“MILLIY IQTISODIYOTNI ISLOH QILISH VA BARQAROR RIVOJLANTIRISH ISTIQBOLLARI”
mavzusida xalqaro ilmiy-amaliy konferensiyasi
32
sustainability across all levels of the organization. Leaders should actively
participate in green programs and encourage sustainable behavior through
regular communication and recognition of employee contributions.
References
1.
Jamil, S., Zaman, S. I., Kayikci, Y., & Khan, S. A. (2023). The Role of Green Recruitment on
Organizational Sustainability Performance: A Study within the Context of Green Human
Resource Management. Sustainability, 15(21), 15567. Link.
2.
Wang, Z., & Makhbul, Z. K. M. (2024). Green Human Resource Management as a Catalyst
for Sustainable Performance: Unveiling the Role of Green Innovations. Sustainability, 16(4),
1453. Link.
3.
Anwar, N., Mahmood, N. H. N., Yusliza, M. Y., Ramayah, T., Faezah, J. N., & Khalid, W.
(2020). Green human resource management for organisational citizenship behaviour towards
the environment and environmental performance on a university campus. Journal of Cleaner
Production, 256, 120401.
GREEN ECONOMY: ANALYSIS AND SCIENTIFIC APPROACHES
Voxidova Mehri
Head of the Department of Foreign Economic Activity.
PhD, Associate Professor
Tashkent State University of Oriental Studies
Ismailova Mahliyo
PhD Student
Tashkent State Institute of Oriental Studies
E-mail:
mahliyodipdiplomatiya@gmail.com
In the last decade, "green economy" has emerged as an important new term
in discussions on sustainability and national development strategies on a global
scale. In the United Nations (UN) vision
document titled “The Future We Want,”
the green economy is described as an economic development model that
improves human well-being and social equity while significantly reducing
environmental risks and resource scarcity[1]. According to several panels of
experts from the UN, this represents a
“new form of the growth paradigm,”
outlining a path towards transitioning the economic system from “causing crises
or leading to them” to “preventing and addressing them”[2].
Recognizing that current economic growth models are not socially,
ecologically, or economically sustainable, producers and decision-makers in the
private sector are collectively striving to develop alternative models like the
“green economy.” This has urged the international community to seriousl
y focus
on transitioning to a “green” ec
onomy, which is believed to ensure a sustainable
and desirable future aimed at social equity, ending poverty, and promoting
human well-being.
“MILLIY IQTISODIYOTNI ISLOH QILISH VA BARQAROR RIVOJLANTIRISH ISTIQBOLLARI”
mavzusida xalqaro ilmiy-amaliy konferensiyasi
33
Regarding green economy or green growth, new publications by the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the UN Department of Economic and
Social Affairs (UNDESA), the United Nations Conference on Trade and
Development (UNCTAD), the International Labour Organization (ILO), the World
Bank, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD),
Green Economy Coalition, Stakeholder Forum, Green Growth Leaders, and many
other organizations have aimed to address existing knowledge gaps and clarify
the conceptual frameworks surrounding the term “green economy.”
Currently, the innovative information economy is developing worldwide.
Previously, the environmental factor in economic activities was not included in
research, leading to the irreversible consequences of natural resource waste. In
contrast, the post-industrial information economy is based on environmental
factors. At present, the ecological aspect is one of the most critical issues among
the priority tasks for overcoming the negative impacts of the global economy.
The formation of a new economy sets new challenges for science to address
existing negative phenomena.
In modern economic theory and practice, trends such as the “green”
economy are helping to solve these problems. Today, the “green economy” is one
of the most popular areas of economic practice. At the same time, within the
context of the formation of a new economy, many issues related to the theory
and practice of accounting for environmental factors in investments and job
creation, aimed at ensuring sustainable development, remain unresolved and
require further in-depth research in the fields of economic and social sciences.
The significance of the “green economy” necessitates the establishment of its
philosophical foundations and the identification of its role and position in the
development of modern social life.
The green economy is a trend in the field of economics that emphasizes the
existing natural environment as a dependent component. The concept of the
“green economy” is the most important theoretical and practical approach to
addressing contemporary ecological issues within the framework of sustainable
development theory. This term and approach emerged relatively recently in
economic sciences
—
approximately four decades ago. This approach is based on
three fundamental principles: 1) the interconnectedness of all life on the planet,
2) the need to forego meeting the continuously growing demands within limited
resources, and 3) the abandonment of infinite expansion within a limited space.
Russian scientist V. I. Vernadsky made a significant contribution to the
development of scientific theories for the ecologicalization of economic
activities. In 1926, V. I. Vernadsky published his work "Biosphere," in which he
marked the emergence of a new science concerning the connection between
nature and humanity. The next stage in the formation of ecological economics as
a science began in 1935 when A. Tansley introduced a new definition of the
concept of "ecosystem," referring to a stable living system formed by a collection
of living organisms (communities) and their habitats, along with the process of
“MILLIY IQTISODIYOTNI ISLOH QILISH VA BARQAROR RIVOJLANTIRISH ISTIQBOLLARI”
mavzusida xalqaro ilmiy-amaliy konferensiyasi
34
material circulation[3]. The publication of R. Carson's book "Silent Spring"
(1961) is considered the starting point of modern social ecology, addressing
issues related to the negative impacts of human activity on the environment[4].
Ecology, as a science, forms the theoretical basis for environmental
protection and the rational use of natural resources. One of the founders of the
theory of the relationship between nature and human economic activity is the
American scientist B. Commoner. In 1971, he formulated the laws of ecology as
four fundamental principles, emphasizing the need for the sustainable
development of the natural environment and calling on humanity to base its
impact on the environment on these principles:
First Principle
:
"Everything is connected to everything else." This principle
highlights the existence of universal connections between things and events,
emphasizing that the dynamics of complex ecological chains form a single
system.
Second Principle
:
"Everything must go somewhere." Here, Commoner
raises one of the most complex issues regarding the assimilation of civilization's
waste by the biosphere by reformulating the basic physical law of the
conservation of matter.
Third Principle
:
"Nature knows best." This principle contrasts with the
traditional approach initiated by Francis Bacon, where nature is seen merely as
a workplace, and humans exploit it solely in relation to their interests. This law
emphasizes the necessity of care and caution in relations with natural
ecosystems.
Fourth Principle
:
"There’s no such thing as a free lunch." According to
Commoner, because the global ecosystem functions as a single entity, everything
taken from it through human labor must be returned.
In the 1980s, the philosophy of ecological economics emerged as an integral
part of the concept of the green economy. It arose as an alternative to
environmental economics, focused on understanding and solving issues related
to the interactions between the environment and society. Notable
representatives of this field include R. Costanza[5], R. H. Daly[6], Norgaard[7],
and J. Van den Berg[8].
Ecological economics is a new interdisciplinary research field focused on
the relationships between ecosystems and economic systems. This theory
combines ideas from economics, philosophy, ecology, and other natural and
social sciences based on an interdisciplinary approach, encapsulating the most
beneficial aspects of traditional economic theory and conventional ecology.
Ecological economics establishes a new model in which the economic
system is viewed as a part of society, and society, in turn, is considered a
subsystem of the natural environment
—
essentially a part of the overall
ecosystem. One of the founders of ecological economics, R. Costanza, emphasizes
that this field involves describing the relationships between economic systems
and large dynamic but generally slowly changing ecological systems[9]. Thus, in
“MILLIY IQTISODIYOTNI ISLOH QILISH VA BARQAROR RIVOJLANTIRISH ISTIQBOLLARI”
mavzusida xalqaro ilmiy-amaliy konferensiyasi
35
ecological economics, the economy is seen as an open subsystem of a larger
ecosystem. Since the ecosystem is a continuous phenomenon, it is essential to
focus on the use of natural resources in the economy and the capacity to accept
the losses that arise from utilizing the ecosystem in economic processes.
However, there are some critical questions that arise when discussing the
Green Economy:
Is there a dilemma between economic development and ecological
sustainability? While the path to reducing human impact on the environment is
clear, we are uncertain about how to grow our economies and benefit the least
advantaged members of society
—
specifically, how to link the three E's
(environment, economy, and equity) of development.
Similarly, is it possible to reorient global capital investments towards green
investments and green innovations? These questions can only be addressed
when the economies of the world are ready to shift from the current growth
model and neoclassical framework to a new system emphasizing local
economies, bio-efficiency, public awareness, and public transport.
In general, the philosophy of the green economy applies the scientific
principle of ecological centrality, which considers the biosphere as the main
source of life and emphasizes the equality of natural and social systems within
the overall ecosystem, indicating the need for their joint development and co-
evolution. The results of analyzing approaches related to the green economy
demonstrate the superiority of a systematic approach in understanding the
essence of this correct category, reflecting the interrelations between the
environment and the economy and forming a holistic view.
In our opinion, the systematic approach is the most comprehensive way to
understand the essence of the ecosystem from a scientific perspective, as it
implies that the green economy operates as a complex dynamic system and is
formed as a collection of interconnected ecological and economic systems. This
approach integrates factors and functional methodologies to understand the
essence of the green economy, which is expressed through the concept of a
“system.”
Our main conclusions regarding the popularization of the Green Economy
are as follows:
•
Working with nature should be at the center of the transformation process
of the Green Economy.
•
Human and societal well-being is dependent on nature.
•
Investing in nature helps save finances and promotes economic growth in
the long term.
•
Good governance is crucial in transforming the Green Economy.
•
All sectors of the economy benefit directly or indirectly from nature, and
their participation is essential in the process of transitioning to a green economy.
“MILLIY IQTISODIYOTNI ISLOH QILISH VA BARQAROR RIVOJLANTIRISH ISTIQBOLLARI”
mavzusida xalqaro ilmiy-amaliy konferensiyasi
36
•
It is necessary to understand the value of nature and incorporate this value
into public and private decisions, as nature provides numerous benefits. This is
one of many ways to assess the role and importance of nature.
•
Investments in nature today
—
whether for restoration or for the
management of protected areas
—
will contribute to financial savings and long-
term economic growth.
References
1.
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/futurewewant.html.
2.
https://sdgs.un.org/publications/future-we-want-outcome-uncsd-2012-rio20-17503.
3.
A. G. Tansley. The use and abuse of vegetational concepts and terms / A. G. Tansley //
Ecology.
–
1935.
–
№ 3. –
Vol. 16.
–
P. 284-307.
4.
R. Carson. Silent Spring / R. Carson. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Reprinted, 1961.
5.
B. Commoner. The closing circle: Nature, Man, and Technologу. New York, 1971.
6.
R. Costanza (ed). Ecological economics: the science and management of sustainability. -
Columbia University Press, New York.
–
1991.-
рр. 8
-9.
7.
H.E. Daly. Beyond growth. The economics of sustainable development. Boston, 1996.
8.
Norgaard (1984). Coevolutionary development potential // Land Economics. 60 (2) pp.
160-173.
9.
RJ.C.J.M. van der Bergh. Ecological economics and sustainable development: Theory,
methods and application. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 1996.
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
OF THE ARAL SEA
Yuldashev Shamsiddin Kiyamiddinovich
Samarkand State University,
Faculty of Human Resource Management
Associate Professor of Sectoral Economics,
Candidate of Economic Sciences
Vohidov Javohir Bahodir Ògʻli
Samarkand State University
Student of the Faculty of Human Resource Management
Uzbekistan faces a number of environmental and socio-economic problems
related to the overuse of natural resources, air and water pollution, and climate
change. One of the major environmental disasters is the drying up of the Aral Sea.
The Aral Sea is the former fourth largest lake in the world, located on the
territory of modern Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. Until the 1960s, the Aral Sea had
an area of about 68 thousand square kilometers. It was supported by water from
two large rivers - the Amu Darya and Syr Darya. In the middle of the 20th century,
large-scale diversion of water from these rivers for irrigation of cotton fields in
Central Asia began. From that moment on, the rapid reduction of the sea's water
surface began.
