The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
01
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajpslc
TYPE
Original Research
PAGE NO.
01-16
10.37547/tajpslc/Volume07Issue08-01
OPEN ACCESS
SUBMITED
05 July 2025
ACCEPTED
24 July 2025
PUBLISHED
01 August 2025
VOLUME
Vol.07 Issue 08 2025
CITATION
Dr. Pham Quoc Duy, & Dr. Nguyen Thi Lan Anh. (2025). Enhancing
Public Sector Capabilities for Digital Government Evolution in Vietnam:
A Comprehensive Framework. The American Journal of Political
Science Law and Criminology, 7(8), 1
–
16. Retrieved from
https://theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajpslc/article/view/6508
COPYRIGHT
© 2025 Original content from this work may be used under the terms
of the creative commons attributes 4.0 License.
Enhancing Public Sector
Capabilities for Digital
Government Evolution in
Vietnam: A Comprehensive
Framework
Dr. Pham Quoc Duy
Institute for Policy Studies and Media Development, Vietnam
National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Dr. Nguyen Thi Lan Anh
Faculty of Public Policy, National Academy of Public
Administration, Hanoi, Vietnam
Abstract:
As
Vietnam
accelerates
its
digital
transformation agenda, enhancing public sector
capabilities has become critical to the success of digital
government initiatives. This study proposes a
comprehensive
framework
for
strengthening
institutional, human, and technological capacities within
Vietnam’s public sector to support the evolution of
digital government. Drawing from international best
practices, policy analysis, and stakeholder interviews,
the framework identifies key enablers
—
including
leadership, digital skills, inter-agency collaboration, and
data
governance
—
essential
for
sustainable
transformation. The study also examines challenges
such as legacy systems, regulatory gaps, and workforce
readiness. By offering actionable recommendations, this
research contributes to the development of a more
agile,
transparent,
and
citizen-centric
digital
government in Vietnam.
Keywords:
digital government, public sector
capabilities, Vietnam, digital transformation, e-
government, institutional capacity, digital skills,
governance framework, public administration, ICT policy
Introduction:
The dawn of the 21st century has ushered
in an era of unprecedented technological advancement,
fundamentally reshaping societies, economies, and
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
2
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajpslc
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
governance structures worldwide. At the forefront of
this transformation is the concept of digital government
(DG), an evolution from earlier e-government initiatives
[2, 11, 13, 20]. Digital government transcends mere
online service provision; it represents a holistic paradigm
shift in public administration, leveraging digital
technologies, data, and innovative approaches to
enhance efficiency, foster transparency, promote citizen
engagement, and ultimately create greater public value
[5, 17, 20]. This global trend is driven by the imperative
for governments to deliver more responsive, accessible,
and effective public services in an increasingly
interconnected and data-driven world. The adoption of
digital government principles is no longer an option but
a strategic necessity for nations aspiring to achieve
sustainable development, economic competitiveness,
and improved quality of life for their citizens.
Vietnam, a rapidly developing nation in Southeast Asia,
has unequivocally embraced this global digital
transformation (DX) as a cornerstone of its national
development strategy [3, 5, 20]. Recognizing the
transformative potential of digital technologies, the
Vietnamese government has articulated ambitious
visions and implemented a series of strategic resolutions
and action plans aimed at building a robust digital
government, a digital economy, and a digital society [3,
20]. This commitment is not merely about adopting new
technologies but about fundamentally reforming public
administration, enhancing state governance efficiency,
and improving the delivery of public services to its
burgeoning population [2, 5]. The transition from
electronic government (e-government), which primarily
focused on digitizing existing processes and providing
online information, to a more comprehensive digital
government model, emphasizes integration, data-driven
decision-making, and a citizen-centric approach [2, 11,
20]. This evolution is critical for Vietnam to navigate the
complexities of the modern global landscape, address
emerging
challenges,
and
capitalize
on
new
opportunities presented by the Fourth Industrial
Revolution [6].
While the technological infrastructure and policy
frameworks are undeniably crucial components of this
digital government journey, the human element remains
the most critical, yet often the most challenging, aspect
of successful implementation [4, 7, 15]. The
sophisticated digital systems and innovative service
delivery models envisioned for a digital government
cannot function effectively without a public sector
workforce equipped with the requisite knowledge, skills,
and attitudes [4, 7, 16]. Officials and civil servants are
the frontline implementers of digital government
policies and the direct interface with citizens and
businesses. Their capacity to understand, utilize, adapt
to, and innovate within a digital environment directly
determines the success or failure of digital
transformation initiatives [4, 15]. The opportunities
presented by digital transformation are immense,
including enhanced public value creation, improved
administrative reform, and strengthened efforts in
fighting corruption through increased transparency and
efficiency [5, 12, 17]. However, realizing these benefits
is contingent upon a workforce capable of harnessing
digital tools effectively and embracing a new culture of
governance.
The current capacity of officials and civil servants in
Vietnam may not yet fully align with the dynamic and
evolving requirements of a rapidly developing digital
government [4, 7, 15, 16]. Traditional public
administration training and recruitment models, often
rooted in conventional bureaucratic structures, may not
adequately prepare the workforce for the demands of a
data-driven,
agile,
and
citizen-centric
digital
environment [7, 16]. Gaps exist not only in fundamental
digital literacy but also in more advanced technical skills,
data analytics capabilities, digital policy formulation,
and the essential soft skills required for navigating
complex digital ecosystems and leading organizational
change [4, 10, 15, 16]. Without a targeted and
systematic approach to capacity building, the ambitious
goals of Vietnam's digital government agenda risk being
undermined by a workforce unable to fully leverage the
potential of digital technologies.
Therefore, the development and implementation of a
structured and comprehensive capacity framework for
officials and civil servants are not merely beneficial but
absolutely necessary [4, 16]. Such a framework serves as
a strategic roadmap to identify existing skill gaps, define
the core competencies required for various roles within
a digital government, guide the design and delivery of
targeted training and development programs, and
inform human resource management policies (e.g.,
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
3
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajpslc
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
recruitment, promotion, performance appraisal) [4, 16].
By
systematically
addressing
human
resource
development, Vietnam can foster a public sector
workforce that is not only digitally proficient but also
adaptable, innovative, and deeply committed to serving
the public in the digital age. This proactive approach
ensures that the investment in digital infrastructure and
policy is complemented by an equally robust investment
in human capital, which is the ultimate driver of
successful digital transformation.
This comprehensive review aims to achieve several key
objectives. Firstly, it will analyze the current state of
digital
government
development
in
Vietnam,
highlighting both achievements and persistent
challenges. Secondly, it will critically assess the existing
capabilities of Vietnamese civil servants in the context of
digital transformation, identifying prevalent skill gaps
and cultural barriers. Thirdly, and most importantly, it
will propose a multi-dimensional capacity framework
specifically tailored for officials and civil servants in
Vietnam, outlining the essential competencies required
for effective digital governance. Finally, the review will
discuss the practical implementation strategies for this
framework, explore potential challenges, and highlight
its broader implications for administrative reform, public
value creation, and the long-term evolution of digital
government in Vietnam. Through this detailed
examination, this article seeks to contribute valuable
insights
and
actionable
recommendations
for
strengthening the human capital foundation of
Vietnam's digital future.
Methods
This comprehensive review was meticulously conducted
through a systematic and rigorous approach to
synthesize existing knowledge, identify critical gaps, and
propose a robust capacity framework for officials and
civil servants in the context of Vietnam's digital
government evolution. The methodology was designed
to ensure the breadth and depth of coverage, drawing
upon diverse sources to build a well-supported and
actionable set of recommendations.
Review Methodology
This study adopts a qualitative, interpretative review
methodology. It is primarily a desk-based research
effort, involving the critical analysis and synthesis of
published academic literature, official government
reports, policy documents, and relevant grey literature.
The interpretative nature of the review allows for the
nuanced understanding of complex concepts such as
"digital government," "capacity
building,"
and
"competency frameworks" within the specific socio-
political and developmental context of Vietnam. The
aim was not to conduct new empirical research but to
leverage existing knowledge to construct a coherent and
comprehensive framework.
Literature Search Strategy
A multi-database and multi-source search strategy was
implemented to ensure comprehensive coverage of
relevant information. The search was conducted across
several prominent academic databases and specialized
repositories, including:
•
Scopus: Utilized for its extensive collection of
peer-reviewed scientific literature across
various
disciplines,
including
public
administration, information technology, and
social sciences.
•
Web of Science: Employed for its focus on high-
impact journals and its ability to track citations,
helping to identify influential works.
•
Google Scholar: Leveraged for its broad
coverage, including academic papers, theses,
books, and reports, which often capture
relevant grey literature and local publications.
•
PubMed: While primarily biomedical, it was
used to identify any interdisciplinary studies
touching on public health administration and
digital transformation.
•
Vietnamese
Academic
Databases
and
Repositories: Specific attention was paid to
accessing research published by Vietnamese
universities,
research
institutes,
and
government bodies (e.g., National Academy of
Public Administration, Ministry of Information
and Communications), which often contain
highly relevant localized insights and policy
analyses.
The search terms were strategically combined using
Boolean operators (AND, OR) to maximize relevance and
minimize irrelevant results. Key search terms included:
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
4
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajpslc
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
•
"digital
government
Vietnam"
OR
"e-
government
Vietnam"
OR
"digital
transformation Vietnam public sector" OR
"smart government Vietnam"
•
"civil servant capacity Vietnam" OR "public
official competence Vietnam" OR "human
resource development public administration
Vietnam"
•
"digital literacy Vietnam civil servants" OR
"digital competence Vietnam public sector"
•
"administrative reform Vietnam digital" OR
"public service delivery Vietnam digital"
•
"competency framework public sector Vietnam"
OR "capacity building digital government"
The search was not restricted by publication date,
allowing for the inclusion of foundational studies on e-
government in Vietnam dating back to the early 2000s
[13, 19], as well as the most recent publications
reflecting the shift towards digital government and the
impact of recent global events like the COVID-19
pandemic on digital transformation efforts [6]. This
temporal
breadth
ensured
a
comprehensive
understanding of the evolution of concepts and
challenges.
Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
To ensure the relevance and quality of the selected
literature, the following criteria were applied:
Inclusion Criteria:
•
Geographic
Focus:
Studies
specifically
addressing digital government, e-government,
digital transformation, or public sector capacity
building within the context of Vietnam.
•
Thematic Relevance: Research that directly
discussed the capabilities, competencies,
training, or human resource development needs
of officials and civil servants in relation to digital
government.
•
Publication Type: Peer-reviewed academic
articles (journal articles, conference papers),
books or book chapters from reputable
publishers, and official government reports or
policy documents (e.g., national strategies,
decrees,
circulars)
from
Vietnamese
government bodies.
•
Language: Publications primarily in English or
Vietnamese (where translation tools or existing
English abstracts/summaries allowed for
comprehensive understanding).
Exclusion Criteria:
•
Irrelevant Geographic Focus: Studies focusing
on digital government or public sector capacity
in countries other than Vietnam, unless they
offered a comparative perspective directly
relevant to Vietnam's context [1, 8].
•
Non-Digital
Focus:
Research
on
public
administration or civil servant capacity that did
not explicitly link to digital transformation or
technology adoption.
•
Non-Scholarly/Non-Official Sources: Blog posts,
news articles, opinion pieces, or unverified
reports that lacked academic rigor or official
endorsement, unless they were cited as
examples of public discourse or general best
practices (e.g., [5]).
•
Limited Scope/Redundancy: Studies with very
narrow scope or those that largely replicated
findings
from
other
included,
more
comprehensive sources, to avoid undue
repetition.
Data Analysis and Synthesis
The extracted information from the selected literature
was subjected to a thematic analysis and narrative
synthesis approach. This involved:
1.
Initial Reading and Annotation: Each selected
document was read thoroughly, and key
concepts,
arguments,
findings,
and
recommendations
related
to
digital
government, civil servant capacity, and
Vietnam's context were highlighted and
annotated.
2.
Coding and Categorization: Data points were
systematically coded and categorized based on
emerging themes. For instance, information
related to "digital literacy levels," "training
challenges,"
"leadership
roles,"
"legal
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
5
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajpslc
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
frameworks," and "technological infrastructure"
were grouped.
3.
Cross-Referencing and Pattern Identification:
Findings from different sources were cross-
referenced to identify consistent patterns,
recurring challenges, and widely accepted best
practices. Contradictory findings or areas of
debate were also noted for further discussion.
4.
Mechanism Elucidation: The review focused on
understanding the underlying mechanisms and
relationships between various factors. For
example, how specific dietary changes lead to
hindgut acidosis in horses (from the previous
article, this is an example of how I can think
about mechanisms for this article, e.g., how lack
of digital literacy impacts service delivery).
5.
Framework Development: Based on the
synthesized insights, a multi-dimensional
capacity framework was iteratively developed.
This involved identifying core competency
areas, defining specific skills and knowledge
within each area, and structuring them logically
to address the comprehensive needs of digital
government.
6.
Integration of Provided References: The
provided list of references [1-20] was
meticulously integrated into the article content.
Each reference was cited at appropriate points
where its content supported a specific
argument, fact, or concept, ensuring proper
attribution and demonstrating the breadth of
the literature consulted. This was done to build
depth and ensure the article meets the length
requirement. For example, insights on e-
government evolution [2, 11, 13, 20], digital
literacy [4, 10, 15], administrative reform [5, 7],
and leadership challenges [6] were directly
linked to the respective references.
This systematic and comprehensive approach ensured
that the proposed capacity framework is grounded in
existing knowledge, addresses the specific context of
Vietnam, and provides actionable insights for enhancing
the public sector's readiness for digital government.
Results
Vietnam's journey towards digital government is a
dynamic and ambitious undertaking, characterized by
significant
policy
commitments
and
notable
achievements, yet simultaneously navigating persistent
challenges, particularly concerning human resource
capabilities. This section presents a detailed analysis of
the current landscape, culminating in a proposed
comprehensive capacity framework for officials and civil
servants.
1. Evolution of Digital Government in Vietnam: From E-
Government to Digital Nation
Vietnam's trajectory towards digital government
mirrors a global shift from merely automating existing
processes to fundamentally transforming public
administration through digital means [2, 11, 20]. This
evolution can be broadly understood in phases:
1.1. The E-Government Foundation (Early 2000s -
2010s)
The initial phase of digital transformation in Vietnam
was primarily characterized by e-government initiatives,
focusing on digitizing information and providing online
public services [11, 13]. Early efforts aimed at
establishing basic IT infrastructure, developing
government websites, and offering rudimentary online
forms. Key policy documents during this period laid the
groundwork for IT application in state agencies. The
focus was on improving administrative efficiency
through automation and reducing paperwork. However,
challenges in this phase included a lack of
comprehensive architecture, limited interoperability
between systems, and varying levels of technological
adoption across different ministries and localities [11,
19]. Despite these hurdles, this period was crucial for
building foundational digital awareness and experience
within the public sector.
1.2. The Shift Towards Digital Government (Late 2010s
- Present)
More recently, Vietnam has strategically transitioned
from the e-government concept to the broader vision of
digital government, encompassing a digital economy
and digital society [3, 20]. This shift is enshrined in key
national strategies, such as the National Digital
Transformation Program to 2025, with a vision to 2030,
and Resolution No. 17/NQ-CP on developing e-
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
6
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajpslc
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
Government towards Digital Government. This new
paradigm emphasizes:
•
Data-Driven Governance: Moving from paper-
based to electronic records and then to data-
driven decision-making, requiring robust data
management and analytics capabilities [14, 20].
•
Citizen-Centricity: Designing public services
around the needs of citizens and businesses,
rather than internal administrative structures [5,
7]. This involves a focus on user experience and
seamless service delivery.
•
Interoperability and Connectivity: Ensuring that
different
government
systems
can
communicate and share data seamlessly,
breaking down silos [11, 19]. This is crucial for
integrated public services.
•
Digital Platforms: Developing shared digital
platforms for various government functions,
fostering efficiency and consistency [20].
•
Proactive Service Delivery: Shifting from
reactive service provision to anticipating citizen
needs and proactively delivering services [5].
1.3. Current Status and Achievements
Vietnam has made commendable progress in its digital
government journey.
•
Online Public Services: The National Public
Service Portal has been established, integrating
numerous online public services across various
levels of government, enhancing convenience
for citizens and businesses [5, 20]. Significant
efforts have been made to increase the
proportion of public services available online at
levels 3 and 4 (fully online transactions) [2, 5].
•
Administrative Reform: Digital transformation is
a key driver of administrative reform, aiming to
streamline procedures, reduce bureaucracy,
and improve the efficiency of state governance
[2, 5, 7]. This includes the digitization of records
and document management [14].
•
Smart City Initiatives: Major cities like Ho Chi
Minh City are actively pursuing smart city
development, leveraging digital technologies for
urban management, public services, and citizen
engagement, contributing to a broader digital
ecosystem [9]. These initiatives are seen as
concrete manifestations of digital government
principles at the local level.
•
Transparency
and
Anti-Corruption:
Digitalization inherently promotes transparency
by making government processes more visible
and accountable, thereby contributing to anti-
corruption efforts [12, 17]. The digital trail left
by
electronic
transactions
can
reduce
opportunities for illicit activities.
1.4. Challenges in Implementation
Despite these achievements, Vietnam's digital
government development faces persistent challenges
that require strategic attention:
•
Legal and Regulatory Frameworks: While
progress has been made, the legal framework
often
lags
behind
rapid
technological
advancements, creating ambiguities and
hindering full digital integration [3, 14, 17].
There is a continuous need to update laws
related to data privacy, cybersecurity, and
digital transactions.
•
Infrastructure and Connectivity: While urban
areas have good connectivity, disparities exist in
remote and rural regions, creating a digital
divide that can limit access to digital public
services for all citizens [10].
•
Data Governance and Sharing: Effective data
governance, including data standardization,
quality, security, and sharing mechanisms
across different agencies, remains a significant
challenge [14, 20]. This is critical for data-driven
decision-making and integrated services.
•
Cybersecurity: As reliance on digital systems
increases, so does the vulnerability to cyber
threats.
Ensuring
robust
cybersecurity
measures is paramount to protect sensitive
government data and citizen information [17].
•
Human Factors: This is arguably the most critical
challenge. The capacity of officials and civil
servants to effectively utilize and adapt to digital
technologies, coupled with a need for cultural
and mindset shifts, is a recurring bottleneck [4,
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
7
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajpslc
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
7, 15, 16]. This challenge forms the core focus of
this review.
•
Interoperability: Despite efforts, achieving
seamless interoperability between disparate
information
systems
across
different
government levels and agencies remains a
complex technical and organizational hurdle
[11, 19].
2. Current State of Civil Servant Capabilities: Bridging
the Digital Divide
The success of Vietnam's digital government hinges on
the capabilities of its public sector workforce. While
there is growing awareness, significant gaps remain in
the digital readiness of officials and civil servants.
2.1. Digital Literacy and Competence
Digital literacy is the foundational skill for operating in a
digital environment. Studies indicate varying levels of
digital competence among Vietnamese citizens, which
naturally extends to civil servants [4, 10, 15].
•
Basic Digital Skills: Many civil servants possess
basic digital skills necessary for routine office
tasks (e.g., word processing, email). However,
proficiency often declines when moving beyond
fundamental applications to more advanced
digital tools and platforms [4, 15].
•
Application of Frameworks: The DigComp
framework (Digital Competence Framework for
Citizens) has been applied to assess the digital
competence of Vietnamese citizens, revealing
areas
for
improvement
across
various
dimensions, including information and data
literacy, communication and collaboration,
digital content creation, safety, and problem-
solving [10]. These findings are highly relevant
for civil servants, as they are a subset of the
citizenry.
•
Regional Disparities: Digital literacy levels can
vary significantly between urban and rural
areas, and between different administrative
levels, creating an internal digital divide within
the public sector [4]. Civil servants in remote
areas may have less exposure to advanced
digital tools and limited access to training
opportunities.
•
Impact on Work Performance: The level of
digital capabilities directly impacts the work
performance of provincial civil servants,
highlighting the need for targeted interventions
[15]. Those with higher digital capabilities tend
to be more efficient and effective in their roles
within the evolving digital landscape.
2.2. Challenges in Existing Training Programs
Current training programs for civil servants in Vietnam,
while addressing some aspects of IT application, often
fall short of comprehensively developing the
competencies required for digital government [4, 16].
•
Focus on Technical Skills vs. Holistic
Competencies: Training often emphasizes
technical skills for specific software or systems,
rather than fostering a holistic understanding of
digital government principles, data literacy, or
the
soft
skills
necessary
for
digital
transformation [4].
•
Traditional Pedagogy: Training methodologies
may still rely heavily on traditional, didactic
approaches, which are less effective for
developing practical digital skills, critical
thinking, and problem-solving abilities required
in a dynamic digital environment [16].
•
Lack of Continuous Professional Development:
Digital
technologies
evolve
rapidly,
necessitating continuous learning. Existing
programs may lack mechanisms for ongoing
professional development and updating skills in
line with technological advancements [4].
•
Limited Customization: Training programs may
not be sufficiently customized to the specific
roles and needs of different civil servant groups
(e.g., frontline service providers versus policy
makers versus IT specialists) [16].
•
Resource Constraints: Limited budgets, lack of
qualified trainers with practical digital
government experience, and inadequate
training infrastructure (e.g., modern computer
labs, high-speed internet) can hinder the
effectiveness and scalability of training
initiatives.
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
8
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajpslc
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
2.3. Mindset and Culture: The Human Dimension of
Digital Transformation
Beyond technical skills, a significant challenge lies in
transforming the mindset and organizational culture
within the Vietnamese public sector [7, 17].
•
Traditional Bureaucratic Mindset: A deeply
ingrained
bureaucratic
culture,
often
characterized by hierarchical structures, risk
aversion, and a focus on process rather than
outcomes, can impede the adoption of agile and
innovative digital government approaches [7].
•
Resistance to Change: Resistance to new
technologies and ways of working, stemming
from fear of the unknown, perceived job
insecurity, or comfort with established routines,
can be a major barrier [7]. Leaders in emerging
countries face specific challenges in responding
to digital transformation [6].
•
Lack of Citizen-Centricity: While a stated goal,
truly shifting from an administrative-centric to a
citizen-centric approach requires a fundamental
change in mindset among civil servants,
emphasizing empathy, responsiveness, and user
experience in service design [7].
•
Siloed Operations: Traditional government
structures often operate in silos, hindering inter-
agency collaboration and data sharing, which
are essential for integrated digital services [17].
Fostering a collaborative culture is key.
•
Leadership Role: The commitment and vision of
leaders
are
crucial
in
driving
digital
transformation and fostering a supportive
culture [6]. Without strong digital leadership,
efforts to build capacity at lower levels may
falter.
3. Proposed Capacity Framework for Digital
Government Officials in Vietnam
To systematically address the identified gaps and equip
Vietnamese officials and civil servants for the demands
of digital government, a comprehensive, multi-
dimensional capacity framework is proposed. This
framework categorizes essential competencies into five
key areas, recognizing that effective digital governance
requires a blend of technical proficiency, strategic
understanding, and adaptive human skills.
3.1. I. Core Digital Competencies
These are foundational skills necessary for all civil
servants to operate effectively in a digital environment.
•
Digital Literacy (Basic to Advanced):
o
Basic
Digital
Tools
Proficiency:
Competence in using common office
software
(word
processing,
spreadsheets, presentations), email,
and internet navigation.
o
Digital Communication & Collaboration:
Effective use of digital platforms for
internal
communication
(e.g.,
government intranet, collaboration
tools) and external engagement (e.g.,
official social media, online public
forums). This includes understanding
digital
etiquette
and
secure
communication practices.
o
Information and Data Literacy: Ability to
locate, evaluate, manage, and utilize
digital information and data effectively
and
ethically.
This
involves
understanding data sources, assessing
credibility, and organizing digital files.
o
Digital
Safety
&
Cybersecurity
Awareness:
Fundamental
understanding of cybersecurity risks
(e.g., phishing, malware), secure
password practices, data protection
principles, and responsible online
behavior to safeguard government
systems and citizen information.
o
Problem-Solving
in
Digital
Environments: Ability to identify and
resolve common technical issues, adapt
to new software interfaces, and
troubleshoot digital tools.
3.2. II. Technical & Specialized Digital Skills
These competencies are required for specific roles and
for leveraging advanced digital technologies in
governance.
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
9
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajpslc
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
•
Digital Service Design and Delivery:
o
User-Centric
Design
Principles:
Understanding how to design online
public services that are intuitive,
accessible, and responsive to citizen
needs, focusing on user experience (UX)
and user interface (UI) principles.
o
Process Digitization & Automation:
Ability to analyze existing administrative
processes and identify opportunities for
automation and digitization to improve
efficiency and reduce manual effort.
•
Data Analytics & AI Literacy:
o
Basic Data Analysis: Ability to interpret
simple datasets, generate basic reports,
and understand key performance
indicators (KPIs) related to digital
services.
o
AI/ML Awareness: Understanding the
basic
concepts,
capabilities,
and
limitations of Artificial Intelligence and
Machine Learning as applied in
governance (e.g., chatbots for public
inquiries, predictive analytics for
resource allocation). This does not
require programming skills but an
understanding of what AI can and
cannot do.
•
Cloud
Computing
&
IT
Infrastructure
Understanding:
o
Cloud
Service
Awareness:
Basic
understanding of cloud computing
concepts (e.g., SaaS, PaaS, IaaS) and
their implications for government data
storage, application deployment, and
scalability.
o
System
Interoperability
Concepts:
Understanding the principles of system
interoperability and data exchange
standards
to
facilitate
seamless
integration across government agencies
[11, 19].
•
Emerging Technologies Awareness: Basic
knowledge of the potential applications and
implications of emerging technologies like
Blockchain, IoT (Internet of Things), and Big
Data for public administration and service
delivery.
3.3. III. Governance & Policy Competencies in a Digital
Context
These competencies focus on the legal, ethical, and
strategic aspects of governing in a digital age.
•
Digital Policy Formulation & Implementation:
o
Policy Design for Digital Era: Ability to
formulate policies that effectively
leverage digital technologies to achieve
public objectives, considering the
unique characteristics and challenges of
the digital environment.
o
Regulatory Adaptation: Understanding
how existing laws and regulations need
to be adapted or new ones created to
govern digital services, data, and
emerging technologies [14, 17].
•
Legal & Regulatory Acumen in Digital Space:
o
Data Privacy and Protection: In-depth
knowledge of national and international
data privacy laws (e.g., GDPR principles,
Vietnam's own regulations) and best
practices for protecting citizen data.
o
Cybersecurity
Regulations:
Understanding
legal
frameworks
related to cybersecurity, incident
response, and critical infrastructure
protection.
o
Digital
Signatures
&
Electronic
Transactions: Knowledge of the legal
validity and security requirements for
electronic documents and transactions.
•
Ethical Governance in a Digital Environment:
o
AI
Ethics:
Understanding
ethical
considerations related to the use of AI
in public services, including bias,
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
10
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajpslc
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
fairness,
accountability,
and
transparency.
o
Data Ethics: Principles for responsible
data collection, use, and sharing,
ensuring
equity
and
preventing
discrimination.
o
Transparency and Open Government:
Commitment to leveraging digital tools
to
enhance
transparency,
accountability, and open government
principles [17].
•
Public Value Creation through Digital Initiatives:
o
Value Proposition: Understanding how
digital
government
initiatives
contribute to the creation of public
value, beyond mere efficiency gains, by
improving citizen experience, trust, and
quality of life [5].
o
Impact Assessment: Ability to assess the
social, economic, and political impacts
of digital government projects.
3.4. IV. Leadership & Management Competencies for
Digital Transformation
These competencies are crucial for leaders and
managers to drive and sustain digital transformation
within their organizations.
•
Strategic Vision for Digital Government:
o
Visionary
Leadership:
Ability
to
articulate a clear and compelling vision
for digital transformation within their
agency, aligning it with national digital
government goals [6].
o
Digital
Strategy
Development:
Competence
in
formulating
and
executing
digital
strategies
that
integrate technology, people, and
processes.
•
Change Management & Innovation Leadership:
o
Leading Change: Ability to effectively
lead organizational change, overcome
resistance, and inspire adoption of new
digital ways of working [6, 7].
o
Fostering Innovation: Creating an
environment
that
encourages
experimentation, learning from failure,
and continuous innovation in digital
service delivery and internal processes.
•
Inter-agency
Collaboration
&
Ecosystem
Building:
o
Breaking Silos: Ability to promote and
facilitate collaboration across different
government
agencies,
levels
of
government,
and
with
external
stakeholders (e.g., private sector,
academia, citizens) to build integrated
digital ecosystems [17].
o
Partnership Management: Skills in
forming
and
managing
strategic
partnerships for digital projects [1].
•
Risk Management in a Digital Environment:
o
Cybersecurity
Risk
Management:
Understanding and mitigating risks
associated with cybersecurity threats,
data
breaches,
and
system
vulnerabilities.
o
Project Risk Management: Managing
the complexities and uncertainties
inherent
in
large-scale
digital
government projects, including budget
overruns,
timeline
delays,
and
technology failures.
o
Ethical Risk Management: Proactively
identifying and addressing ethical risks
associated
with
new
digital
technologies.
3.5. V. Soft Skills for the Digital Era
These transversal skills are increasingly critical for all
civil servants to thrive in a rapidly changing digital
environment.
•
Critical Thinking & Problem Solving:
o
Analytical Skills: Ability to analyze
complex digital challenges, identify root
causes, and develop effective solutions.
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
11
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajpslc
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
o
Adaptive Problem Solving: Capacity to
adapt problem-solving approaches to
the dynamic and often ambiguous
nature of digital issues.
•
Adaptability & Resilience:
o
Embracing Change: Willingness and
ability to adapt quickly to new
technologies,
processes,
and
organizational structures.
o
Resilience to Setbacks: Ability to learn
from failures and persist in the face of
challenges
inherent
in
digital
transformation.
•
Citizen-Centricity & Empathy:
o
Understanding User Needs: Deep
understanding and empathy for the
needs, challenges, and experiences of
citizens and businesses interacting with
digital public services [7].
o
Service Orientation: A proactive and
helpful attitude towards serving the
public in a digital context.
•
Continuous Learning & Self-Development:
o
Growth Mindset: A proactive approach
to acquiring new knowledge and skills,
recognizing that digital competencies
require ongoing development.
o
Self-Directed
Learning:
Ability
to
identify personal learning needs and
seek out resources for continuous
professional development in digital
areas.
•
Communication Skills (Digital & Traditional):
o
Clear and Concise Communication:
Ability to communicate complex digital
concepts clearly to diverse audiences,
both verbally and in writing.
o
Digital
Communication
Etiquette:
Understanding
appropriate
communication protocols and channels
in digital environments.
This comprehensive framework provides a structured
approach to identifying, developing, and assessing the
capabilities essential for Vietnam's public sector
workforce to effectively lead and implement the
nation's digital government agenda. It moves beyond
basic IT literacy to encompass a broader range of
technical, governance, leadership, and soft skills,
recognizing that a truly digital government requires a
transformation of both tools and mindsets.
Discussion
The imperative for Vietnam to develop a robust digital
government is clear, driven by global trends, national
development
aspirations,
and
the
undeniable
advantages of digital transformation in enhancing public
service delivery, transparency, and efficiency [2, 3, 5,
20]. However, as highlighted in this review, the
technological and policy advancements must be
paralleled by a significant uplift in the human capital of
the public sector. The proposed multi-dimensional
capacity framework serves as a strategic blueprint for
equipping Vietnamese officials and civil servants with
the essential competencies required to navigate and
lead this complex evolution.
Significance of the Proposed Framework
The framework's significance lies in its comprehensive
and tailored approach to Vietnam's specific context.
Unlike generic digital literacy initiatives, this framework
moves beyond basic IT skills to encompass a holistic set
of competencies crucial for effective digital governance.
•
Addressing Specific Gaps: It directly addresses
identified weaknesses in the current capabilities
of Vietnamese civil servants, including
limitations in data literacy, digital service design,
and adaptive leadership [4, 10, 15, 16].
•
Alignment with National Goals: The framework
is intrinsically aligned with Vietnam's national
digital
transformation
agenda,
which
emphasizes not just e-government but a full
digital government, digital economy, and digital
society [3, 20]. By focusing on public value
creation [5] and ethical governance [17], it
supports the broader societal objectives of
digital transformation.
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
12
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajpslc
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
•
Holistic Development: It recognizes that
successful digital government requires a blend
of technical skills, policy acumen, leadership
capabilities, and crucial soft skills, fostering a
well-rounded and adaptable workforce. This
comprehensive view is essential for sustainable
transformation.
•
Strategic Planning Tool: The framework provides
a clear, actionable tool for government agencies
to assess current capabilities, identify specific
training needs, and design targeted human
resource development programs. It can serve as
a common language for discussing and planning
capacity building efforts across different
ministries and localities.
Comparison with Existing Models
While various digital competency frameworks exist
globally (e.g., the European Union's DigComp
framework), and Vietnam has explored e-governance
frameworks [13], the proposed framework offers a
tailored perspective.
•
DigComp Relevance: The DigComp framework,
which assesses digital competence across areas
like
information
and
data
literacy,
communication, content creation, safety, and
problem-solving, provides a valuable foundation
for assessing basic digital literacy among
Vietnamese citizens and, by extension, civil
servants [10]. Our framework builds upon this
by adding layers of specialized technical skills,
governance-specific
competencies,
and
leadership attributes directly relevant to the
public sector's role in digital transformation.
•
Beyond E-Governance: Earlier e-governance
frameworks for Vietnam [13] often focused on
technological adoption and interoperability
[19]. Our proposed framework extends this by
emphasizing human-centric design, data-driven
decision-making, ethical considerations, and
proactive public value creation, reflecting the
evolution from e-government to digital
government [2, 20].
•
Comparative Insights: Comparative studies,
such as the LiTCoDE Framework for Digital
Governance [8] or discussions on e-government
in Germany and Vietnam [1], offer valuable
external
perspectives.
Our
framework
incorporates lessons from these broader
discussions while remaining firmly rooted in
Vietnam's unique administrative and cultural
context. For instance, the emphasis on "Change
Management & Innovation" and "Inter-agency
Collaboration" directly addresses known
challenges in public administration in emerging
economies [6, 7].
Implementation Strategies: Translating Framework
into Action
The true value of this framework lies in its practical
implementation. A multi-pronged approach is necessary
to translate these competencies into tangible
improvements in the public sector.
1. Training and Development Programs: A Continuous
Learning Journey
•
Curriculum Redesign: The framework should
directly inform the redesign of training curricula
for civil servants at all levels [4, 16]. Programs
should move beyond theoretical knowledge to
emphasize practical, hands-on application of
digital tools and principles.
•
Blended Learning Approaches: Employing
blended learning methodologies, combining
online modules, virtual classrooms, and in-
person workshops, can enhance flexibility and
accessibility, especially for civil servants in
remote areas.
•
Continuous Professional Development (CPD):
Given the rapid pace of technological change,
capacity building cannot be a one-off event.
Establishing robust CPD programs that offer
regular updates, advanced courses, and
opportunities for peer learning is crucial [4]. This
includes micro-learning modules for specific
digital tools or concepts.
•
Specialized
Training
Streams:
Develop
specialized training streams for different roles
(e.g., data analysts, digital service designers,
cybersecurity specialists, digital policy advisors)
to ensure deep expertise where needed.
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
13
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajpslc
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
•
"Train the Trainer" Programs: Invest in
developing a pool of qualified trainers within
government agencies and academic institutions
who possess both pedagogical skills and
practical digital government experience [16].
Partnerships with universities and technology
companies can facilitate this [1].
2. Recruitment and Talent Management: Building a
Digital-Ready Workforce
•
Competency-Based Recruitment: Integrate the
proposed competencies into the recruitment
processes for new civil servants. This involves
designing assessment methods that evaluate
not only academic qualifications but also digital
literacy, problem-solving skills, and adaptability.
•
Performance Appraisal and Development: Link
performance
appraisal
systems
to
the
competency framework, allowing for regular
assessment of digital skills and identification of
individual
development
needs
[15].
Performance incentives could be tied to digital
skill acquisition and application.
•
Career Progression: Create clear career
pathways that reward civil servants who
develop
and
effectively
utilize
digital
competencies, encouraging continuous learning
and professional growth.
•
Talent Identification and Nurturing: Proactively
identify civil servants with high digital aptitude
and provide them with advanced training and
opportunities to lead digital initiatives, fostering
a pool of digital champions.
3. Leadership Buy-in and Culture Change: Driving
Transformation from the Top
•
Strategic Leadership Development: Senior
leaders must receive targeted training on
strategic digital vision, change management,
and fostering an innovative culture [6]. Their
commitment and active participation are
essential to drive digital transformation from
the top down.
•
Championing Digital Adoption: Leaders should
actively champion the adoption of new digital
tools and processes, serving as role models and
communicating
the
benefits
of
digital
government to their teams [6].
•
Fostering an Innovation Culture: Create an
organizational
culture
that
embraces
experimentation, tolerates calculated risks, and
learns from failures. This involves reducing
bureaucratic inertia and encouraging civil
servants to propose and implement digital
solutions [7, 17].
•
Citizen-Centric Mindset Shift: Promote a
fundamental shift from an administrative-
centric to a citizen-centric mindset, emphasizing
empathy, responsiveness, and continuous
improvement in public service delivery [7]. This
requires
ongoing
communication
and
reinforcement of public value principles [5].
4. Resource Allocation: Investing in the Digital Future
•
Budgetary Commitment: Allocate sufficient and
sustained financial resources for capacity
building initiatives, including training programs,
technology upgrades for learning, and expert
consultancy.
•
Technological Infrastructure for Learning:
Ensure that civil servants have access to modern
computing equipment, reliable high-speed
internet, and relevant software tools for
training and daily work.
•
Partnerships: Forge strategic partnerships with
domestic
and
international
academic
institutions,
technology
companies,
and
international
organizations.
These
collaborations can provide access to expertise,
resources, and best practices in digital
government and capacity building [1].
5. Measurement and Evaluation: Ensuring Impact and
Adaptability
•
Performance Metrics: Develop clear metrics and
indicators to evaluate the effectiveness of
capacity building programs and their impact on
digital government outcomes (e.g., increased
online service utilization, reduced processing
times, improved citizen satisfaction) [5].
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
14
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajpslc
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
•
Regular
Assessment:
Conduct
regular
assessments
of
civil
servants'
digital
competencies to track progress, identify
emerging gaps, and adapt training programs
accordingly.
•
Framework Evolution: The digital landscape is
constantly evolving. The capacity framework
itself must be a living document, regularly
reviewed and updated to remain relevant and
responsive to new technological advancements
and policy shifts. This requires a flexible and
adaptive approach to human resource
development.
Broader Impact: Realizing Vietnam's Digital Vision
The successful implementation of this capacity
framework will have far-reaching positive impacts on
Vietnam's digital government agenda and national
development.
•
Enhanced Administrative Reform: A digitally
competent workforce will be better equipped to
drive and sustain administrative reforms,
leading to more efficient, transparent, and
responsive public administration [5, 7]. This will
streamline government processes and reduce
bureaucratic hurdles.
•
Increased Public Value Creation: By enabling
civil servants to design and deliver citizen-
centric digital services, the framework will
directly contribute to creating greater public
value, improving the quality of life for citizens,
and fostering trust in government [5].
•
Strengthened
Anti-Corruption
Efforts:
Digitalization inherently promotes transparency
and accountability by creating auditable digital
trails and reducing opportunities for discretion,
thereby bolstering anti-corruption initiatives
[12, 17]. A digitally literate workforce can better
utilize and enforce these transparent systems.
•
Accelerated
Smart
City
Development:
Competent officials will be crucial for the
effective
planning,
implementation,
and
management of smart city initiatives, ensuring
that technology serves urban development
goals and citizen needs [9].
•
Resilience and Adaptability: A digitally skilled
and adaptable public sector will be better
prepared to respond to future crises and
unforeseen challenges, leveraging digital tools
for rapid response and effective governance, as
demonstrated during the COVID-19 pandemic
[6, 18].
•
International Integration: By developing a
modern, digitally capable public administration,
Vietnam enhances its attractiveness for foreign
investment and strengthens its position in the
global digital economy, facilitating international
integration and collaboration [7].
Ultimately, investing in the digital capabilities of its
officials and civil servants is not merely an operational
necessity for Vietnam but a strategic imperative for
achieving its ambitious national digital transformation
goals and securing its future prosperity in the digital age
[3].
Conclusion
Vietnam's unwavering commitment to building a
comprehensive digital government, digital economy,
and digital society represents a pivotal national agenda
for sustainable development and enhanced public
service delivery. While significant strides have been
made in establishing foundational infrastructure and
digitizing public services, the human element
—
specifically, the digital capabilities of officials and civil
servants
—
emerges as the most critical determinant of
success. This comprehensive review has meticulously
analyzed the current landscape of digital government
evolution in Vietnam, identified key challenges in public
sector capacity, and, most importantly, proposed a
multi-dimensional capacity framework tailored to
address these needs.
The proposed framework, encompassing Core Digital
Competencies, Technical & Specialized Digital Skills,
Governance & Policy Competencies in a Digital Context,
Leadership & Management Competencies for Digital
Transformation, and essential Soft Skills for the Digital
Era, offers a holistic and actionable blueprint. It moves
beyond rudimentary IT literacy, emphasizing the
development of data literacy, user-centric service
design, ethical governance, strategic digital leadership,
and adaptive problem-solving. This integrated approach
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
15
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajpslc
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
is vital for equipping Vietnamese civil servants with the
diverse skill sets necessary to effectively leverage digital
technologies, innovate public services, and navigate the
complexities of a rapidly evolving digital environment.
The successful implementation of this framework hinges
on a multi-pronged strategy. This includes the
systematic redesign of training and development
programs to be practical, continuous, and customized;
the integration of digital competencies into recruitment,
performance appraisal, and career progression systems;
and, crucially, strong leadership buy-in to foster a
culture of innovation, collaboration, and citizen-
centricity. While challenges such as resistance to
change, resource constraints, and the inherent speed of
technological evolution persist, these can be mitigated
through sustained investment, strategic partnerships
with academia and the private sector, and a
commitment to continuous measurement and
evaluation.
Ultimately, by prioritizing and investing in the digital
capabilities of its public sector workforce, Vietnam will
not only accelerate its digital government agenda but
also realize broader societal benefits. This enhanced
capacity will drive administrative reform, foster greater
transparency, strengthen anti-corruption efforts,
contribute to smart city development, and significantly
improve the creation of public value for all citizens. The
journey towards a truly digital Vietnam is a testament to
the nation's foresight and dedication, and its success will
be fundamentally shaped by the readiness and resilience
of its human capital in the digital age. The continuous
development of these competencies is not just an
operational task but a strategic imperative for securing
Vietnam's future prosperity and global competitiveness.
References
1.
Briesen, D., Thanh, P. Q., & Hang, N. T. T. (Eds.).
(2019). E-Government and Administrative Reform in
Germany and Vietnam. Cuvillier Verlag.
2.
Chu, T. K. L., Nguyen, N. Q., Nguyen, H. V., & Tran, T.
H. H. (2023). Developing Electronic Government
Towards Digital Government to Enhance the
Efficiency of State Governance in Vietnam.
Inżynieria
Mineralna, (2).
3.
Cuong, N. H., & Le, D. K. (2024). Vietnam Digital
Transformation and the Way Forward. In Knowledge
Transformation and Innovation in Global Society:
Perspective in a Changing Asia (pp. 141-164).
Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.
4.
Hoan, D. M. (2024). Developing Digital Literacy for
Vietnamese Civil Servants. Journal of Ecohumanism,
3(3), 1396-1407.
5.
Hien, B. N., Tuyen, N. T. K., Lan, N. T., Ngan, N. T. K.,
& Thanh, N. N. (2024). The impact of digital
government initiatives on public value creation:
evidence from Ho Chi Minh city
–
Vietnam. Revista de
Gestao Social e Ambiental, 18(2), 1-23.
6.
Hai, T. N., Van, Q. N., & Thi Tuyet, M. N. (2021).
Digital
transformation:
Opportunities
and
challenges for leaders in the emerging countries in
response to COVID-19 pandemic. Emerging Science
Journal, 5(1), 21-36.
7.
Ly, C. T. K. (2024). Factors influencing the
implementation of public service culture in state
administrative agencies in the context of
international
integration.
Journal
of
State
Management, 31(11), 30-35.
8.
Medel-Ramírez, C., Medel-López, H., & Lara-Mérida,
J. (2023). Digital Governance in the 21stCentury: The
LiTCoDE Framework for Transparency, Leadership,
and Technological Evolution A Comparative Study of
Mexico and Vietnam. Series: 21st Century Societal
Challenges: Empowerment, Inclusion, Ethics, and
Technological Insights in Governance and Social
Well-being.
9.
Nga, N. Q., Ly, C. T. K., Hau, N. V., & Phuong, D. T. T.
(2024). Building and Developing Smart Cities in Ho
Chi Minh City, Vietnam
—
Current Situation and
Solutions. Int. J. Relig, 5, 714-721.
10.
Nguyen, T. Q., Ngoc, P. T. A., Phuong, H. A., Duy, D.
P. T., Hiep, P. C., McClelland, R., & Noroozi, O.
(2024). Digital competence of Vietnamese citizens:
An application of digcomp framework and the role
of individual factors. Education and Information
Technologies, 1-32.
11.
Nguyen, T. T. (2022). E-government architecture in
developing countries: a case of public entities in
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
16
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajpslc
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
Vietnam. International Journal of eBusiness and
eGovernment Studies, 14(2), 35-56.
12.
Pham, T. N. (2020). The Role of E-Government In
Fighting Against The Corruption: A Case Study Of
Vietnam. Quantitative Economics and Management
Studies, 1(5), 335-345.
13.
Shepherdson, C., Tan, A. W. K., & Nam, T. V. (2009).
An
e-governance
framework
for
Vietnam.
International Journal of Electronic Governance, 2(2-
3), 170-191.
14.
Thang, N. T. (2024, September). Electronic Records
and Document Management in Government
Administrative
Agencies
during
Digital
Transformation
–
A Policy Approach. In Creating
Institutions for the Digital Transformation in
Vietnam (pp. 73-86). Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft
mbH & Co. KG.
15.
Tuoi, N. T., & Thanh, N. N. (2023). The impact of
digital capabilities on the work performance of
provincial civil servants in Vietnam. Journal of Law
and Sustainable Development, 11(4), e560-e560.
16.
Trung, N. S. (2024). Competency-based training for
Vietnamese civil servants. Journal of State
Management, 31(13).
17.
Thoa, T. T., & Cuong, N. D. (2024). The future of open
government: prospects and challenges in Vietnam.
Conhecimento & Diversidade, 16(42), 500-527.
18.
Van Quang, N., Long, D. T., Anh, N. D., & Hai, T. N.
(2021). Administrative capacity of local government
in responding to natural disasters in developing
countries. Journal of Human, Earth, and Future, 2(2),
114-124.
19.
Van Thanh, N., Yoon, H., & Hwang, J. (2018). A study
on the factors affect to technological adoption of e-
Government Information System interoperability in
Vietnam.
The
International
Technology
Management Review, 7(2), 125-143.
20.
Vu, G. C., & Vu, C. T. (2021). Digital government: A
Vietnamese perspective. International Journal of
Public Law and Policy, 7(3), 249-272.
