ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE
International scientific-online conference
147
EFFECTIVENESS AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY OF CHEMICAL
AGENTS AGAINST PESTS
Jabborxonov Tursunxo‘ja Qaxramon o‘g‘li
Independent researcher at Andijan State University
Email address: Tursunxo'ja@gmail.com
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16924631
Abstract:
The article analyzes the role of chemical agents in pest control in
agriculture, their effectiveness level, advantages in application, and
environmental risk factors. It also discusses in detail the integrated use of these
tools with alternative methods, their impact on biodiversity, and the levels of
risk to human health. In the study, recommendations were developed based on
the principles of environmental safety.
Keywords:
chemical agents, pests, environmental safety, insecticide, IPM,
agriculture, alternative protection methods.
Introduction:
The importance of pest control in the highly effective
cultivation of agricultural crops is invaluable. According to statistics, 20-40% of
crops worldwide perish annually due to pests, diseases, and weeds (FAO, 2022).
For this reason, chemical agents - i.e., pesticides (insecticides, fungicides,
herbicides) - are widely used. Their responsiveness and wide range of protective
capabilities attract agricultural producers.
However, the negative impact of these chemicals on nature, beneficial
insects, and human health has been widely discussed in recent years. This
situation violates the principles of environmental safety, especially the
increasing amount of toxic residues in the food chain. Therefore, determining
the ecological effectiveness of pesticides and studying their integration into
alternative methods has become one of the important scientific and technical
issues.
Methods:
Analytical and statistical analysis methods were used in the
study. Through the analysis of scientific literature, more than 40 scientific
articles and reports published in 2018-2024 were studied. Also, the results of
experiments using selective insecticides (imidacloprid, lambda-cyhalothrin,
chlorpyrifos) on 3 farms in different agro-climatic regions of Uzbekistan
(Kashkadarya, Samarkand, Fergana regions) were analyzed.
Indicators used:
• Pest reduction rate
• Factors that negatively affect the ecosystem (biota analysis)
• Toxicity index (LD50)
• Residual pesticide quantity (MRL)
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE
International scientific-online conference
148
Statistical analysis was carried out using Excel and SPSS programs.
Results:
Effectiveness against pests:
Chemical
substance
Pest group
Efficiency
(%)
Duration of exposure
(day)
Imidacloprid
Aphid
(bitlar)
89.3
12
Lambda-
Cyhalothrin
Coleoptera
92.1
10
Chlorpyrifos
Lepidoptera
85.6
9
All agents showed a high degree of effectiveness in a short period of
time, but after repeated use, a decrease in the number of beneficial entomofauna
(bees, beehives) by 15-25% was observed.
Analysis of environmental safety. LD50 (in mice): Chlorpyrifos -
135 mg/kg; Imidacloprid - 450 mg/kg.
Residual substance content (MRL): in some cases, in fruits and
vegetables, exceeding the permissible limit (0.01 mg/kg) by 1.5-2 times.
Pesticide residues in water samples were detected in 2 out of 3 areas
(0.002-0.005 mg/l).
Discussion:
Chemical agents are very important as a means of achieving
efficiency in growing large crops, but their compliance with the principles of
environmental safety is a serious problem. Therefore, the IPM (Integrated Pest
Management) system is being implemented in world practice. It is based on the
balanced use of biological agents, agrotechnical methods, and chemicals.
For example, the European Union aims to reduce chemical consumption by
50% by 2030 (EU Green Deal). State programs for the implementation of
environmentally safe agricultural technologies are also being implemented in
Uzbekistan. In this regard, the use of biological insecticides (Neem, BT) and
nanoemulsions is promising.
Conclusion:
Although chemicals have short-term effectiveness, their
environmental and toxic effects often pose risks.
Chemical protection methods should be used in combination with
alternative methods (biological, mechanical, agrotechnical).
Special training on environmental safety should be introduced for
farmers and agricultural workers.
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE
International scientific-online conference
149
For the preservation of biodiversity, selective pesticides that do not
harm the beneficial entomofauna should be a priority.
The system of monitoring the amount of residual substance in products
needs to be improved.
References:
1.
FAO. (2022). The Impact of Pests on Global Food Security. Rome.
2.
Aktar, M. W., Sengupta, D., & Chowdhury, A. (2009). Impact of pesticides
on human health. Interdisciplinary Toxicology.
3.
WHO. (2023). Pesticide Exposure and Public Health Risks.
4.
UNEP. (2022). Chemical Pollution and Ecosystems.
5.
Toirova, N. & Gulyamov, R. (2021). O‘zbekiston agrohududlarida
insektitsidlar samaradorligi. Agrar fanlar jurnali.
6.
European Commission. (2020). EU Farm to Fork Strategy.
