Nutrition and Dietetics

Test subjects: flavor additives which are used traditionally in Oriental cuisine experimental animals and volunteers.
Aim of the work: Scientific explanation for the usage of natural immunity sustaining factors and giving recommendations in order to use seasonings which give opportunity to increase the protective attribute of an organism without the use of medicines.
Research techniques: Analytical, microbiological, immunological and experimental.
The results of research and their novelty: From the earliest times seasonings of Oriental cuisine such as saffron, caraway, anise, sesame, barberry, sedan, dill, mint, and basil arc recommended as the remedies for the strengthening of an organism. Composition of these seasonings allows to examine them not only from the position of the influence of seasoning but also as an important factor for the flux of microelements in the organism. Aqueous extracts indicated in seasoning in vitro have weak bactericidal activity in relation to bacteria in the micro flora of organisms. It allows to consider them as the supplement for the normalization of gut organisms. Animals that caught a certain disease because of cold environment seasonings can activate factors of cells and humoral immunity by increasing the number of lymphocytes and selectively by stimulating the shaping of their population and subpopulations. Three compositions of seasonings arc suggested which posses the ability to stimulate the shaping of antibodies and also possess the selective activity of lymphocytes population and their subpopulation.
Practical importance: Investigations arc made in order to select more effective admixtures and with the purpose of carrying out large-scale measures for the increase of protective attributes of human organism.
Extent of implementation and cost - effectiveness: The results of the investigation arc shown in the first rationalization proposal in the first patent for invention and in the first notification on procedure with a pamphlet.
Range of application: This is made for the physicians of primary health care and for the conducting the service among people.

Newborns are at high risk of developing a generalized infection. Mortality from sepsis among newborns reaches 20-50%. Glutamine deficiency in premature newborns leads to functional failure of the immune system, predisposes to the development of necrotizing interocolitis. The introduction of exogenous glutamine in a critical condition leads to a significant reduction in the risk of generalized infection and death.

Introduction in clinical practice of various kinds dental implants as basic elements of basic designs allows to reduce application of demountable prostheses or considerably to improve their bracing in an oral cavity, and also to provide preventive maintenance of deformations of dentoalveolar system. But despite certain achievements in implantology ,
now there is high a frequency of complications which are bound to an initial condition of basic tissues including paradonts more often.

Adherence to regular exercise is an important component in the treatment of obesity, as well as many other chronic diseases – diabetes, asthma, obesity, etc. However, the presence of a chronic disease in a child can significantly limit his physical activity, due to the resulting discomfort and psychological resistance, lack of motivation, and appropriate traditions in the family. Obesity is a highly comorbid pathology, which further modifies the lifestyle of patients, affecting adherence to a healthy lifestyle.

Parenteral nutrition (PN) is the most complex and technological variant of clinical nutrition, carried out by intravenous administration of nutrients into the body. It is intended for patients in whom it is impossible or insufficient to use other methods of nutrition and occupies the highest level in the hierarchy of clinical nutrition options, since it is considered the most difficult both in terms of technique and in terms of the variety of decision-making when prescribing it in clinical practice in the most difficult contingent of patients. . One of the main causes of death in patients with multiple organ failure is the development of an immune and inflammatory response. A number of studies have shown a decrease in the severity and incidence of septic complications in patients on enteral nutrition, after severe mechanical and thermal injuries, after major surgical interventions, it also allows you to maintain and maintain the barrier function of the intestine, which prevents the translocation of microflora. Based on the foregoing, it can be assumed that enteral nutrition will have a positive effect on the course of multiple organ failure.

In recent years, due to the expansion of ideas about the physiology of the processes of digestion and absorption of nutrients, the introduction of modern morphological, allergo-immunological, biochemical and genetic tests, knowledge of the pathological nature of diseases has significantly deepened.

The aim of the research work is the selection of feed for ammonization and determination of the influence of ammoniated feeds on digestion processes and the productivity of goats.
The scientific novelty of the research is as follows:
in the first in the conditions of Uzbekistan used a ration of roughage in winter, which was treated with ammonia water, its influence on the amount of dry substance consumption, during the process of rumen digestion and others clinical and biochemical indicators in goats, with no concentrate feeding;
in the first, the positive influence of the process of ammoniation of roughage on the chemical composition, biological value and consumption of goats wheat straw and digestibility of nutrients;
in the composition of ammoniated wheat straw, a decrease in the proportion of cellulose was determined and its constituent fractions and an increase in the amount of crude protein and NFS (nitrogen-free extractive substance);
it is established, that feeding to the goats of ammoniated straw normalizes the course of processes of rumen digestion, which manifested itself in the form of rumen movement, increasing the quantity produced in this VFA (volatile fatty acids), bacteria and increase in the formation of microbial proteins and the amount of nitrogen assimilated.

Preparation for the reception of food and, especially, feeding have a starting effect on the entire digestive system. This is manifested by an increase in the secretion of digestive juices, as well as a short-term relaxation of the stomach and a decrease in motility of the proximal small intestine.

Ortiqcha tana vazn - teri osti toʻqimasida, organlarida va toʻqimalarda ortiqcha yogʻ birikmalaridir. Yogʻ toʻqimasi tufayli oʻrtacha qiymatlarning 20% yoki undan koʻp foiziga tana vaznining oshishi bilan namoyon boʻladi. Psixik-jismoniy bezovtalikni keltirib chiqaradi, jinsiy kasalliklarga, orqa miya va boʻgʻimlarning kasalliklariga olib keladi. Ateroskleroz, yurak kasalligi, gipertenziya, miyokard infarkti, qon tomirlari, diabet, buyrak shikastlanishi, jigar, shuningdek, ushbu kasalliklardan nogironlik va oʻlim xavfini
oshiradi.

According to the researchers, the incidence of sepsis in the pediatric population is 4.2 million children each year, of which 3 million are newborns. Three out of ten deaths due to neonatal sepsis are thought to be due to antimicrobial-resistant pathogens [1,2]. Sepsis can be a clinical manifestation of nosocomial and nosocomial infections. Currently, the etiological structure of nosocomial sepsis pathogens has remained almost the same in most large intensive care units. They are named after the first letters of the type of pathogens: "no ESCAPE" ("no exit", escape - English. escape) Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aures, Klebsiella pneumonia, Acinetobacter baumanni, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp. All these bacteria are characterized by increasing resistance to all mentioned antibiotics along with the formation of Pan-resistance phenomenon, which is the leading factor leading to lack of clinical response to treatment and rapid development of sepsis and septic shock [3]. According to the new definition, sepsis is a life-threatening dysfunction of internal organs caused by a violation of the body's response to infection [4].

This review presents meta-analyses on nutrition in patients with critical illness using ASPEN/SCCM (2017), SSC (2012, 2021), ESPNIC (2020), and SSC (2020) pediatric sepsis guidelines. The ESPNIC (2020) guideline, based on new evidence, complements most of the existing ASPEN (2017) guidelines for critical pediatrics. Children’s SSC (2020) did not find direct evidence and sufficient data to develop strong nutritional recommendations for children with sepsis/SS. Many issues remain unresolved, requiring systematic analysis. In the literature search, only a few randomized clinical trials have focused on the assessment and correction of protein-energy malnutrition in pediatric intensive care. Over the past decade, small and large pediatric studies have recommended nutritional therapy. However, given the heterogeneity of children admitted to intensive care units in terms of age, pathology, disease severity, presence of comorbidities, and nutritional status, it is unrealistic to expect that one nutrition strategy applies to all patients requiring intensive care. Therefore, most clinicians emphasize the need for an individualized approach to nutrition support in children, taking into account the pathology, severity, initial nutritional status, and risk–benefit ratio of different nutritional therapies. An extensive search of the literature on the problem did not reveal strong nutritional recommendations for children with sepsis/SS, which dictates the need for future research on the topic and correction of protein-energy malnutrition in children with sepsis/SS.

parenteral feeding in children, who are in critic condition, is one of the morecomplicated problems in intensive ih.tupy. There are no common opinions in the solution of this probl.*, noi only in practice, also and in the world literature. There are no criteria and
recommendations for using parenteral feeding in children in the intensive therapy unite' The main indication for conduJting of nutritious support in critic conditions is metabolic requirement,
also loss of proteins and nutrients. Nutritious support is directed to prevent development of severe exhaustion (protein-energetic insufficiencytin the background of hyper catabolism and hypermetabolism, ,lrrrdro-. of'enteral insufficiency at the developing multi-organ dysfunction or its high probability.

Metabolic syndrome is a polyctiologic pathological state, promoting the development of many diseases that arc the major causes of morbidity and mortality of the population today. Problems of pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of metabolic syndrome are actively discussed. The annual increase in the incidence requires improved approaches to prevention, diagnosis, and drug-free treatment of this pathological condition. According to epidemiological studies, about 300 million people in the world have a metabolic syndrome and according to WHO experts, an increase in the number of patients by 50% is expected in the next 20 years.

Maktab yoshidagi bolalar fizik-psixik rivojlanishini yuqori tempi o'qish jarayoni bilan bog’liq ravishda ovqat bilan kerakli moddalarni adekvat tushishi aniqlanadi. Ammo kiyingi yillarda maktab yoshidagi bolalar ovqatlanishi tendensiyasi yomonlashuvi saqlangani sababli alimentar va boshqa patalogiyarlarni sezilarli o’sishiga olib kelyapti. Bolalar va o’smirlar ovqatlanishini to’g'ri tashkil qilish-ulaning jismonan rivojlanishida, sog‘lom o’sishi va yuqumli kasalliklarga qarshi kurashish qobiliyatining yuqori bo’lishida ruhan tetik bo’lishida muhim ahamiyatga ega. Mana nima uchun judayam muxim maktab yoshidagi va o’smirlar uchun to’liq ratsional ovqatlanishi, ovqatlanish tartibini to’gri tashkillashtirish.

Число людей с диабетом возросло со 108 миллионов в 1980 году до 422 миллионов в 2014 году. Глобальная распространенность диабета среди людей старше 18 лет возросла с 4,7% в 1980 г. до 8,5% в 2014 году. Диабет является одной из основных причин слепоты, почечной недостаточности, инфарктов, инсультов и ампутаций нижних конечностей. По оценкам, в 2016 году 1,6 миллиона случаев смерти были напрямую вызваны диабетом, а еще 2,2 миллиона случаев смерти в 2012 г. были обусловлены высоким содержанием глюкозы в крови. По оценкам ВОЗ диабет занимал седьмое место среди причин смертности в 2016 г.

The urgency and relevance of the theme of dissertation. Currently, the wide process of world urbanization, reduction of physical activity, failure to maitain the healthy diet, excessive consumption of high-caloric foods, dietary polysaccharides, semi-finished products leads to an increase in the frequency of the metabolic syndrome of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents. "It found that about 1.7 billion population on our planet is overweight or obese"1.
From the first days of independence, in order to improve the quality of medical care in our country systematic work on the implementation of effective health system models has been carried out, in particular, to provide a healthy diet, as well as observance of the norms of nutrition. There developed a number of regulations in the country, the laws "On quality and food safety" and "On protection of the health of citizens." According to the Ministry of Health the height of children has increased in the mean 3 cm, weight in 4 kg, the frequency of congenital abnormalities has decreased in 1.3 times, infant mortality rate in 3.1 times.
To achieve high efficiency of overweight prevention and obesity in the world they conducted a series of targeted research, including : study of diet and nutrition leading to overweight and obesity, hygienic substantiation of reduced-calorie, high-protein menu, rating the importance of social environmental factors for overweight and obesity, the development of national models to fight obesity according to national customs and mentality, the assessment of diet impact on physical growth of children and adolescents, as well as the evaluation of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness for obesity prevention. A special place is the development of various aspects of early detection of chronic obesity and its diagnosis, and the establishment of organizational models and improved technology implementation of prevention programs into actual practice taking into account the peculiarities of the population mentality, the creation of models of chronic obesity prevention, early detection, treatment for obesity and metabolic disorders.
This research work complies the objectives outlined in the State program dedicated to "Year of a healthy child", approved by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan № PD-2133 dated February 19, 2014 and the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On further improvement of the implemented measures in the area of healthy nutrition of the population of the Republic of Uzbekistan» № 102 of April 25, 2015.
The aim of research work is to develop proposals and recommendations for improving the prevention of obesity in children and adolescents.
The scientific novelty of the research:
first developed biologically active food supplement "Healthy bran"( "Bodynorm" ),proved its properties such as reduction of risk of disorders of the gastrointestinal tract functions, the removal of excess cholesterol and toxins, maintain normal body weight;
first developed national diet enriched with biologically active additives of local production, as well as hypocaloric diet for the treatment and prevention of exogenous constitutional obesity in children and adolescents;
conducted the improvement of hypocaloric diet with the inclusion of national food rich in proteins, vitamins and mineral elements and the reduction of carbohydrates to prevent and treat obesity in children and adolescents;
for successful work with the public and the media,there developed the model of prevention of obesity among children and adolescents on the basis of organizational and medical and therapeutic measures.
developed the food supplement which docs not have a negative effect on health, and suggestions for the improvement of sanitary norms and rules of production, storage, transport, distribution and use of food additives.
Conclusion
On the basis of conducted research on doctoral dissertation on “Improvement of prevention of obesity in children and adolescents “ presented the following conclusions:
1. The prevalence of obesity among the adult population of the Republic of Uzbekistan currently stands at an average of 31 -34 per 1000 population with significant differences in indicators depending on the specific areas. It is assumed that these differences largely depend not on the real situation but on the quality of diagnosis in primary health care. The prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents of the Republic of Uzbekistan is 1.5-2 times higher than in adults, and is 50-66%o; while during the observed period (2012-2014) the rate increased by 30%, that shows the urgency of the problem of obesity of children and adolescents in the Republic of Uzbekistan. It is necessary to conduct extensive epidemiological studies in Uzbekistan on the diagnosis of obesity and the creation of maps of overweight and obesity distribution in the country.
2. Rank places of diseases in the structure of general disease incidence of children and adolescents with obesity significantly differ from other children, although in this and in another case, the first 6 places occupy virtually the same disease classes; but in obese children prevail endocrine diseases and eating disorders as well as diseases resulting from these disorders.
3. Analysis of actual nutrition of obese children showed not only qualitative and quantitative inadequacy, but also discrepancy of the food hygiene standards in almost all parameters. The diet violated in the form of irregular ingestion, eating later in the day, the massive consumption of high-caloric foods: saturated fat, salt and sugar. In the diet of children with obesity prevail bakery and confectionery, as well as carbohydratc-containing foods with a high GI that reflects the high rate of carbohydrate absorption. More pronounced imbalance of nutrients in the diet is a significant risk factor for obesity in children and adolescents and functional disorders and requires a mandatory correction; food nutritional status of obese children is inadequate by age and sexual norms - body mass index, waist and hip circumferences arc above the norm.
4. Eating disorders begin in early childhood and arc difficult to be modified. Behavioral therapy (physical activity, autogenic training, shower, bath, walking, dancing, singing, breathing exercises, music) is an important factor constituting the treatment and prevention of obesity. Prophylaxis measures for the prevention of obesity should be carried out at an early age in children and adolescents. Formation of skills of a healthy lifestyle, balanced diet, physical activity should be included in the medical care of children.
5. “Healthy bran”( "Bodynorm" Consisting of a plurality of active components suitable for reducing the risk of disorders of the gastrointestinal tract functions, removing excess cholesterol as well as toxins, maintaining normal body weight.
6. Long-term use (over three months) of hypocaloric diet with the inclusion of national dishes on an outpatient basis leads to a decrease in body weight and BMI. The results of these studies of the efficacy of a hypocaloric diet with the inclusion in the diet national dishes, herbal products, dietary supplement "Bodynorm" for patients with overweight allow to recommend these diets for inclusion in a comprehensive correction of body weight and treatment of obese patients.
7. It was developed a model of obesity prevention program among high-risk groups for the development of obesity in children and adolescents with CEO that includes 4 stages: identifying the prevalence of CEO and the formation of high-risk groups; planning of ways to influence on the risk and the preparation of the corresponding information, taking into account the characteristics of each group and the preliminary test data with the participation of representatives of risk groups; implementation of an information program in practice; monitoring and verification of the effectiveness of prevention program for obesity in children and adolescents.

Infants do not have the physiological maturity to move from exclusively liquid food directly to food from the family table. Therefore, to bridge this gap between needs and opportunities, transitional food is needed, and the need persists until about 1 year. Official recommendations published in the Netherlands say that children with sufficient growth indicators, from an alimentary point of view, do not need to be given any complementary food until 6 months. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends an age of "6 months", and the same has been adopted by various member States of the WHO European Region.

So’nggi yillardagi eng dolzarb masalalardan biri noto’g’ri ovqatlanish bo’lib kelmoqda. Tez tayyor bo’ladigan ovqatlar iste’molini ko’payganligi bir qancha kasalliklaming asosiy sababchisi hisoblanadi.

Deterioration of the quality and quantity of food leads to a certain extent to the occurrence of dental pathologies and the spread of chronic non-communicable diseases such as dental caries, stomatitis, obesity, diabetes and others. Due to the socio-economic crisis, the negative state of health in Uzbekistan is called "social tension". The development and use of functional nutrition products is a substitute for valuable vitamin supplement

Subject of the inquiry: diets for nutrition in the families and kindergardens, biological active addition to the food, animals, children.
Aim of the inquiry: elaboration of effective methods of rationalization of diet for nutrition of studying-educational institutions with usage of biological active additions for food.
Methods of inquiry: hygienic, medical- biological, toxicological, biochemical, chemical and statistical.
The results achieved and their novelty: According to the results of hygienic and toxicological explorations of biological active addition “ Biovit” was selected as the most successful, which made compensation of the deficit of vitamin C, A, B6, B12; folium acid, calcium, magnesium; irreplaceable aminoacids in daily diet of children, who attends kindergardens. It was estimated the increase of biological value of nutritional diet, increase of nitrogen’s balance, secretion of nitrogen, assimilation of the protein and improvement of biochemical index of nitrogenical components of the urine and sufficiency in vitamin C among children. The methodological approach was established to the basis of using biological active additions and estimation their effect in kindergardens.
Practical value: The results of research, which was appvouba by Sanitary rules and norms Republik of Uzbekistan, 2 methodical recommendations, method of avaluation of nutrition’s condition was elaborated and approved for practical health care according to research works;
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: the introduction on the Republic level has public cultural, general prophylactic, social and ecological hygienic role in the safety of the health of population.
Sphere of usage: in prophylactic medicine and hygienic practice, in study of medical Universities.

All the main recommendations in this handbook have their own gradation, which is measured by the level of evidence and recommendations, denoted in Latin letters from A to D. Each gradation corresponds to a certain level of data evidence. This means that the recommendations were based on research data, which have varying degrees of certainty. The higher the rating of a recommendation, the higher the credibility of the studies on which it is based. Below is a scale that describes the different levels of gradation for the recommendations included in this handbook.

Abstract: The article presents the results of experiments on vegetable crops as tomato, cucumber and cabbage plants. It provided information about the main types and harm of aphid. The biological efficacy of chemicals of the pyrethroid group used for the fight against aphids is presented.

Mamlakatda sut ishlab chiqarishning past darajasi, sutga bo‘lgan talab va ta’minot o‘rtasidagi tafovut quruq sut importi orqali bartaraf etiladi. Chaqaloq uchun ona sutidan yaxshi narsa yo‘q. Onaning sutida barcha hayotiy va zarur komponentlar, moddalar va vitaminlar mavjud. Biroq, biron bir sababga ko‘ra tabiiy ovqatlanish mumkin bo‘lmagan holatlar mavjud. Masalan, onaning yuqumli kasalliklari bo‘lishi mumkin. Bolani sun’iy oziqlantirishga o‘tkazishga qaror qilishdan oldin, siz albatta pediatringiz bilan bog‘lanib, maslahatlashingiz kerak. Chunki bunday mahsulotlar tarkibidagi turli moddalar doim ham bolalar uchun foydali bo‘lmasligi ham mumkin

Parenteral nutrition (PN) is the most complex and technological variant of clinical nutrition, carried out by intravenous administration of nutrients into the body. It is intended for patients in whom it is impossible or insufficient to use other methods of nutrition and occupies the highest level in the hierarchy of clinical nutrition options, since it is considered the most difficult both in terms of technique and in terms of the variety of decision-making when prescribing it in clinical practice in the most difficult contingent of patients. . One of the main causes of death in patients with multiple organ failure is the development of an immune and inflammatory response. A number of studies have shown a decrease in the severity and incidence of septic complications in patients on enteral nutrition, after severe mechanical and thermal injuries, after major surgical interventions, it also allows you to maintain and maintain the barrier function of the intestine, which prevents the translocation of microflora. Based on the foregoing, it can be assumed that enteral nutrition will have a positive effect on the course of multiple organ failure.

Tea is a unique concentrate of the most valuable taste, dietary and medicinal substances. Not a single drink has such a rich complex of biologically valuable, healing qualities. The therapeutic and prophylactic effect of tea makes it one of the important means of modern medicine. Along with alkaloids (caffeine, theobromine and theophylline), which give the drink a stimulating effect, tea leaves contain biologically valuable substances: tannin, various vitamins, trace elements, essential oils, soluble nitrogenous compounds and all essential amino acids. It contains many different phenolic compounds that give the drink unique healing properties and the current level of knowledge about the composition of tea helps to find objective criteria for determining its quality and move from the categories of subjective organoleptic and aesthetic assessments to a short and dispassionate language of numbers.