Том 4 № 48 (2025)

Ушбу мақолада кредитга лаёқатлиликни баҳолаш ва кредит рискини аниқлашнинг замонавий усуллари таҳлил қилинади. Кредитлаш жараёнида мижозларнинг молиявий ҳолатини баҳолаш, уларнинг қарзларни қайтариш қобилиятини аниқлаш, шунингдек банклар ва молия ташкилотлари учун қарор қабул қилиш жараёнини оптималлаштириш методлари кўриб чиқилади. Шу билан бирга, мақолада сунъий интеллект ва машина ўрганиш технологияларидан фойдаланиш орқали кредит рискини камайтириш ва қарз олувчиларнинг лаёқатлилигини аниқлашнинг самарали ёндашувлари тақдим этилади. Мақола кредитлаш соҳасида илмий ва амалий тадқиқотлар учун фойдали бўлиб, молия ташкилотларининг қарз бериш стратегиясини такомиллаштиришга қаратилган.

This article explores a practical approach to combining Assessment for Learning (AfL) and Differentiated Instruction (DI) to enhance student achievement and engagement. It examines the theoretical foundations of both methods, their core principles, and practical strategies for integration in the classroom. The paper highlights the benefits of using AfL to collect ongoing data about students’ progress and DI to adapt teaching to their individual needs. Case studies and examples demonstrate how this combination fosters an inclusive, student-centered learning environment, promotes equity, and supports diverse learners. Challenges and possible solutions are also discussed, providing teachers with actionable recommendations.

Ushbu maqolada bog‘ qator oralariga ishlov beradigan universal qurilmalarning tahlillari keltirilgan bo’lib hozirgi vaqtda ishlatilib keladigan mavjud qurilmalar yordamida yumshatilib begona o’tlardan tozalanadi, tekislanadi, ekin turiga qarab pushta va juyaklar hosil qilinadi. Bu tadbirlarni amalga oshirishda agregatlar bog’ qator oralarida alohida ishlatilib kelinmoqda, bu esa energiya-resurslarni ortiqcha sarflanishiga va yerning zichlanishi oqibatida unumdorligini kamayishiga olib keladi. Taklif qilinadigan universal qurilma yuqoridagi texnologik jarayonni bitta universal ramaga aylanuvchi mexanizim yordamida mahkamlanib amalga oshirish taminlangan va ortiqcha resurslarni tejash orqali qishloq xo’jaligida yuqori iqtisodiy samadorlikka erishilgan.

Фиброз легких представляет собой патологическое состояние, характеризующееся избыточным образованием соединительной ткани в легких, что приводит к нарушению газообмена и снижению дыхательной функции. Одним из значимых факторов, способствующих развитию фиброза, является перенесённая пневмония, особенно в случаях тяжелого течения, затяжного воспаления или повторных инфекций. Наиболее выраженная тенденция к развитию поствоспалительного фиброза наблюдается у пациентов, перенесших вирусную пневмонию, включая COVID-19, а также бактериальную пневмонию с осложнённым течением. Современная терапия фиброза после пневмонии включает в себя комплексный подход, сочетающий медикаментозное и немедикаментозное лечение, а также инновационные технологии регенеративной медицины.

This article focuses on revealing the components and stages of teaching methodological preparedness for teaching natural sciences based on an integrative approach during the professional development process, as well as the importance of competencies formed in the process of developing scientific and critical thinking.

Following article deals with symbolism and symbols, that are distinguished as terms in literature field. While symbolism denotes the name of a literary movement, a symbol is interpreted as a poetic movement. At the same time, these concepts are mutually exclusive. Because symbolism is based on a symbol. The term symbol is used as a synonym for a symbol. It is formed on the basis of a specific sign. This term comes in a broad and narrow sense. The broad meaning of a symbol is seen in its use in other sciences and art, and the narrow meaning is seen in its use in connection with artistic creativity.

The use of myths exists in all eras, when the creator wants to tell the truth about the political, social and economic life of his time, he usually uses myths. This situation can be observed in the works of Alisher Navoi, especially in the epic “Khamsa”. The fact that a genius thinker and statesman like Navoi spoke about his era in the language of myths confirms the existence of a conflict between the creator and the era.

Ушбу мақолада халқаро молиявий ҳисобот стандартлари (ХМҲС) асосида молиявий натижалар тўғрисидаги ахборотларни шакллантириш ва тақдим этишнинг ўзига хос жиҳатлари ёритиб берилади. Мақолада молиявий натижалар ҳисобини юритишда халқаро стандартлар талаби, уларнинг миллий ҳисоб тизими билан уйғунлашуви ва амалиётда қўллаш масалалари таҳлил қилинади. Шунингдек, ҳисобот маълумотларининг ишончлилиги, шаффофлиги ва таққосланишини таъминлашда ХМҲСнинг аҳамияти кўрсатилади.

Ushbu maqolada raqamli iqtisodiyot tushunchasi, uning ahamiyati hamda zamonaviy iqtisodiy rivojlanishda tutgan o‘rni yoritilgan. Maqolada raqamli infratuzilma, elektron xizmatlar, sun’iy intellekt, raqamli to‘lov tizimlari, elektron tijorat va raqamli ko‘nikmalarni rivojlantirish yo‘nalishlari batafsil tahlil qilingan. Shuningdek, O‘zbekistonda raqamli transformatsiya jarayonlari, hukumat siyosati va istiqbolli strategik chora-tadbirlar haqida ham so‘z yuritiladi. Maqolada ilg‘or xorijiy tajribalarga ham murojaat qilinib, ularni milliy sharoitga moslashtirish yo‘llari ko‘rib chiqilgan.

Ushbu maqola IX–XI asrlardagi ikki nufuzli ilmiy markaz — Bagʻdod “Bayt al-Hikma”si va Xorazm Maʼmun akademiyasi (Gurganj ilmiy muhiti) — ning tuzilmasi, homiylik modeli va ilmiy muhitini qiyosiy tahlil qiladi. Tarixiy manbalar va zamonaviy tadqiqotlar asosida (xususan, tarjima harakati, saroy-ilm aloqalari va olimlar migratsiyasi) ikkala muassasaning umumiy va farqli jihatlari ko‘rsatiladi. Bayt al-Hikma atrofidagi institutsional maqom borasidagi ilmiy bahslar hamda “Maʼmun akademiyasi” terminining retrospektiv qoʻllanishi alohida muhokama qilinadi. Natijalar shuni ko‘rsatadiki, Bag‘dod markazi ko‘proq kutubxona-saroy majmuasi va tarjima infratuzilmasi sifatida, Gurganj esa saroy homiyligidagi ilmiy doira sifatida shakllangan; har ikkisi ham ilmiy mehnatni ijtimoiy-siyosiy kapital bilan bog‘lab turgan.

Ushbu maqolada maktabgacha ta’lim tashkilotlarida bolalarga ma’naviyatimizning bir qismi bo‘lgan joy nomlari va ularning kelib chiqishi, nomlanishiga oid ma’lumotlarni oʻzlashtirib olish bo‘yicha ko‘nikmalarni rivojlantirishga doir uslubiy tavsiyalar bayon etilgan.

Mazkur maqola mening kelajakdagi orzular va u tomon ilk qadamlarim haqida so'z yuritiladi. Insoniyat tug'ilar ekan Olloh tomonidan har bir insoning tug'ilishidanoq taqdiri yozilgan bo'ladi. Men Mardonova Marjona Muxsin qizi 2008-yil 11-sentabrda O'zbekiston Respublikasi Buxoro viloyati bir kichik Romitan tumanida oddiy oilada dunyoga keldim. Otam Eshov Muxsin onam Eliyeva Shodiya Mardonovlar oilasida kenja farzan bo'lib yorig'olamda tug'ildim. Ota onam oilarida qiz farzand tug'ilishini eshitib uning ismini Marjona qo'yamiz deb niyat qilishgan ekanlar va men Marjona ismli qiz tug'ildi.

In the context of globalization and Uzbekistan’s integration into the international economic space, the share of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the country’s gross social product is steadily increasing. By 2025, it is projected that the share of SMEs in the gross domestic product (GDP) will reach 55%, in industry — 34%, in exports — 34%, and in employment — 75% [1].

Ushbu maqolada jismoniy tarbiya darslarini tashkil etishda zamonaviy pedagogik texnologiyalarni joriy etishning ilmiy-metodik asoslari, ularning o‘quvchi shaxsini har tomonlama rivojlantirishdagi o‘rni va samaradorligi tahlil qilinadi. Jismoniy tarbiya jarayonida interfaol metodlar, axborot-kommunikatsiya vositalari, differensial va individual yondashuv, shuningdek, raqamli platformalardan foydalanish yo‘llari yoritilgan.

Repetition is one of the most enduring techniques in poetry, used to reinforce rhythm, emphasize meaning, and heighten emotional resonance. This article explores repetition as a dual-force mechanism—structuring a poem’s musical flow while intensifying its affective power. Drawing upon literary theory and textual examples from canonical and contemporary works, the study examines how repeated words, phrases, and patterns function as rhythmic anchors, emotional amplifiers, and symbolic devices. Ultimately, the research reveals that repetition’s potency lies in its ability to synchronize the reader’s sensory and emotional responses, creating a unified poetic experience.

Ushbu maqolada tomchilatib sugʻorish tizimi joriy etilgan maydonlarda bir vaqtning oʻzida ikki turdagi qimmatli ekin — gʻoʻza va loviyani aralash holda yetishtirish texnologiyasi yoritilgan. Bunday tizim hosildorlikni oshirish, yer resurslaridan unumli foydalanish va tuproq unumdorligini saqlash imkonini beradi. Loviya ildizida azot toʻplash xususiyati tufayli gʻoʻzaning oʻsishiga ijobiy taʼsir koʻrsatadi.

The paper introduces the field of audiovisual translation, examines the functions of nonverbal components in film discourse and their consideration in the process of audiovisual translation. Nonverbal elements such as facial expressions, gestures, intonation, eye contact, camera angles, lighting, and background music play a significant role in delivering meaning, emotion, and cultural context in cinematic storytelling. These elements often work alongside spoken language to create a deeper, multimodal layer of communication that is essential for fully understanding a film’s narrative and emotional tone. Nonverbal elements are clearly seen in scenes involving humor, irony, sarcasm, or culturally bound behaviors. The research concludes that effective audiovisual translation should go beyond verbal content and include awareness of nonverbal communication.

Mazkur maqolada XX asr Amerika modernizm janridagi romanlarda qahramon ruhiyati tasviri masalasi keng yoritiladi. Modernizm adabiy oqimi o‘zining ichki monolog, ong oqimi, psixologik chuqurlik va vaqtning nisbiyligi kabi usullari orqali qahramon ruhiyatini ochishda o‘ziga xos yondashuvlar yaratdi. Maqolada F. Scott Fitzgerald, William Faulkner, Ernest Hemingway kabi yozuvchilarning asarlarida ruhiy kechinmalarni badiiy aks ettirishdagi mahorati tahlil qilinadi. Ushbu tadqiqot shuningdek, modernizm davridagi ijtimoiy va madaniy omillarning ruhiy tasvirga ta’sirini ham ko‘rsatadi.

Ushbu maqolada alaliya tashxisli bolalar bilan ishlashda qo‘llaniladigan zamonaviy logopedik texnologiyalar yoritilgan. Tadqiqotda nutq buzilishining klinik va pedagogik xususiyatlari, shuningdek, multimodal yondashuv, interaktiv o‘yinlar, kompyuter dasturlari va mobil ilovalar orqali terapiya samaradorligini oshirish yo‘llari ko‘rib chiqiladi. Amaliy tavsiyalar logopedlarga bolalarning nutqiy faoliyatini rivojlantirish, kommunikativ kompetensiyasini mustahkamlash va ijtimoiy moslashuvini qo‘llab-quvvatlashga qaratilgan.

Ushbu maqolada tibbiyot oliy ta’lim tashkilotlarida talabalarni biokimyo fanidan mustaqil ishlash ko‘nikmalarini rivojlantirish texnologiyasi tahlil qilinadi. Zamonaviy o‘quv texnologiyalari va interaktiv metodlar yordamida talabalar mustaqil o‘rganish ko‘nikmalarini oshirishning samarali usullari ko‘rib chiqiladi. Tadqiqot natijalari biokimyo fanini o‘qitishda mustaqil ish jarayonini takomillashtirish va talabalar bilimining sifatini oshirishga qaratilgan. Bu texnologiyalar o‘quv jarayonini yanada samarali va qiziqarli qiladi hamda talabalarni klinik amaliyotga tayyorlashda muhim ahamiyatga ega.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a comprehensive approach to early diagnosis and prevention of cerebrovascular diseases (CVD) in a high-risk group. The study employed modern instrumental, laboratory, and clinical-anamnestic methods to detect early signs of cerebrovascular pathology. Inclusion of endothelial dysfunction biomarkers, transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with diffusion-weighted imaging in the screening program made it possible to identify subclinical changes in cerebral circulation. The results confirm the high importance of a comprehensive approach in reducing the risk of stroke and mortality.

Formative assessment has become a vital component of modern pedagogy, aiming not only to evaluate students’ knowledge but also to enhance the learning process. Among the various methods of formative assessment, classroom discussions play a crucial role in developing critical thinking, communication, and collaboration skills. This paper explores the effectiveness of classroom discussions as a formative assessment tool, highlighting their advantages, challenges, and strategies for implementation.

Подтверждённой исследованиями работа обусловлена теоретическим пониманием роли речевых жанров в формировании дискурсивной компетенции среднего звена учащихся, изучающих русский язык как иностранный. В работе жанры интерпретируется как средство формирования речевой активности в повседневной многоязычной школьной среде Узбекистана. Обозначается сущность жанрово-дискурсивного подхода, его педагогическая эффективность и актуальность для современного преподавания РКИ. Обоснована необходимость адаптация учебных пособий с учётом жанровой структуры речевой коммуникации.

This study examines the phenomenon of metaphorical shift in the translation of English political discourse into Uzbek, focusing on how political metaphors undergo transformation due to linguistic, cultural, and ideological factors. Political discourse often employs metaphors to frame ideologies, shape public opinion, and influence political narratives. When translated into Uzbek, these metaphors may be preserved, adapted, or replaced, depending on the translator’s strategies and the target audience’s cultural background. The research analyzes selected political speeches, media texts, and policy statements, identifying patterns of metaphor retention, substitution, and conceptual re-mapping. Special attention is given to culturally bound metaphors that require creative re-contextualization to maintain persuasive impact. By combining cognitive metaphor theory with translation studies, the paper highlights challenges and solutions in conveying metaphorical meaning across languages in politically charged contexts. The findings contribute to improving translation strategies in political communication between English and Uzbek.

Hozirgi vaqtda ilm-fan taraqqiyoti, axborot muhitining kengligi, har bir sohaning jadal rivojlanishi ta’lim tizimiga ham davr talabi nuqtai nazaridan yangicha qarashni, uni jamiyat talablari va shaxs ehtiyojini hisobga olgan holda jahon standartlari darajasiga ko‘tarish, ta’lim jarayoniga pedagogik va axborot texnologiyalarini, innovatsion usullarni ko‘proq joriy qilishni taqozo etmoqda. Ta’lim tizimi uchun dastlabki pog‘ona bo‘lgan o‘rta ta’lim tizimi, ayniqsa, biologiya ta’limida pedagogik va axborot texnologiyalari yangi innovatsiyalardan foydalanish muammosi dolzarbligi bilan ajralib turadi. Ma’lumki biologiya tirik organizmga xos bo‘lgan umumiy qonuniyatlar haqida bilim beradigan fandir.

Boshlang'ich sinf o'quvchilarida sintaktik elementlarni shakllantirish metodikasini takomillashtirish uchun tavsiyalar ishlab chiqish. Tadqiqot bajarishda pedagogikaning quyidagi ilmiy tadqiqot metodlaridan foydalanish: muammoga doir pedagogik va metodik adabiyotlarni qiyosiy tahlil etish; sotsiometrik metodlar (anketa, suhbat, so'rovnoma); tajriba-sinov ishlari natijalarni matematik-statistik tahlil etish. Boshlang'ich sinf o'quvchilarida elementlarni shakllantirish metodikasini takomillashtirish uchun tavsiyalar.

Mazkur maqolada zamonaviy oʻzbek adabiyotining taniqli vakili Ulugʻbek Hamdamning ramziy xarakterga ega boʻlgan, bevosita safar motivi bilan boʻliq boʻlgan hikoyalari  tahlil etiladi.

This article analyzes the requirements for the level of English language proficiency for professionals and future journalists working in the modern media field and the practical needs arising in this field. In the process of globalization and information exchange, the ability to communicate freely in English, understand and convey information, and use professional terminology are of great importance for effective participation in the international media field. The article analyzes the role and level of demand for English language knowledge in various areas of the media field (journalism, PR, digital communication, translation). It also discusses recommendations on language competence in the modern media environment, methodological approaches to training specialists, and problems in the language teaching process.

This article examines the impact of updated cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) protocols on clinical outcomes. The study was conducted on 120 patients presenting with cardiac arrest. The results of resuscitation based on the updated 2020 AHA and ERC protocols significantly improved ROSC, survival, and neurological recovery. The results support the urgent need to widely implement the updated CPR recommendations.

Paratsetamol (acetaminofen) — og‘riqni kamaytiruvchi va isitmani tushiruvchi dorilardan biri bo‘lib, dunyo bo‘yicha eng ko‘p ishlatiladigan dori vositalaridan hisoblanadi. Uni kattalar, bolalar va hatto homilador ayollar ham qo‘llashi mumkinligi sababli, bu preparat farmakologiyada alohida o‘ringa ega. Ushbu maqolada paratsetamolning farmakodinamikasi, farmakokinetikasi, xavfsiz dozalari, nojo‘ya ta’sirlari va ehtiyot choralari ilmiy asosda yoritiladi.

The article analyzes the role of chemical agents in pest control in agriculture, their effectiveness level, advantages in application, and environmental risk factors. It also discusses in detail the integrated use of these tools with alternative methods, their impact on biodiversity, and the levels of risk to human health. In the study, recommendations were developed based on the principles of environmental safety.

In the 21st century, the integration of digital technologies into the pedagogical process has become a crucial factor in improving the quality of education. Digital tools not only expand access to knowledge but also transform traditional teaching methods, making learning more interactive, flexible, and student-centered.

to solve the given equation, we use the method of separating the solution from variables. First, the non-trivial solution of equation (1) satisfying conditions (2) is sought in the form

Ushbu maqolada yurak-qon tomir kasalliklarining kelib chiqish sabablari, ularni oldini olish choralarining ilmiy asoslari hamda davolashda qo‘llaniladigan zamonaviy usullar yoritilgan. Profilaktika choralari, farmakologik davolash, jarrohlik va innovatsion yondashuvlar tahlil qilingan. Maqolada sog‘lom turmush tarzining yurak salomatligiga ta’siri ham alohida ko‘rib chiqilgan.

Karate, as both a traditional martial art and a modern sport, holds significant potential for fostering positive social development among youth. This article examines the social importance of karate by analyzing its impact on discipline, respect, teamwork, emotional regulation, and lifestyle choices. The findings suggest that integrating karate into educational and community initiatives can serve as a strategic tool for building socially responsible and culturally aware young citizens.

This article explores the unique features of epic genres in Karakalpak oral literature, emphasizing their historical development, cultural functions, and artistic expressions. Karakalpak epics, deeply rooted in Turkic traditions, embody collective memory, heroic ideals, and spiritual values of the people. By analyzing structural characteristics, performance styles, and thematic richness, the study highlights how these narratives preserve cultural identity, transmit moral codes, and strengthen social cohesion. Furthermore, the comparison with broader Turkic and Central Asian epic traditions demonstrates the universal yet distinctive nature of Karakalpak epics. The findings affirm that oral epics not only serve as aesthetic creations but also function as cultural archives that bridge the past and present, ensuring continuity of national values.

In language studies, it's important to investigate the role of metaphor in identity formation. A metaphor is defined as the use of words or word combinations in a way that does not convey the literal meaning. Because of this, we can conclude that metaphor has a linguistic identity and serves as a point of view. This study employs qualitative research, which does not rely on statistical or calculating methods to obtain findings.

Bugun Yangi O‘zbekiston hayotining barcha sohalari chuqur islohotlar maydoniga aylangan. Bu jarayonda ijtimoiy sohaning asosi hisoblangan ta’lim  tizimidagi o‘zgarishlar haqida to‘lqinlanib so‘zlamaslikning iloji yo‘q. Mamlakatimizda so‘nggi yillarda ta’lim  tizimining barcha bosqichlarini zamonaviy talablar asosida tashkil etish bo‘yicha amaliy ishlar hal qiluvchi bosqichga kirdi.

Parallel corpora create a bridge between form and meaning across languages and, when embedded in data-driven learning (DDL), enable learners to interrogate authentic evidence rather than rely on prescriptive rule lists. Building on well-established DDL principles and recent meta-analytic evidence, the article maps readily accessible English–Uzbek resources (OPUS, JW300, the Uzbek National Corpus’ parallel section) and workable tools (ParaConc, AntPConc, Sketch Engine’s parallel concordancer).

Mazkur tezisda Turkiya Respublikasi va Qozog‘iston o‘rtasidagi strategik aloqalar Turkiy davlatlar tashkiloti (TDT) doirasida ko‘rib chiqilgan. Tadqiqotda Turkiyaning Qozog‘iston bilan siyosiy, iqtisodiy va madaniy munosabatlarining ustuvor yo‘nalishlari tahlil qilingan. Shuningdek ikki mamlakatning transport-logistika loyihalari va ta’lim sohasidagi hamkorligi yoritilgan.