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O‘ZBEK TILIDAGI KO‘MAKCHILARNING O‘RGANILISHI VA
ULARNING LISONIY IMKONIYATLARI
Ruziyev Ismoil Isogovich
Teacher of Uzbek language and literature at the
specialized boarding school No. 1 in Karshi.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15210607
Annotatsiya
Turkiy tillarda, jumladan, o‘zbek tilida ham ko‘makchi anchadan buyon
tilshunoslarning o‘rganish obyekti bo‘lib kelmoqda. Tilshunoslar hozirgi turkiy
tillarda amalda bo‘lgan ko‘makchilarning mustaqil so‘z turkumlaridan ajrab
chiqishi nisbatan keyingi davrlarda yuz berganligini va bu hol yozma
yodgorliklar tilida ham ma’lum darajada aks etishini aytishadi.
Kalit so‘zlar:
ko‘makchi, kelishik, o‘zbek tili, yordamchi so‘zlar, mustaqil
so‘z, grammatika, tilshunoslik, yordamchi leksema, tobelantiruvchi vosita,
lisoniy imkoniyat.
Аннотация
Пособие по тюркским языкам, в том числе и узбекскому, уже давно
является объектом изучения лингвистов. Лингвисты говорят о том, что
отделение вспомогательных от самостоятельных категорий слов,
практикуемых в современных тюркских языках, произошло в
сравнительно более поздние времена, и это в некоторой степени
отражается и на языке письменных памятников.
Ключевые слова:
вспомогательный, согласный, узбекский язык,
вспомогательные слова, самостоятельное слово, грамматика, Лингвистика,
вспомогательная
лексема,
вспомогательное
средство,
языковая
возможность.
Annotation
The manual on Turkic languages, including Uzbek, has long been an object
of study for linguists. Linguists say that the separation of auxiliary words from
independent categories of words practiced in modern Turkic languages
occurred in relatively later times, and this is reflected to some extent in the
language of written monuments.
Keywords:
auxiliary, consonant, Uzbek language, auxiliary words,
independent word, grammar, Linguistics, auxiliary lexeme, auxiliary means,
linguistic opportunity.
Introduction
. Auxiliary words are considered as one of the categories of
auxiliary words. “Although auxiliary words have historically been independent
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words, in modern Uzbek they have lost their lexical (material) meaning, they
have only grammatical meaning. Therefore, in modern Uzbek they are used only
in combination with other words”[1:541]. The handbook of Turkic languages
(including Uzbek) has long been a source of research for linguists.
Linguists say that the separation of auxiliary words from independent
categories of words practiced in modern Turkic languages occurred in relatively
later times, and this is reflected to some extent in the language of written
monuments. In particular, “there are very few auxiliary tools in the language of
Urhun–Enasoy monuments. The works of the XI century “Kutadgu bilig” and
“
Devoni lugʻati-turk
” significantly increased the number of auxiliary ones. It is
known from written sources that since the 12th-13th centuries, the group of
auxiliary languages in the Turkic languages, including Uzbek, has expanded even
more”[2:285]. In the “Historical Grammar of the Uzbek language”, assistants in
the old Uzbek language are divided into pure assistants and functional
assistants, as they are now. Pure auxiliary words include words that have lost
their independent use and lexical meaning (
üchün; birlä; kibi//kebi, yaŋlig‘
(yaŋliq); üzrä; ichrä; sari, taba, tabaru; tägi, tegrü (degrü), sayi/sayu/sayin
).
Cases such as what meanings they express, with which consonants they come,
and in what forms they are used are given. For example, it is said that the
auxiliary word “birlä” was originally used in this form, and later its forms
“birlän, bilä, bilän” arose, while the form “ilä” was widely used in poetic works,
mainly in the XV century and later. This is due to the fact that the auxiliary is
usually used with words in the main conjugation, expressing meanings such as
the conjunction (
Anιŋ birlä qιlur erdim tamāsha
(Furkat), the means (
Ne til birlä
deb erkin bu maqālιn
(Navoi)), the condition, the cause (
Fātiha jahl ilä oqιshdι
turub
(Mukimi)), the moment (
Bir manzilg‘a tünlä birlä yettilär
(Tafsir), the
direction of movement (
Bir nechesi yol birlän … Xārazmg‘a keldilär
(Shajarai
tarokima))[2:286-287].
Analysis of the literature on the topic (Literature review).
Abdurauf
Fitrat, reflecting on the types of words in the book “O‘zbek tili qoidalari
to‘g‘risida bir tajriba: Sarf”, divides them into such types as nouns, adjectives,
numerals, pronouns, auxiliary words. He emphasizes that auxiliary words differ
from them in that they do not accept adverbs attached to nouns, verbs, and
adjectives. Auxiliary words include auxiliary words of the present tense (bilan,
sayin, ichra), conjunctions (biroq, lekin, chunki), prepositions (faqat, -gina, -ki,
sira), modal words (afsus, attang, albatta), exclamation words (oh, uf, ax). He
classifies them into more than a dozen species, such as “kuchaytish
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ko‘makchilari (
Asru, juda, hech, albatta,asla, sira, eng, butkul, xuddi.
Bunlar bir
gapning yo bir so‘zning ma’nosini kuzatmak uchun ishlatiladir. Ishlatilishlari
shundaydir:
Biz se ni “asla” ko‘rmadik. Bu “asru” uzundir),
o‘run ko‘makchilari
(
Ora, ichra, o‘zaro, o‘zra. Shahar “ora” kirdim),
qabatlov ko‘makchilari
(Tag‘in,
daxi, bilan, -ala, -la, yana, ham, da – da
so‘zlari
iki ma’noni yig‘ib, qabatlov
ko‘makchi bo‘ladir), shart ko‘makchilar (
Yo‘qsa, agar, agarcha
bunlar shart
ko‘makchilaridir)”[3:169-171].
A.N.Kononov defines the Uzbek language assistant as follows: “auxiliary
words are a group of words that serve to create such relationships between a
noun or object and a predicate as a weapon, means, purpose, cause, time,
distance, direction, analogy.”[4:156]. In his work “Auxiliary Words”,
Sh.Shoabdurakhmanov defined auxiliary words as follows: “auxiliary is an
auxiliary word denoting a different grammatical relation of an object to a subject
or an object to a predicate”[5:252]. We know that auxiliaries indicate a
subordinate relationship between independent words and serve to influence the
meaning of the word to which they are attached, as well as to clarify and
supplement the meaning of agreement. By the same characteristic, the auxiliary
differs from the binder and boot.
Research Methodology.
Linguist Sh.Rakhmatullaev evaluates auxiliary
morphemes as morphemes of a lexical nature in a series of non-paradigmatic
morphemes attached to the genus of nouns: “it is inappropriate to interpret
auxiliary morphemes as a series of grammatical units standing in a connecting,
loading row; it is correct that auxiliary morphemes are evaluated as equivalent
to the original morpheme. Auxiliary nouns are syntactic formers belonging to
the family of lexemes forming a group of morphemes of a lexical nature”[6:141].
S.Rakhimov and B.Umurkulov divide assistants into four types: pure
assistants, noun assistants, verb assistants, noun assistants, depending on the
nature of the loss of independent meaning and from which kind of words they
have passed. Auxiliary nouns include words that slide from a noun or noun to an
auxiliary (
burun, ilgari, oldin, keyin, so‘ng, tashqari
), and auxiliary nouns include
words that have partially retained their dictionary meaning, by some signs slide
to an auxiliary and appear in this task (
old, orqa, o‘rta, ich va boshqalar
).
In the “Gammatics of the Uzbek language”, auxiliary tools are syntactically
divided into the following groups: 1) auxiliary, controlling words in the
nominative and accusative cases in the genitive case; 2) auxiliary, controlling
words in the genitive case; 3) auxiliary, controlling words in the original
case[1:542].
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Analysis and results.
Auxiliary words are considered “auxiliary words that
follow a noun or words that perform a specific function and express such
relationships as purpose, cause, means, time, space”[7:53] and there are three
types:
T
/r
Turlari
Ko‘makchilar
1
Sof
ko‘makchilar
–
mustaqil
leksik
ma’nosini
yo‘qotgan, faqat shu vazifada
keladigan ko‘makchilar
bilan, uchun, sari, sayin, uzra,
qadar, tufayli va boshqalar
2
Ot ko‘makchilar
– fe’l
bo‘lmagan so‘zdan kelib chiqqan
ko‘makchilar
tomon, tashqari, old, orqa, yon,
ich, ora, keyin va boshqalar
3
Fe’l
ko‘makchilar
–
fe’lning biror vazifa shaklidan
kelib chiqqan ko‘makchilar
qarab,
tortib,
boshlab,
qaraganda va boshqalar.
While pure auxiliaries serve only for this task, nouns and verb auxiliaries
are auxiliaries that have lost their original vocabulary meaning. Words acting as
such an auxiliary act as the corresponding independent word if they retain their
lexical meaning. The syntactic function of assistants is manifested in cooperation
with consonants, which serve for subordinate nouns in the form of
bosh kelishik,
jo'nalish kelishik, chiqish kelishik, qaratqich kelishik
to the next word:
Ot
BK kabi
Sifat =
ona
kabi
mehribon;
Ot
JK doir
Ot =
mavzu
ga doir
fikrlar;
Harakat nomi
ChK oldin
Fe’l
= bajarish
dan oldin
o‘ylamoq;
Ot
QK ustida
Fe’l =
masala
ning ustida
tortishmoq.
Conclusions and suggestions (conclusions/recommendations).
In
school textbooks of the Uzbek language, auxiliary words are given as one of the
categories of auxiliary words. In textbooks, we find the following definitions
given in relation to them: “with nouns, pronouns, nouns of action and adjectives
serving to connect them with the governing word, such words as bilan, uchun,
kabi, singari, orqali, sayin are auxiliary“[8:75] or “auxiliary words are auxiliary
words that connect one word with the second, the whole with the first word in
terms of question and tone are assistants that form”[9:63]. Assistants are
divided into clean and duty assistants according to the degree of loss of the
meaning of the name. They are said to be associated with the leading word and
give it various additional meanings. “Jumladan, sababli, tufayli sabab ma’nosini,
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uchun sabab va maqsad manosini; tomon, qarab, sari, bo‘ylab yo‘nalish
ma’nosini; kabi, singari ko‘makchilari o‘xshatish, qiyoslash ma’nosini; qadar
ko‘makchisi chegara ma’nosini ifodalaydi”[8:80]. It is also emphasized that in
speech it is known for what meaning the auxiliary means serves. In addition, the
importance of auxiliary suffixes is indicated, as well as the forms of the words
that accompany them.
Conclusions and suggestions (conclusions/recommendations).
Paying
attention to the study of auxiliary words, we see that initially they were
independent words, in the course of the historical development of the language,
these words subsequently passed into the category of auxiliary words.
Consequently, auxiliaries are always in close contact with consonants, ensuring
that one word, like them, joins another in a subordinate relationship, expressing
different meanings and, of course, joining the word in a certain form of
agreement.
List of used literature:
1.
O‘zbek tili grammatikasi (Morfologiya). I tom. – Toshkent: Fan, 1975. –
B.541.
2.
Abdurahmonov G‘. va boshqalar. O‘zbek tilining tarixiy grammatikasi. –
Toshkent: O‘zbekiston faylasuflari milliy jamiyati nashriyoti, 2008. – B.285.
3.
A.Fitrat. Tanlangan asarlar. –Toshkent: “Ma’naviyat”, 2009. – B.169-171.
4.
Кононов А. Н. Грамматика турецкого языка. — Москва: Изд-во АН
СССР, 1941. – 312 с.
5.
Sayfullayeva R. va boshqalar. Hozirgi o‘zbek adabiy tili. O‘quv qo‘llanma. –
Toshkent, 2009. – B.252.
6.
Rahmatullayev Sh. Hozirgi adabiy o‘zbek tili (darslik). –Toshkent:
“Universitet”, 2006. – B.141.
7.
Ҳожиев А. Тилшунослик терминларининг изоҳли луғати. – Тошкент:
Ўзбекистон миллий энциклопедияси, 1985. – 164 б.
8.
Mahmudov N. va boshqalar. Ona tili. 7-sinf uchun darslik. – Toshkent:
Ma’naviyat, 2017. – B.75.
9.
Azimova I. va boshqalar. Ona tili. 6-sinf uchun darslik. – Toshkent, 2022. –
B.63.
10.
Kholyigitova, B. (2023). USING ARTISTIC LITERATURE IN FORMING THE
CREATIVE SKILLS OF PRIMARY CLASS PUPILS. Science and innovation, 2(B2),
253-257.
11.
Umarov, X., Xolyigitova, B., & Ergasheva, O. (2021). THE ROLE OF FICTION
IN THE FORMATION OF THE CHILDREN'S WORLDVIEW. Экономика и социум,
(3-1), 319-321.
