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EDUCATION AND EDUCATIONAL SERVICES
IN MODERN UZBEKISTAN
Mansurova Muzafarra Makhsudovna
teaching assistant, Samarkand Institute
of Economics and Service
E-mail:
Аннотация.
В
статье
рассмотрены
актуальность
процессов
интернационализации образовательных услуг и их роль в новом Узбекистане, их
положительное влияние на международную деятельность высших образовательных
учреждений. Изучены наряду с объёмом и качеством образовательных услуг,
международные контакты высших образовательных учреждений в настоящее время
как один из наиболее весомых показателей организационного уровня и
эффективности деятельности высших образовательных учреждений.
Annotation.
The article discusses the relevance of the processes of
internationalization of educational services and their role in the new Uzbekistan, their
positive impact on the international activities of higher educational institutions. Along with
the volume and quality of educational services, international contacts of higher educational
institutions have been studied at present as one of the most significant indicators of the
organizational level and efficiency of higher educational institutions.
Ключевые слова.
Образование, образовательные услуги, человеческий
капитал, инвестирование в человеческий капитал, инвестирование в будущее,
квалифицированная рабочая сила, рынок труда, субъекты образовательных услуг,
объекты образовательных услуг, цена труда, развитие личности, государственные
образовательные учреждения, платные образовательные услуги.
Keywords.
Education, educational services, human capital, investing in human
capital, investing in the future, skilled labor, labor market, subjects of educational services,
objects of educational services, price of labor, personal development, state educational
institutions, paid educational services.
From time immemorial, education has been considered an important part of human
life. “The roots of education are bitter, but the fruits are sweet,”
1
believed the great ancient
Greek thinker, philosopher Aristotle, who lived in 384-321 BC. Naturally, in our time, the
education system must be considered as one of the most important parts of the life of
1
Diogenes Laertius. About the life, teachings and sayings of famous philosophers. - M.: AST, 2020. - P. 257. - ISBN 978-5-
17-119357-7.
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modern society, which is necessary for the successful functioning of any state. It is not for
nothing that the Quran mentions education in 600 verses. For example, in the 9th verse of
Sura 39 “Az-Zumar” (translated from Arabic “The Crowd”) it says: “Is it possible that the
one who humbly spends the night hours, falling on his face and standing, fearing the
Hereafter and hoping for the mercy of his Lord, equal to an unbeliever? Say: “Are those
who know and those who do not know equal?” Verily, only those with understanding
remember edification.”
2
Therefore, a person's quality education can not only reduce the
poverty level of a country and increase the rate of rapid development of the country's
economy, but also educate a nation that will ensure the security and economic development
of this country. And this, in turn, will increase competitiveness in relation to other countries
and provide a guarantee of its independence. In addition, the development of
telecommunication technologies, globalization, expansion of international trade and other
similar processes generate demand for education.
3
Educational activities are equated with educational services, for which many
definitions that are different in content and similar in meaning are given. For example, A.
Skalkin in his article gives the following definition: “Educational services are an element
of educational activity that has special goals and a subjective composition. The goals of
educational services are the transfer of knowledge, skills, the formation of professional
skills and their mastery by students. The subjects of educational services are educational
organizations represented by teaching staff and students wishing to receive an education
of one level or another.”
4
Let us give another definition, no less important in its meaning, given in his work by
V.N. Zotov: “an educational service is the volume of educational and scientific information
transmitted to a citizen in the form of a sum of knowledge of a social and special nature,
as well as practical skills transmitted to a citizen according to a specific program.”
5
Studying “educational services”, we can conclude that this is the relationship between
someone who wants to receive certain knowledge and someone who provides this
knowledge for a fee or free of charge. Educational services are directly involved in the
formation of human capital, since the process of providing services takes place in
2
Кулиев Э. Перевод Корана/ https://quran-online.ru/39/kuliev#ayat-9
3
Mansurova M.M. (2023). The role of educational services in the development of the economy of Uzbekistan. International
bulletin of applied science and technology, 3(6), 179–183. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8010222
4
Скалкин А.Н. Понятие образовательных услуг и правовые основы их оказания // Материалы VIII Международной
студенческой научной конференции «Студенческий научный форум» URL: <a
href="https://scienceforum.ru/2016/article/2016024643">https://scienceforum.ru/2016/article/2016024643</a> (дата
обращения: 30.03.2023 ).</p>
5
Зотов В.Н. Разработка стратегии и тактики маркетинговой деятельности вузов на рынке образовательных услуг и
научно-технической продукции: Автореф. на соискание ученой степени кандидата экономических наук. – М.: РЭА
им. Г.В. Плеханова, 1997. – 21 с.
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conjunction with the creation of spiritual values, transformation and development of the
student’s personality.
The term “Educational services” has its own specificity, which is manifested both in
traditional characteristics and in features inherent only to educational services. One of the
specific features of educational services is that they belong to the category of “public
goods”. Another is the impossibility of their direct monetary measurement. The price
mechanism is often unable to reflect all the costs of producing educational services. This
is explained by the lack of a material form and material expression of the results, their use
in the course of this activity, and also the fact that they contain a useful effect in themselves.
If in the material sphere they are relatively easy to measure quantitatively, for example, in
pieces or kilograms per unit of production, then in relation to educational services this is
difficult to achieve, i.e. services generate intangible benefits. These benefits are not subject
to ownership rights: the result of the provision of educational services is the receipt of a
certain level of education, which implies the paid nature of the services. Services are
provided for a fee. At the same time, the educational process in state educational
institutions within the framework of basic educational programs and state educational
standards is free, and for the implementation of these processes an agreement on the
provision of educational services is not drawn up.
And there is also another distinctive feature of educational services - the ambiguity of
the goals set for organizations providing these services. As a rule, the activities of an
educational institution are not directly aimed at achieving profit, i.e. many of their interests
are related to the growth of welfare, which involves “receiving the profits necessary to
ensure expanded reproduction.”
Based on some theoretical aspects of economic theory, educational services can be
classified as pure private goods. The significant positive external effect of educational
services also allows us to classify them as socially significant private goods.
Being one of the types of socio-economic benefits, educational services are additional
in nature in a non-core educational institution, exceed the state educational standard, and
the costs necessary for the production and consumption of such activities require adequate
compensation. But at the same time, it is possible to increase the volume of supply of
educational services by selecting qualified teachers, expanding the classroom fund,
additional funding, etc.
Knowledge, abilities, skills, as well as specialties acquired in the course of providing
educational services, on the one hand, are the motive for the consumer when he enters the
educational services market. An individual strives, with the help of educational services,
to get the opportunity to choose the most suitable niche for him in the labor market.
Moreover, in conditions of competition between educational institutions, he has the
opportunity to choose based on various factors. In terms of content, educational services
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are characterized by the knowledge, skills and abilities that the consumer of educational
services acquires, as well as the specialty that he receives as a result.
Factors influencing consumer motivation when choosing educational services include
both the main and additional advantages of an educational organization. An important role
for the consumer is played by the timing, type and form of training, the level of
qualifications of teachers of the educational institution, the material resources of the
educational organization, which includes classrooms for classes, their equipment with
modern teaching aids, etc. In turn, to attract potential consumers of educational services,
benefits such as various additional advanced training or retraining courses, diplomas,
certificates, free consulting, and certain benefits are used. Thus, from an economic point
of view, concepts such as “enhanced product” and “potential product” are used to attract
consumers. The consumer’s desire to acquire knowledge, skills and abilities that will help
him gain advantages in the labor market determines another characteristic feature of
educational services. This is the mutual activity of the provider of such a service, as well
as its recipient. This feature distinguishes educational services from others, in most of
which the client remains a passive party.
At the same time, such paid educational activities were not considered
entrepreneurial. Researchers of educational legislation highlight both positive and negative
aspects of introducing the concept of “educational services” into legal acts. It is customary
to highlight the following aspects as positive aspects:
1. the introduction of this concept legalized paid forms of education;
2. the use of the concept of “educational services” in educational legislation allows
the use of civil legal forms of regulation of public relations in the field of education;
3. the introduction of this concept contributed to the development of competition in
the educational services market;
4. paid educational services made it possible to find additional non-state sources of
funding for state educational institutions;
5. granting financial independence to some higher educational institutions and a
number of powers of the Cabinet of Ministers and ministries, in particular, transferring the
studies of foreign citizens from foreign universities to state universities of Uzbekistan and
determining the internal regulations of students.
6
All of the above actions are aimed at creating conditions for the development of
entrepreneurship and business, accelerating the process of implementing innovative
developments in the field of science and education. For example, the Presidential Decree
“On the Concept for the Development of Higher Education of the Republic of Uzbekistan
until 2030” dated October 8, 2019 No. UP-5847 specifies plans to improve the field of
6
Постановление Президента Республики Узбекистан «О мерах по предоставлению финансовой самостоятельности
государственным высшим образовательным учреждениям» от 24.12.2021 г. № ПП-60
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education and educational services in Uzbekistan. This concept promotes the
internationalization of higher education in Uzbekistan and requires some universities to
have an international rating. It should be noted that our country gives priority to improving
the quality of all three levels of education (primary, secondary and tertiary) rather than
focusing on one level of education. About 44.4% of total social spending is allocated to
finance large-scale educational policies.
The project “On the strategy “Uzbekistan-2030”” was also developed and approved
by the decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Sh.M. Mirziyoyev, aimed at
creating a New Uzbekistan, in which special attention is paid to the education system as
one of the most important areas of the country’s economy. According to this project,
conditions are created to expand the population’s access to all levels of education, while
increasing the quality indicator.
In addition, this Strategy highlights the following main measures for the development
of education in the country:
firstly, it is necessary to ensure full coverage of children with preschool education and
preparatory groups;
secondly, it is required to attract 500 foreign specialists to educational organizations
on an annual basis;
thirdly, it is necessary to increase the number of non-state secondary educational
organizations to 1000 units;
fourthly, educators and teachers should be sent to foreign countries for advanced
training and internships;
fifthly, it is necessary to increase the coverage of young people with higher education
to 50 percent;
sixthly, it is required to achieve the inclusion of 10 higher educational institutions in
the Top 1000 ranking of the most prestigious higher educational organizations in the
world.
7
In the process of implementing these measures, it is also necessary to conduct careful
monitoring. In conclusion, it should be noted that investments in the development of
education represent investments in the future, ensuring the prosperity and intellectual
growth of the nation. It is important to urgently strive for high standards of education to
prepare young people for responsible and effective roles in building an innovative society.
List of used literature:
1.
Указ Президента Республики Узбекистан «О стратегии «Узбекистан-2030»» от
11.09.2023 г. № УП-158.
7
Указ Президента Республики Узбекистан «О стратегии «Узбекистан-2030»» от 11.09.2023 г. № УП-158.
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2.
Постановление
Президента
Республики
Узбекистан
«О
мерах
по
предоставлению финансовой самостоятельности государственным высшим
образовательным учреждениям» от 24.12.2021 г. № ПП-60
3.
Diogenes Laertius. About the life, teachings and sayings of famous philosophers. - M.:
AST, 2020. - P. 257. - ISBN 978-5-17-119357-7.
4.
Зотов В.Н. Разработка стратегии и тактики маркетинговой деятельности вузов на
рынке образовательных услуг и научно-технической продукции: Автореф. на
соискание ученой степени кандидата экономических наук. – М.: РЭА им. Г.В.
Плеханова, 1997. – 21 с.
5.
https://quran-online.ru/39/kuliev#ayat-9
6.
Mansurova M.M. (2023). The role of educational services in the development of the
economy of Uzbekistan. International bulletin of applied science and technology, 3(6),
179–183. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8010222
7.
Скалкин А.Н. Понятие образовательных услуг и правовые основы их оказания //
Материалы VIII Международной студенческой научной конференции
«Студенческий
научный
форум»
URL:
<a
href="https://scienceforum.ru/2016/article/2016024643">https://scienceforum.ru/201
6/article/2016024643</a> (дата обращения: 30.03.2023 ).</p>
