training practices,
along with the implementation of key performance
indicators and feedback mechanisms, to ensure
continuous improvement and responsiveness to
evolving community expectations.
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CONCLUSION
In conclusion, this study underscores the critical
importance of effective police recruitment and
training practices in shaping officer behavior and
reducing citizen complaints in Nigeria. The
findings reveal significant deficiencies within the
current recruitment system, including inadequate
standards and a lack of oversight, which contribute
to unprofessional conduct and public distrust in
law enforcement. Furthermore, insufficient
training in ethical conduct and community policing
exacerbates these issues, leading to human rights
abuses and escalating tensions between the police
and the communities they serve. By comparing
Nigeria's practices with those of other African
nations, the study highlights the potential for
positive change through the implementation of
standardized recruitment processes, enhanced
training programs, and strengthened oversight
mechanisms. The recommendations provided
offer actionable pathways for reform, aimed at
fostering a more professional and accountable
police force. Ultimately, addressing these
challenges is essential for restoring public trust,
ensuring effective law enforcement, and
promoting a safer and more just society for all
Nigerians.
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DOI:10.5281/zenodo.7010030
