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PUBLISHED DATE: - 18-12-2024
DOI: -
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/Volume06Issue12-10
PAGE NO.: - 219-223
SHORT HISTORICAL INFORMATION ABOUT
KONGRAD REGION
Shamshaddinova Saodat Saparbaevna
Karakalpak State University, Uzbekistan
ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0853-8246
INTRODUCTION
Kungrad district is the oldest inhabited area of
Karakalpakstan. According to historians, the most
ancient traces of historical and cultural
monuments in Karakalpakstan were found in the
territory of the Kungrad district, in particular, in
Ustyurt. The settlement of the Paleolithic period,
which dates back to 300-100 thousand years BC, is
located in the southwest of the Barsakelmes salt
lake near wells called Esen-1, Esen-2 [1, 8]. In the
Neolithic period, that is, in the 5th-3rd millennia
BC, the tools of people made of flint are often found
in the Ustyurt steppe. People in the Neolithic
period were mainly engaged in hunting [2].
From the Ustyurt space to the Bronze Age b.c. The
monuments of the III-II millennia include the
burial sites of Karakuduk. Early Iron Age BC. There
are burial mounds, arrows of a copper-made
arrow, and monuments of the Savromat-Sarmati
tribes, located in the distance from the Sekseulsay,
which dates back to the 7th-11th centuries BC, to
the border of Kazakhstan.
Ancient Greek historian Strabo gives information
about the existence of the Amu Darya (Ox) - Uzboy
- Caspian (Girkan) - Caucasus - Black Sea waterway
[3]. This testifies to the fact that in the pre-
revolutionary period, the Amu Darya flowed along
the southeastern foothills of Ustyurt to the Yellow
Sea, and beyond that, through the Uzboy, to the
Caspian. It was during these periods that life began
in the cities of the present-day Kungrad district,
such as Vazir (Dawkesken), Aybuyrkala
(Jampykkala). Because trade is also developed
along the waterway connecting India and the
Caucasus countries.
Many monuments dating back to the 1st century
and the 19th century are located in Ustyurt.
Especially from the 9th-10th centuries, the
territory of the current Kungrad district became a
center of civilization, and today there are many
historical and cultural monuments of that period.
The reason for this is the change in the flow of the
Amu Darya. That is, until the 9th century, the Amu
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Abstract
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Darya flowed into the Aral Sea from the territory of
the city of Kat (now Beruni), then it flowed into the
Aral Sea along the eastern side of the Ustyurt
Mountains between Mizdakhan and Gurganj [4,
445]. During the Mongol invasion, the Amu Darya
road was turned to the Yellow River. At the same
time, the Amu Darya flows along the southeastern
foothills of Ustyurt, creating the basis for the
prosperity of such cities as Vazir, Tirsek, Shemaha,
and Adak.
In the Middle Ages and subsequent periods,
peoples lived in the Ustyurt space and in the delta
of the river, they built many cities, fortresses,
caravan palaces, and dug wells during their time.
For example, the cities of Daukesken (Vazir), Puljay
(Jazkempir, Tengeshashkan), Burahan, Adakkala,
Tuprokkala, Ketenlar, Jampikkala, Oybyuri in the
Kungrad district were famous even in the Middle
Ages, while caravan palaces such as Beleuli, Churik,
Kosbulak, Ajigeldi along the old "Nogai Road"
caravan route were considered the commercial
artery connecting the peoples of Central Asia with
the Volga region and the countries of Eastern
Europe. Ambassadors, merchants and other
passengers from Europe, from the Lower Volga to
the indigenous peoples passed through the Kunrad
to Old Urgench, Khiva, Bukhara, Samarkand and
other major trading centers in Central Asia, where
artisans lived. The peoples of Central Asia went on
the Hajj journey through the second caravan route
passing through Alankala, known as the
"Mangishlak Tract" on the Ustyurt [5, 41].
In the past, the region, which was called Kungrad
people, Kungrad Land, Kungrad Khanate and
Kungrad Oblast, was understood as the northern
part of the Khorezm state, the lower part of the
Amu Darya River, the southern Aral Sea and the
vast desert areas of the Ustyurt region.
The works of A. Kun, T.A. Zhdanko, K.L. Zadykhina,
V.N. Yagodin, Kh. Esbergenov, G. Khojaniyazov, M.
Torebekov, S. Saymanov, U. Embergenov, and Zh.
Shamuratov, as well as other scholars, provide
valuable information about the cities and historical
sites in the territories of Kungrad possessions [6].
Scientists have different opinions about the
ancient place of Kungrad. Some say that Pulzhai
was the ancient place of Kungrad, while other
scholars call it Bukhara or Hakim.
Indeed, the Qönğirot tribes lived in the 13th
century near Old Urgench [7, 120]. In 1625, the
Aral Governorate (or Kungrad Oblast) was
established in the lower reaches of the Amu Darya
River. In the 18th century, the peoples around the
Aral Sea region lived independently of the Khiva
Khanate. Its capital, Kungrad, was equal to the
medieval capital of Khorezm, Gurganj (Gone
Urgench). The inhabitants of the Aral Sea region
were called the Elders. The cities of Chimbay,
Kungrad, and Khojeli, located near the Aral Sea,
belonged to the Aral Sea region. The southern
border of the province extended to Mailyshengal.
In 1643, the islanders elected Abilgazi khan.
Abulgazi moved the capital of Khorezm from the
city of Wazir to Khiva [8, 9].
In the book "New History of Karakalpakstan": "In
the 17th-18th centuries, in the north of Khorezm,
in the lower part of the Amu Darya, the Aral (or
Kungrad) region consisted of Uzbeks and
Karakalpaks, the center of which was originally the
city of Kungrad, then the city of Shakhtemir,
located near Chimbay. This possession was an
independent country from the Khiva Khanate. Its
capital, Kungrad, was as important as Old Urgench
in the Middle Ages at the end of the 18th century"
[9, 118].
The age of the city of Kungrad has not been
discussed in science.
According to S. Saymanov, a scholar who studied
the history of the city of Kungrad, Kungrad
developed rapidly in the 11th-13th centuries.
Beginning in 1359, during the reign of the Kungrad
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rulers, the city was rebuilt from the ruins. During
the reign of Muhammad Nazar, the city expanded,
and gates and caravan palaces were built. In the
18th century, Toremurat Bey made Kungrad his
fortress in the struggle for his independence and
freedom [10].
The Kungrats built fortresses and fortifications on
the banks of the river. From the 14th century, the
rule of Khorezm passed into the hands of the
Kungrad Sufi rulers. In the 1770s, the Khiva
Khanate was ruled by Muhammad Inaq of Kungrad,
followed by his son Avaz Inaq (1790-1804). In the
next period, Eltuzer (1804-1806) took over the
khanate and founded the Kungrad dynasty in the
Khiva Khanate. This dynasty lasted until 1920.
According to ethnographer Kh. Esbergenov, who
studied the historical and cultural monuments of
Kungrad, "Pulzhai and Kungrad were one city, and
their people were one." If the area around Kungrad
was watered, the population lived in Pulzha. If
there were any difficulties in Pulzha, he returned
to Kungrad. The city of Kungrad was the center of
the settlements around it, a place where governors
lived, caravan palaces, bazaars and wells, a
fortress, and a main city with gates. Its population
engaged in agriculture, animal husbandry, fishing,
and hunting. In the middle of the 17th century, the
son of Muhammad Nazarbi, the ruler of the fortress
of Hakim Ata, Khojamurat was elected khan of the
Kungrad dynasty. He moved the capital of his
khanate from Khokim Ata to the city of Kungrad.
Because most of the Kungrats lived in the vicinity
of the city of Kungrad [1, 20].
The Kungrad district was located in the
northwestern part of the republic, and in 1920-
1924 it was created as a bekstvo within the
Khorezm Republic, in 1924 it became a Kungrad
volost, in 1925 it became a district within the
Autonomous Republic of Karakalpakstan, and on
July 3, 1927 it was created as a Kungrad district
[11, 118]. In 1963, it was annexed to the Khojeli
district, and on February 22, 1964, it was
reorganized.
The district accounts for 12 percent of the territory
of the Republic of Uzbekistan and 46 percent of the
Republic of Karakalpakstan. Kungrad district
borders Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan, as well as
Muynak, Shumanay, Bozatau and Kanlykul
districts.
Nature
. The surface of the earth consists mainly of
the Ustyurt Plateau. The average height is 150-200
meters, the highest point is 290 meters (in the
western part of the district, on the Karaburi ridge).
In the central part of Barsakelmes, in the east, the
Karaumbet salt marsh, in the south, the depression
of Assekenau, in the border area with
Turkmenistan, the northern part of the lakes
Kaplankur and Sarykamis is located. The climate is
sharply continental, dry. The summer is hot and
the winter is cold. The soils of the Ustyurt Plateau
are gray-brown, while the irrigated eastern part is
meadow-gray and meadow. Saline soils and takyric
soils are also found.
The population consists of Karakalpaks, Uzbeks
and Kazakhs, as well as Koreans, Tatars and
Russians.
The area of the district is 76 thousand square
kilometers, in it there are 21 makhallas, 5 town-
type settlements and 13 rural citizens' assemblies,
43 rural settlements. The growth point (driver) of
the region is specialized in animal husbandry,
petrochemical industry. As of January 1, 2024, the
population of the district is 135.9 thousand people.
The western part of the region is occupied by the
Ustyurt Plain, where the main minerals are located.
There are large deposits of limestone, pores,
gypsum, mercury, table salt, oil, gas condensates
and other minerals. Gas fields have been
discovered in the areas of Shaxpaxta, Kuvanish,
Akshalak, Ushsay, Urge. The Urgench field was
connected to the gas pipeline in 1995 and serves
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the interests of the population. At the same time,
there are Barsakelmes and Karaumbet salt
deposits. The source of natural water is the Amu
Darya. The main irrigation canals are the inter-
district canals of Suenli and Ravshan.
The district is a large industrial area of the
republic, where the "Kungrad soda plant" and the
Ustyurt gas chemical complex operate.
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