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SOCIO-ECONOMIC DESCRIPTION OF THE GERMAN STATE
Akhmedov Abdulla
Samarkand state institute of economics and servis
“Economy” branch
Student of IK421 group
Abstract:
This article analyzes the history of the German state, its socio-
economic development, current situation and changes in its economic indicators in the
last decade. Based on the analysis, the changes of each indicator in Germany over the
years were calculated and conclusions were given.
Key words:
Germany, gross domestic product, export, import, economy,
innovation, technology, geographical description, research, capital, republic, system,
population, history.
Introduction
The German economy is one of the most developed economies in the world, and
its growth potential is very large. Germany will mainly have developed industry,
engineering expertise and innovative technologies. One of the main factors influencing
this economic growth is always the advancement of new technologies and digital
exchange. The German economy is currently looking to grow through the introduction
and management of digital technologies. Innovative start-ups and technology
companies are driving change, particularly in the areas of digital services and Industry
4.0.
In addition, Germany pays great attention to the development of
environmentally friendly technologies along with its sustainable economic policy. The
energy revolution and the green economy are seen as a new source of growth for
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Germany. Investments in green energy sources, offering more efficient and
environmentally friendly solutions in their production and use processes, have a
significant impact on the growth of the German economy. Best practices and
experiences in this field are creating opportunities for growth, especially in the
development of solar and wind energy.
Another important area of growth is the economy based on innovation and
research. German universities and research institutes, as well as industrial enterprises,
are establishing mutual cooperation, opening up opportunities to create new products
and services. This process boosts development in various sectors of the economy,
particularly in pharmaceuticals, the automotive industry, and new materials.
As a result, growth opportunities in the German economy lie in activities
focused on digital technologies, green energy and innovation. Each of them is
important in its own way and defines the next phase of German growth.
The German financial system is one of the strongest and most developed
systems in Europe. It plays an important role in ensuring economic stability and
priority. The German financial system consists of the central bank, commercial banks,
insurance companies and other financial institutions. The central bank, the
Bundesbank, conducts monetary policy and supports economic growth. The
Bundesbank maintains economic stability by controlling inflation. The German
economy is based on large industry and exports, which is one of the main parts of the
banking system.
Analysis of references
Germany or Germany (German: Deutschland), the Federal Republic of Germany
(German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland) is a country in Central Europe. It is located
on the coast of the Northern Baltic Sea. The area is 357,098 thousand km2. The
population is 84,832,670 people (as of 2024). The capital is the city of Berlin.
Administratively, it is divided into 16 regions (states), regions into districts, districts
into districts, districts into communities.
Economy: GFR is a highly developed industrial country. It ranks third in the
world by total economic power and second in world trade. The share of industry and
construction in the composition of the gross domestic product is 33.6%, and the share
of agriculture is 1.2%.
Industry: Mechanical engineering is the backbone of the German economy.
Brown coal (first place in the world), hard coal, oil, natural gas, polymetallic ores,
potash and ashtuzi are mined. Power engineering, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy,
mechanical engineering, shipbuilding, chemistry and petrochemicals, woodworking,
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food industry, china industry are highly developed. German industry consists mainly
of medium-sized enterprises. More than 32% of all employees in industry (2.2 million
people) work in large firms. Siemens concern, automotive companies such as
Volkswagen, BMW and Daimler Benz, chemical concerns such as Hoechst, Bayer and
BASF, coal mining company Rurkole AG, electrical engineering concern FEBA and
RVE. or "Bosh" group is known all over the world and has branches, enterprises or
research institutions all over the world. Large companies are mostly customers of small
and medium-sized enterprises. The decisive factor in these successes was the transition
from a controlled economy to a market economy in 1948. The main industries are
vehicle manufacturing, mechanical engineering, chemical industry, electrical
engineering, food, metallurgy, mining, precision mechanics and optics, aviation and
space industry. In the field of technical development, German industry occupies one
of the leading positions in the world. Thanks to the use of high technologies, the
German economy is a world leader in the production of pharmaceutical products, the
latest organic chemicals and artificial materials, medical electronics, optics and
measuring instruments, the creation of new cars and machinery, telecommunications,
and environmental protection technologies. Handicrafts with a long and beautiful
tradition have flourished in Germany.
Agriculture: Germany has 36 million hectares of agricultural land. It supplies
an abundance of high-quality food products. The main agricultural products are:
wheat, barley, sugar beets, potatoes, as well as grapes, fruits, vegetables, etc. Livestock
farming produces beef, pork, chicken and milk.
About a third of Germany's territory (10.7 million people) is covered with
forests. About 30-40 million cubic meters of wood is produced in the country every
year, which covers two-thirds of the domestic production. Germany is one of the
largest wood exporting countries. Fish is caught in the North and Baltic seas, around
Greenland.
Research methodolgy
It used correlation and regression types of analysis and in this analysis it used
worldbank open informations. The article describes how the economic indicators of the
Federal Republic of Germany changed in the last decade, i.e. from 2014 to 2023, and
how much they amounted to each year. The country's GDP volume, population, GDP
per capita, export, import, share of export in GDP and share of import in GDP were
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analyzed as economic indicators. It used correlation and regression types of analysis
and in this analysis it used worldbank open informations.
Analysis and results:
Economic indicators of the Federal Republic of Germany in 2014-2023: (1-
table)
1
If we analyze the economic statistics of the Federal Republic of Germany in
2014, this year the GDP was 3.88 trillion dollars and the population was 81.2 million
people. If we calculate GDP per capita by dividing GDP by population, it is 47738
dollars. This year, the volume of export was greater than the volume of import, that is,
export - 1.49 billion dollars and import - 1.21 billion dollars. If we consider these
indicators as a percentage of GDP, the share of export, which was 0.04% and import -
0.03%, was higher than import by 0.01%. If we give a brief summary of the statistical
indicators of the following years: in 2015, the volume of GDP decreased by 0.52 trillion
dollars compared to the base year, but the population increased by 980,000 people. As
1
https://www.macrotrends.net/global-metrics/countries/deu/germany/gdp-gross-domestic-product
YaIM
Aholi
Aholi jon
boshiga
YaIM
Eksport
Import
YaIMdagi
eksport
ulushi
YaIMdagi
import
ulushi
2014
3 880 000 000 000
81 200 000
47 783
1 490 000 000
1 210 000 000
3,84%
3,12%
2015
3 360 000 000 000
82 180 000
40 885
1 330 000 000
1 100 000 000
3,96%
3,27%
2016
3 470 000 000 000
82 520 000
42 050
1 330 000 000
1 100 000 000
3,83%
3,17%
2017
3 690 000 000 000
82 790 000
44 570
1 450 000 000
1 200 000 000
3,93%
3,25%
2018
3 970 000 000 000
83 020 000
47 819
1 560 000 000
1 300 000 000
3,93%
3,27%
2019
3 890 000 000 000
83 170 000
46 771
1 490 000 000
1 200 000 000
3,83%
3,08%
2020
3 890 000 000 000
83 160 000
46 777
1 390 000 000
1 200 000 000
3,57%
3,08%
2021
4 280 000 000 000
83 240 000
51 417
1 640 000 000
1 400 000 000
3,83%
3,27%
2022
4 080 000 000 000
84 360 000
48 364
1 680 000 000
1 600 000 000
4,12%
3,92%
2023
4 460 000 000 000
84 670 000
52 675
1 690 000 000
1 500 000 000
3,79%
3,36%
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a result, GDP per capita decreased by 6853 dollars. We can see that the volumes of
export and import, which have a direct impact on GDP, have decreased accordingly. In
parallel, due to the decrease of these indicators, the share of export and import in the
economy has not changed. From 2016 to 2019, we can see that the volume of the gross
domestic product has increased every year. From this we can conclude that during the
4-year period from 2016 to 2019, we can see that the German economy moved only in
the direction of economic growth, and the population also increased during these 4
years. But if we calculate the gross domestic product per capita, we can see that it has
increased in the three-year period from 2016 to 2018, that is, the gross domestic product
has developed more in relation to the population, but 2018 compared to 2019 while
the population has increased more than the growth of the GDP, and as a result, the GDP
per capita has decreased we can see. Similar to the change in GDP per capita, the
levels of export and import have also changed, that is, only growth was observed in the
first three years, but in the last year, i.e., from 2018 to 2019, a decrease in both export
and import was observed.
If we look at the statistics of Germany in 2020, we can see that the gross
domestic product has not changed as in the base year, but the population has decreased,
and as a result, the volume of GDP per capita has increased. While the volume of
import did not change, the volume of export decreased by 100,000 dollars.
In 2021-2022, the volume of GDP decreased by 200 million dollars due to
economic reasons, and the population increased by 1,120,000 people. As a result, the
per capita output of the population experienced a significant decrease from $51,417 to
$48,364. The export volume increased by 20 million dollars, and the import volume
increased by 200 million dollars. If we analyze the last year of the analyzed 10-year
period, i.e. 2023, we can observe that all economic indicators, except for the import
volume, recorded the highest level in this year.
The diagram of changes of the gross domestic product over the years:
(2-
table)
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We can see that the gross domestic product of the Federal Republic of Germany
has changed as shown in the diagram, that is, it has decreased significantly in 2015
compared to 2014. In the period from 2015 to 2018, only growth was observed, but
between 2018 and 2020, there was a decrease. As the main reason for this, we can cite
Covid-19, which caused the decline of the world economy in 2019. By 2021, the GDP
has increased somewhat, but we can see a decrease again in the next year. By 2023,
we can observe that the volume of GDP has increased compared to the indicator in the
base year.
Change of the population over the years:
(3-table)
0
500 000 000 000
1 000 000 000 000
1 500 000 000 000
2 000 000 000 000
2 500 000 000 000
3 000 000 000 000
3 500 000 000 000
4 000 000 000 000
4 500 000 000 000
5 000 000 000 000
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
GDP
YaIM
79 000 000
80 000 000
81 000 000
82 000 000
83 000 000
84 000 000
85 000 000
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
Population
Aholi
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We can see that the population of the Federal Republic of Germany increased in
the period from 2014 to 2019, but in the following year, a partial demographic crisis
occurred in the country, that is, the population decreased. Despite this, from 2020 until
now, the country's population is showing only a growth rate.
GDP per capita of the country's population change
:
(4-table)
The volume of output per capita decreased sharply in the first year of the period
under analysis, but only increased during the next 3 years. From 2018 to the end of the
analyzed period, this indicator has been playing, that is, it has decreased in the period
of 2018-2020, increased in the period of 2020-2021, and then decreased in the last year.
grew again.
0
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
50 000
60 000
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
GDP per capita
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Change of export and import in the country over the years:
(5-6-tables)
If we analyze the changes in the export and import volumes shown in the table
over the years, we can get almost similar results. That is, in the period of 2014-2016,
both indicators showed a decreasing rate and then increased during the 2-year period.
In 2018-2020, as observed in other countries of the world, the foreign trade turnover in
this country also decreased. After that, there was an increase until the present period.
0
200 000 000
400 000 000
600 000 000
800 000 000
1 000 000 000
1 200 000 000
1 400 000 000
1 600 000 000
1 800 000 000
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
Eksport
Eksport
0
200 000 000
400 000 000
600 000 000
800 000 000
1 000 000 000
1 200 000 000
1 400 000 000
1 600 000 000
1 800 000 000
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
Import
Import
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Statistic analysis:
(7-table)
GDP
Popula
tion
GDP
per
capita
Ekspor
t
Import
Mean
3,9E
+12 Mean
8303
1000 Mean
4691
1,1 Mean
1,51
E+09 Mean
1,28
E+09
Standar
d Error
1,06
E+11
Standar
d Error
3149
65,4
Standar
d Error
1167,
541
Standar
d Error
4269
4002
Standar
d Error
5317
5809
Median
3,89
E+1
2 Median
8309
0000 Median
4728
0 Median
1,49
E+09 Median
1,21
E+09
Mode
3,89
E+1
2 Mode
#Н/Д Mode
#Н/Д Mode
1,49
E+09 Mode
1,2E
+09
Standar
d
Deviati
on
3,36
E+11
Standar
d
Deviati
on
9960
08,1
Standar
d
Deviati
on
3692
,088
Standar
d
Deviati
on
1,35
E+08
Standar
d
Deviati
on
1,68
E+08
Sample
Varianc
e
1,13
E+2
3
Sample
Varianc
e
9,92
E+11
Sample
Varianc
e
1363
1514
Sample
Varianc
e
1,82
E+16
Sample
Varianc
e
2,83
E+16
Kurtosi
s
-
0,20
882
Kurtosi
s
0,57
837
Kurtosi
s
-
0,311
97
Kurtosi
s
-
1,37
639
Kurtosi
s
-
0,20
187
Skewn
ess
-
0,00
158
Skewn
ess
-
0,01
941
Skewn
ess
-
0,16
305
Skewn
ess
0,10
7513
Skewn
ess
0,90
0984
Range
1,1E
+12 Range
3470
000 Range
1179
0 Range
3,6E
+08 Range
5E+0
8
Minim
um
3,36
E+1
2
Minim
um
8120
0000
Minim
um
4088
5
Minim
um
1,33
E+09
Minim
um
1,1E
+09
Maxim
um
4,46
E+1
2
Maxim
um
8467
0000
Maxim
um
5267
5
Maxim
um
1,69
E+09
Maxim
um
1,6E
+09
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Sum
3,9E
+13 Sum
8,3E
+08 Sum
4691
11 Sum
1,51
E+10 Sum
1,28
E+10
Count
10 Count
10 Count
10 Count
10 Count
10
Confid
ence
Level(
95,0%)
2,4E
+11
Confid
ence
Level(
95,0%)
7125
01,3
Confid
ence
Level(
95,0%)
2641
,161
Confid
ence
Level(
95,0%)
9658
0542
Confid
ence
Level(
95,0%)
1,2E
+08
Correlation analysis:
(8-table)
GDP
Population
GDP per
capita
Eksport Import
GDP
1
Population 0,663757
1
GDP per
capita
0,992803
0,56964
1
Eksport
0,91382
0,682136 0,895468
1
Import
0,830193
0,784075 0,787405 0,943835
1
If we pay attention to the table given as a result of the correlation analysis, the following
factors have influenced the size of the country's GDP. These are: population, export
volume, import volume and other indicators. Of these, the effect of the population on
the volume of the gross domestic product is equal to 0.663757. This means that the
increase in the population affects the growth of the gross domestic product by a
coefficient of 0.663757, i.e., the increase or decrease of the percentage of the GDP
change corresponding to the population is approximately 66.3%. changes depending
on the trend. The remaining part changes due to certain other influencing factors. If
we consider the influencing coefficients of the export volume, the export volume
affects the volume of GDP with a coefficient of 0.91382, and the volume of gross
domestic product per capita with a coefficient of 0.895468. The meaning of this is that
we can conclude that the change in the volume of exports has a greater impact on the
volume of the gross domestic product than on the volume of GDP per capita.
Regression analysis:
(9-table)
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SUMM
ARY
OUTPU
T
Regression
Statistics
Multiple
R
0,9999
69
R
Square
0,9999
38
Adjuste
d R
Square
0,9998
88
Standar
d Error
3,55E+
09
Observa
tions
10
ANOV
A
df
SS
MS
F
Signific
ance F
Regressi
on
4
1,02E
+24
2,54E
+23 20136,24
1,06E-
10
Residua
l
5
6,31E
+19
1,26E
+19
Total
9
1,02E
+24
Coeffic
ients
Stand
ard
Error t Stat
P-value
Lower
95%
Upper
95%
Lower
95,0%
Upper
95,0%
Intercep
t
-
4,1E+1
2
1,6E+
11
-
25,52
53
1,72E-06
-
4,5E+1
2
-
3,7E+
12
-
4,5E+
12
-
3,7E+
12
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Populati
on
49333,
17
2015,
214
24,48
037
2,12E-06
44152,
9
54513
,44
44152
,9
54513
,44
GDP
per
capita
828818
13
79074
2,4
104,8
152
1,5E-09
808491
45
84914
481
80849
145
84914
481
Eksport
1,1576
53
41,72
504
0,027
745 0,978939
-106,1
108,4
153 -106,1
108,4
153
Import
-
3,7643
1
28,49
308
-
0,132
11 0,900047
-
77,008
1
69,47
949
-
77,00
81
69,47
949
RESID
UAL
OUTPU
T
PROBAB
ILITY
OUTPUT
Observa
tion
Predict
ed
GDP
Resid
uals
Percentile
GDP
1
3,88E+
12
8,14E
+08
5
3,36E+
12
2
3,36E+
12
3,96E
+09
15
3,47E+
12
3
3,47E+
12
6,27E
+08
25
3,69E+
12
4
3,69E+
12
-
1,3E+
09
35
3,88E+
12
5
3,97E+
12
-
1,7E+
09
45
3,89E+
12
6
3,89E+
12
-
2,5E+
09
55
3,89E+
12
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7
3,89E+
12
-
2,4E+
09
65
3,97E+
12
8
4,28E+
12
-
4,8E+
08
75
4,08E+
12
9
4,08E+
12
-
2E+0
9
85
4,28E+
12
10
4,45E+
12
5,03E
+09
95
4,46E+
12
According to the above regression analysis, multivariate R: 0.999969. This indicator
indicates the overall good fit of the model. A coefficient of 0.999969 means that the
model explains 99.9% of the relationships between economic indicators. R squared:
0.999938. This indicator means that the model can explain 99.9% of the variation.
That is, this model can explain 99.9% of the growth of the industrial sector. Adjusted
R-squared: 0.999888. This indicator is also high and confirms that the parameters in
the model are selected correctly. It explains 99.8% of the variation. Standard error:
3.55E+09. This indicator indicates the accuracy of the analysis. The lower it is, the
more accurate the model is.
Graphic of regression analysis:
(10-table)
0
5E+11
1E+12
1,5E+12
2E+12
2,5E+12
3E+12
3,5E+12
4E+12
4,5E+12
5E+12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
GDP
Sample Percentile
Normal Probability Plot
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Conclusion and offers:
The German economy has been showing stable and consistent growth. For many
years, it has continued its economic development relying on industry and exports.
Germany's economy is characterized by its high efficiency and technology-based
economy. As a large industrial country, this means that it has a strong influence on the
global scale. The German economy is one of the strongest in the world. It leads the
way in manufacturing and technology through the process of industrialization.
Germany has an export-oriented economic model, with machinery, the automotive
industry, and the chemical industry playing an important role. The stability of this
economy is based on strong infrastructure, skilled workforce and innovative research.
Germany plays an important role in the implementation of the largest economic
agreements and regional cooperation in Europe. This, in turn, has a positive effect on
the country's global economic impact.
Germany is a very attractive market for investors and new business owners. It
is the largest economy in Europe and the fourth largest global economy. Germany
remains a strong magnet for doing business, despite a slight slowdown in outward
investment following the global recession and subsequent Eurozone crisis. Its large,
diversified economy is supported by a developed, reliable infrastructure, a highly
skilled workforce, a positive social climate, a stable legal environment, and a long
history of world-class research and development. However, successfully doing
business in Germany requires familiarity with its complex bureaucratic procedures, tax
structures and legal environment. Germany is one of the largest and most stable trading
economies in the world, offering a secure, highly developed political and economic
framework. Its strong legal protection allows investors to quickly secure their rights
and protect industrial and intellectual property.
In addition, Germany is expected to maintain its strong influence in the
Eurozone and remain an anchor of regional stability. Germany is one of the ten most
innovative countries in the world, paying great attention to the use of science for
economic benefit. The country is adept at effectively translating research into practical
application. From software to pharmaceuticals, this practical emphasis has been a
vehicle for job growth and a way to integrate German scientific research to benefit
society as a whole.
The German government demonstrates a strong commitment to applied research
by funding research institutes, supporting the creation of start-up companies, and
licensing intellectual property to help researchers build careers outside of academia. In
December 2019, the German government created a commission and funded the
Innovation Agency.
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References:
1. Germaniya davlatining tavsifi. Aslanova Nasiba Muxammadovna. Maqola.
2. https://taschkent.diplo.de/uz-uz/themen/willkommen
3.
https://isrs.uz/oz/maqolalar/prezidenta-respubliki-uzbekistan-savkata-mirzieeva-v-
federativnuu-respubliku-germania-sostoalos-intervu
4.
https://history-maps.com/uz/story/History-of-Germany
5.
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniya
