Vol. 6 No. 11 (2024): Volume 06 Issue 11

In the face of evolving security threats, the Armed Forces of Nigeria (AFN) stand at a critical juncture, where the echoes of gunfire meet the whispers of diplomacy. This study delves into the heart of Nigeria's counter-extremism efforts, examining the AFN's journey from traditional military approaches to a symphony of collaborative strategies. Through an extensive literature review, the study unravels the tapestry of stakeholder engagement woven by the AFN in their quest to combat violent extremism. This research navigates the complex terrain of Nigeria's security landscape, exploring how the AFN has transformed from a lone sentinel to a conductor of a diverse orchestra of stakeholders. It analyses key initiatives such as the National Security Strategy and the National Action Plan for Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism, viewing them as scores that guide this intricate performance of national security. The study reveals a narrative of progress punctuated by persistent challenges. It found that while the AFN has successfully harmonized efforts with civil society, religious leaders, and international partners, discordant notes of mistrust and resource constraints continue to resonate. The analysis uncovers the delicate balance the AFN must maintain – striking a chord between military might and community engagement, between national sovereignty and international collaboration. Emerging from our review is a portrait of an armed force in transition, learning to wield soft power alongside hard power. The study identifies innovative practices where the AFN has successfully bridged divides, creating unexpected alliances in the fight against extremism. However, we also highlight the unfinished symphony – areas where the collaboration falls short of its potential. This study contributes to the growing body of literature on military transformation in the face of asymmetric threats. By examining the AFN's collaborative strategies, it provides insights applicable not only to Nigeria but to armed forces globally grappling with similar security challenges. As the AFN continues to compose its response to violent extremism, this research offers both a reflection on its current performance and a prelude to future harmonies in national security efforts.

The article examines the history of the formation of the study of the status of women in society, there is a lot of debate about the type of social system that is most conducive to the emancipation of women. The Western model of modernization implies that accelerated industrialization removes traditional restrictions for women and will change the traditional sexual division of labor, thereby contributing to the liberation of women. This is due to the fact that the results of modernization primarily affected men working in the public sphere, while women were limited to the domestic sphere.

Thus, the widespread subordination or submission of women, from this point of view, in capitalist societies is seen as a deviation from the proclaimed Western social norms of equality, freedom and justice. It is assumed that all problems of gender inequality in society can be solved within the framework of the Western system through the introduction of legal reforms and changing attitudes towards them. According to this point of view, it is assumed that women can be liberated by being integrated into the modernization process and the social  and political sphere of capitalist structures.

The article examines the beneficial aspects of studying maqam from the initial educational stages through higher education. It focuses on the aspects of learning maqam performance, traditional instrumental skills, and musicology that are essential for students and educators. The author aims to present information about maqam in a clear and accessible manner, emphasizing the importance of methods, rhythmic structures, and tonal compositions.

It is mentioned about pedagogical recommendations that are effective in working with students for educators teaching in the field of music. As an example, the names of eastern and Western musicologists, composers, master teachers and their musical pedagogical skills were mentioned. In the training of competent educated personnel, it is written that the task and importance of the educator is important in improving their musical abilities, in the rapid growth of their skills.

This article is aimed at a comprehensive in-depth study and promotion of the creativity and activities of our past great teachers, their unique and inimitable performing skills in promoting our national musical art to a new level. It also tells in detail about the instrumental performing styles of the Shashmakom, their names and features, considered a masterpiece of the immortal art of the Uzbek people.

This аrticle discusses the significаnt role of our nаtionаl music аrt in the upbringing of the younger generаtion. The history аnd study of nаtionаl music аre illustrаted through the exаmple of mаqom instrumentаl performаnce. It explores the scientific аnd musicаl heritаge of medievаl musicologists аnd the incorporаtion of elements of nаtionаl music in the works of contemporаry Uzbek composers.

This article analyzes the history, development, and contemporary significance of maqam traditions in musical culture. It examines the formation of Uzbek maqams, historical processes, and the creative and scientific issues related to them. Special attention is given to masters and his contributions to musical culture. The article focuses on the analysis of the musical development of maqams, their popularity, and traditional uniqueness.

This article discusses the role of composers in Uzbek national music, their brief biographies, and their creative work. It covers works written in the genre of Shashmaqom, as well as the main functions of composition in Uzbek national music. The article also examines the contributions of master musicians and composers to the performance of maqom and their significant role in maqom instrumental performance. Additionally, the article reflects on the development and essence of Uzbek national classical music in the context of composition.

In this article, the great representative of Uzbek dance art, the meritorious artist of Uzbekistan Muminov Akbar Nishonovich, his contribution to the art of Uzbek dance, his originality in his choreographic works researched. Also, in the article, the choreographic compositions created by A. Muminov for public holidays are scientifically covered.

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) serves as a tool to estimate the potential impacts of a waste management system. Sleman Regency needs a scenario of waste management with a lower environmental impact. The present study aims to determine the potential impact of the existing business as usual (BAU) waste management practice in Sleman Regency and compare it with several alternatives to waste management strategies. The LCA method was applied following ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 standards. The impact was assessed using the CML-1A Baseline and ILCD 2011 Midpoint+ methods, along with data from the Ecoinvent database. In the BAU scenario, the impact values observed in every 1 ton of waste managed were Global Warming Potential (GWP) of 4.90E+03 kg CO2 eq, Acidification Potential (ADP) of 2.78E-03 kg SO2 eq, Eutrophication Potential (EP) of 4.92E-02 kg PO4-eq, Human Toxicity Potential (HTP) of 2.06E+01 kg 1.4 DB eq, and Land Use Potential (LUP) of 4.71E+01 kg C deficit. Processing waste into biomass pellets and Refuse Derived Fuel accompanied by waste reduction could decrease the GWP value to 34.04 kg CO2 eq, ADP to 2.96E-06 kg SO2 eq, EP to 7.33E-05 kg PO4-eq, HTP to 3.70E-04 kg 1.4 DB eq, and LUP to 2.11E-03 kg C deficit. The results of waste management with the lowest impact value can serve as a reference for formulating waste management policies in the study area.

The article covers the improvement of competencies on the family economy in students in the pedagogical process and its main areas. The purpose of the study is to select technologies that serve to improve competencies regarding the family economy in students in the process of pedagogical education.

This article discusses the issues of teaching English lexicon based on a competency approach in a digital educational environment during the current era of advanced science and technology.

This seminar paper examines the role of Community-Based Conservation (CBC) in promoting environmental sustainability and community development in Ekiti State, Nigeria. CBC is a framework that prioritizes local community involvement in managing natural resources, combining environmental conservation with socio-economic development. The study reviews relevant literature to demonstrate how CBC utilizes Indigenous knowledge and cultural practices to tackle significant environmental issues such as deforestation, biodiversity loss, and water pollution. This paper analyses case studies of successful Community-Based Conservation (CBC) initiatives from regions like Cross River and Ondo States, demonstrating how CBC enhances biodiversity protection and supports livelihoods through sustainable practices, including agroforestry and ecotourism. Social-ecological systems (SES) theory offers a framework that highlights the interdependence of human societies and ecosystems. The theory supports adaptive governance, emphasizing community involvement in decision-making for resource management, thereby enhancing resilience in social and ecological systems. The paper also analyses the involvement of government agencies, NGOs, and local authorities in offering institutional support for community-based conservation (CBC) via policies that acknowledge land tenure and resource rights. The findings indicate that CBC plays a significant role in meeting global conservation objectives, particularly the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 13 (Climate Action) and 15 (Life on Land), while also providing avenues for poverty alleviation. The study concludes with recommendations to enhance legal frameworks, develop community capacity via education, and promote collaborative governance to tackle issues associated with resource depletion and climate change.

This paper systematically analyses the function of intelligence in Nigeria's national security between 2011 and 2023, with a specific emphasis on countering both established and developing risks including terrorism, insurgency, banditry, cybercrime, and oil theft. The analysis reveals notable deficiencies in inter-agency cooperation, technology integration, and the incorporation of community-based intelligence, which have impeded the efficacy of intelligence operations, despite substantial investments in intelligence infrastructure. Based on Rational Choice Theory, this analysis assesses the methods by which intelligence organizations collect, analyse, and employ intelligence to reduce security threats. The study utilizes a research design that involves a thorough literature analysis to assess the current academic research on intelligence and national security in the Nigerian setting. The results emphasize the necessity for more cooperation among security services, better integration of technology, and further engagement of the community in intelligence operations. This study enhances scholarly discourse and offers practical suggestions for policymakers to bolster Nigeria's intelligence infrastructure in tackling its intricate security issues.

The Nigerian intelligence sector faces institutional limitations that hinder the successful implementation of intelligence collecting, which is widely acknowledged as a crucial tool in tackling these issues. This paper provides a thorough evaluation of the function of intelligence gathering within Nigeria's national security framework, analysing its effectiveness in dealing with current security challenges. This study seeks to offer a thorough examination of the intelligence cycle in the Nigerian setting, including the gathering, analysis, and use of intelligence in national security strategy. The research used a mixed-methods methodology, combining quantitative data obtained from a questionnaire with qualitative insights obtained from an empirical literature analysis. The Network Theory (TNT) functions as the conceptual framework, providing a perspective to examine the intricate connections and transmission of information within the intelligence network. Statistical analysis is conducted on the questionnaire results using descriptive and inferential methods, while the findings of the literature review are consolidated to offer context and depth. The study results highlight a significant dependence on Human Intelligence (HUMINT) and source intelligence (OSINT) in Nigeria, with a lack of implementation of Geospatial Intelligence (GEOINT) and a disregard for Measurement and Signature Intelligence (MASINT). Furthermore, the investigation exposes inadequate levels of trust and collaboration between intelligence agencies and other security organizations. The major obstacles mentioned are insufficient financial resources, insufficient training and knowledge, technical constraints, competition among different agencies, and legal and bureaucratic restrictions. The research findings indicate that although intelligence gathering is of utmost importance for Nigeria's national security, its efficacy is hindered by structural and operational obstacles. personnel growth and comprehensive strategy to improve intelligence capabilities, which involves bolstering inter- agency collaboration, allocating resources to technical progress and skilled personnel growth, and creating a strong legal and ethical structure.

This study examines the impact of police recruitment and training practices on officer behavior and citizen complaints in Nigeria, identifying significant deficiencies that contribute to misconduct and public distrust. The research explores how inadequate recruitment standards, political interference, and insufficient training on ethics and community policing have undermined the professionalism of the Nigeria Police Force (NPF). Using an exploratory approach, the study analyzes literature reviews and secondary data from academic and governmental sources, comparing Nigeria’s practices with successful reforms in other African nations. Research indicates that the lack of a centralized background check system and inadequate training contribute to pervasive police misbehavior, as seen during the "End SARS" protests. Comparative analysis highlights best practices from countries like South Africa and Rwanda, where community-oriented policing and rigorous recruitment standards have improved public trust. The study concludes that reforming recruitment and training processes is crucial to promoting accountability and restoring public confidence in law enforcement. Key recommendations include establishing a centralized recruitment database, revamping training programs, and strengthening oversight mechanisms.

Nigeria continues to grapple with alarmingly high under-five mortality rates, with approximately 2,300 children dying daily due to preventable and treatable diseases such as pneumonia, malaria, and diarrheal illnesses. This crisis is particularly pronounced in rural areas, where childhood mortality rates are significantly higher than in urban centres. For many rural communities, primary healthcare (PHC) centres serve as the sole access point to medical services, making these centres critical to addressing this public health challenge. Despite their importance, PHC centres often face significant challenges, including inadequate infrastructure, limited access to essential medications, and a shortage of adequately trained health personnel.

This study aimed to implement and evaluate a Paediatric Emergency Management Training Program for healthcare workers at PHC centres in Zaria, Kaduna State. The primary objective was to assess the effectiveness of the training in improving the competency of health workers in managing common paediatric emergencies, thereby enhancing the overall quality of care provided at these centres.

A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted involving 139 healthcare workers from selected PHC centres in Sabon Gari and Zaria Local Government Areas, utilizing a multi-stage random sampling technique. Data collection was performed using a pre-tested, semi-structured, self-administered questionnaire designed to evaluate the participants' baseline knowledge, followed by an assessment after the training intervention. The data were analysed using SPSS version 21, with chi-square tests employed to examine the associations between variables. Results were presented using tables and charts for clarity.

The findings revealed a generally low baseline competency in managing common paediatric emergencies among the healthcare workers. Specifically, 66 (48.5%) of the respondents demonstrated very poor knowledge regarding the causes of common paediatric emergencies, 32 (23.5%) had poor knowledge, 34 (25.0%) had good knowledge, and only 4 (2.9%) of the respondents exhibited excellent knowledge. Similarly, knowledge regarding the treatment of these emergencies was also lacking, with 46.7% of respondents showing very poor understanding, 34.1% having poor knowledge, 16.3% demonstrating good knowledge, and only 3.0% showing excellent knowledge. A statistically significant relationship was observed between academic qualifications and knowledge levels in both causes (p = 0.004) and treatment (p = 0.000) of paediatric emergencies.

The low baseline knowledge underscores the critical need for targeted training interventions. The study highlights the importance of establishing a sustained partnership between the Department of Paediatrics at Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital and the Departments of Primary Health Care in Zaria and Sabon Gari Local Governments. Regular training workshops, held quarterly, are recommended to continuously equip PHC workers with the necessary skills to effectively manage paediatric emergencies, ultimately contributing to a reduction in childhood mortality rates in the region.

Action Bitters, a popular herbal concoction, has been traditionally used to treat various health conditions, including those related to the male reproductive system. Despite its widespread use, there is a dearth of scientific evidence on its effects on the testes. This study aimed to investigate the histological changes in the testes of adult male Wistar rats following administration of Action Bitters.

Methods: Fifteen adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups (n = 5). Group A served as the normal control, while groups B and C received 10% (0.66ml/kg) and 5% (0.33ml/kg) lethal dose 50 (Ld50) of Action Bitters, respectively. The Ld50 values were calculated based on the median lethal dose of the herbal remedy. The rats were administered the herbal remedy for a period of one month, after which they were sacrificed, and their testes collected for histological examination.

Results: Microscopic examination of the testicular tissue samples revealed no evidence of abnormal cellular changes or tissue damage. The tissue samples appeared normal, with no signs of inflammation, necrosis, or apoptosis.

Discussion: The findings of this study suggest that Action Bitters does not induce histological changes in the testes of adult male Wistar rats. These results provide new insights into the potential mechanism of action of the herbal medication on testicular function. The study highlights the importance of considering both histological and biochemical assessments when evaluating the effects of herbal remedies on reproductive health.

Conclusion: This study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on the effects of herbal remedies on the male reproductive system. The findings suggest that Action Bitters may be a safe and effective herbal remedy for treating reproductive health issues, and further research is warranted to explore its potential benefits and mechanisms of action.

Background: Childhood obesity has become a pressing global public health issue, particularly in low- and middle-income countries like India. This systematic review aims to investigate the prevalence of childhood obesity and its associated risk factors in urban and rural regions of India.

Methods: A comprehensive systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases to identify relevant English-language studies published within the past decade. Inclusion criteria included studies conducted in India, focusing on children and adolescents aged 0-18, and reporting either the prevalence of childhood obesity or related risk factors. Ten studies, comprising both cross-sectional and quantitative research designs, met these criteria.

Results: The findings reveal a significant disparity in childhood obesity prevalence between urban and rural areas of India. Urban regions exhibit notably higher rates, with a pooled prevalence estimated at 9.0% (95% CI: 2.0 to 17), compared to 4.0% (95% CI: 4.0 to 5.0) in rural areas. Risk factors associated with childhood obesity in urban settings include unhealthy dietary habits, limited physical activity, higher income levels, parental education, and attendance at private schools. In rural areas, gender, age, and household size emerged as potential risk factors.

Discussion: These findings underscore the urgent need for geographically tailored interventions to address the urban-rural disparities in childhood obesity. Lifestyle-oriented strategies promoting healthier dietary patterns and increased physical activity are essential. Gender-inclusive programs targeting both boys and girls are crucial. Future research should consider regional and cultural diversity to design more effective public health responses.

Conclusion: This systematic review provides valuable insights into the prevalence and risk factors of childhood obesity in India. It highlights the necessity for customized interventions and lifestyle adjustments to combat this escalating public health challenge and reduce disparities in health outcomes.

ZENODO DOI:- https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14050307

This paper presents a comprehensive approach to the design and optimization of sucker rod pumps using Prosper software, a leading tool in artificial lift design. Sucker rod pumps are widely used in the oil and gas industry for lifting fluids from wells, and their efficiency is crucial for maximizing production rates and minimizing operational costs. The study outlines a systematic methodology for modeling sucker rod pump systems, focusing on key parameters such as pump design, operating conditions, and reservoir characteristics. Using Prosper, various design scenarios were simulated to evaluate the performance of different pump configurations and operational strategies. The results highlight the importance of optimizing sucker rod pump parameters, including stroke length, rod diameter, and pump efficiency, to enhance overall performance. This research aims to provide industry professionals with valuable insights and tools for improving sucker rod pump design, ultimately contributing to more efficient and cost-effective oil extraction processes.

Silkworm (Bombyx mori) egg incubation is a critical phase in sericulture, demanding precise environmental conditions for optimal hatch rates. This article introduces the implementation of mechatronic systems in silkworm egg incubation. It discusses the design, operation, and impact of these systems on hatchery performance. Our findings illustrate that mechatronic systems offer enhanced control, resulting in improved hatch rates and overall silkworm health.

The work examines changeswidth of the forbidden zoneheavily doped semiconductors. The introduction of impurities into the crystal lattice at low concentrations does not change the width forbidden zones semiconductor and does not affect the energy spectrum of electrons. Only discrete levels appear in the forbidden zone. When the concentration of impurities becomes large enough, the energy spectrum and the width of the BG of the crystal change.