Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
–
Зарубежная
лингвистика
и
лингводидактика
–
Foreign
Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Journal home page:
https://inscience.uz/index.php/foreign-linguistics
Written translation of texts related to different spheres
Dilnoza ALAUDINOVA
Termez State University
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received December 2023
Received in revised form
10 December 2023
Accepted 25 January 2024
Available online
25 February 2024
Translation is the transfer of the meaning of a text from a
source language through an equivalent text in a target language.
In English, there is a terminological distinction (not common to
all languages) between the translation of written text and oral
translation (oral or signed communication between users of
different languages). According to this distinction, translation
can only begin after the advent of writing in a linguistic
community.
2181-3663
/©
2024 in Science LLC.
https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-3701-vol2-iss1-pp13-18
This is an open-access article under the Attribution 4.0 International
(CC BY 4.0) license (
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru
Keywords:
target language,
a written text,
language,
grammar,
begin,
appearance,
community.
Turli sohalarga oid matnlarning yozma tarjimasi
ANNOTATSIYA
Kalit so‘zlar
:
maqsadli til,
yozma matn,
til,
grammatika,
boshlanish,
tashqi koʻrinish,
jamoa.
Ushbu maqolada tarjima, uning manba tilidagi matnning
ma
’
nosini maqsadli tildagi ekvivalent matn yordamida
yetkazish vazifasi, ingliz tili tarjima va tarjimon oʻrtasida
terminologik farqlar haqida ma’lumotlar berilgan.
1
Doctor of Philosophy on Pedagogical Sciences (PhD), Termez State University.
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
–
Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика
–
Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Issue
–
2
№
1 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
14
Письменный перевод текстов, относящихся к разным
сферам
АННОТАЦИЯ
Ключевые слова:
целевой язык,
письменный текст,
язык,
грамматика,
начало,
появление,
сообщество.
Перевод –
это передача смысла текста с исходного языка
посредством эквивалентного текста на целевом языке.
В английском языке существует терминологическое
различие (не характерное для всех языков) между
переводом письменного текста и устным переводом
(устным или жестовым общением между пользователями
разных языков). Согласно этому разграничению, перевод
может начаться только после появления письменности в
языковом сообществе.
INTRODUCTION
A translator always risks inadvertently introducing source-language words,
grammar, or syntax into the target-language rendering. On the other hand, such
"spill-overs" have sometimes imported useful source-language calques and loanwords
that have enriched target languages. Translators, including early translators of sacred
texts, have helped shape the very languages into which they have translated.
Because of the laboriousness of the translation process, since the 1940s efforts
have been made, with varying degrees of success, to automate translation or to
mechanically aid the human translator. More recently, the rise of the Internet has
fostered a worldwide market for translation services and has facilitated "language
localization".
The translation is performed by our in-house or contracted translator. Generally,
the translator translates from their first foreign language into their native language. In
exceptional cases, the translation is made from one’s native language into one’s first
foreign language or from one’s second foreign language into one’s native language.
Editing can be substantive or linguistic. In the case of substantive editing, the
editor compares the translated target text with the source text and corrects any errors in
the translation (for instance, in the case of document translations). Substantive editing is
performed by another translator whose native language may be that of the source or
target text. In the case of linguistic editing, linguistic and style corrections are made to
adapt the text to the target group and respective purpose (for instance, in the case of
advertising texts and website translations). The linguistic editor checks the translation
against the original only when they suspect a translation error.
During proofreading, the editor corrects any grammatical errors in the translation.
The proofreader does not make any stylistic or substantive corrections. Proofreading is
the fastest way to polish a translation, which is used in the case of texts that are deemed
linguistically, or in content, simple.
A final review is included in all of our translation jobs. During the final review, the
project manager checks the layout of the text, and the numbers included in the text, and
ensures that all the sections of the original text exist in the translation.
Written translation types are based on the individual needs of the client; we can
combine these various stages for four different types of written translations.
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
–
Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика
–
Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Issue
–
2
№
1 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
15
Simple translations include the translation and final review. This service is
intended for clients who would like to understand a text or communicate the contents to
someone, but do not want to pay for a polished translation.
METHODS AND DISCUSSIONS
Regular translations include translation, proofreading, and final review. The
quality of regular translations is sufficient for the internal documentation of a company
or institution (code of practice, reports, development plans, etc.), if it does not contain
specialized terminology.
Precision translations include translation and substantive editing. Precision
translations can be translations of documents or technical materials. Document
translations are provided to those clients that need to have supporting or binding private
or commercial documents translated to send them to administrative agencies or business
partners for conducting transactions or concluding contracts. Document translations can
be notarized, if necessary.
Technical translations are translations of text that include specialized terminology,
for instance, scientific articles, reports, operating instructions, and other specific product
information.
Public translations include any necessary substantive or linguistic editing and
proofreading. Quality translations should be ordered for websites and printed materials
that are to be distributed to the public. Proofreading is performed once the client has
reviewed the translation all the necessary corrections have been made in the text and the
design/layout of the text is complete.
The translation process features a number of special methods aimed at creating
adequate translation. Experts distinguish two translation methods: direct and indirect
translation. Indeed, the message in the original language may properly be translated in
the target language, since it is based on the parallel categories, either the parallel
concepts. However, sometimes due to structural or metalinguistic distinctions, some
stylistic effects can’t be transferred
to the target language, without changing in varying
degrees, the order of the elements or even lexical items. It is clear that in the second case,
it is necessary to resort to more sophisticated methods
–
indirect methods of translation.
Borrowing, calquing, and literal translation are methods of direct translation.
Transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation
–
indirect translation.
Direct translation methods. Borrowing is the simplest method of translation.
Borrowed approximately from 50 languages, lexical items account for almost 75% of the
vocabulary of the English language and include layers of vocabulary borrowed from
various historical periods and under the influence of different conditions of existence and
development. Many borrowings under the influence of the system, into which they have
entered, undergo significant phonetic, grammatical, and even semantic changes, adapting
to the phonetic, grammatical, and semantic laws of the system. The process of
assimilation can be so deep that the foreign origin of such words is not obvious for native
English speakers and is exposed only with the help of etymological analysis. This is most
true for the Scandinavian and Latin borrowings, e.g., engineer, figure, get, skill, etc.
It should be noted that the borrowings are often introduced to the language through
translation, among them are semantic borrowings, or "false friends", which should be
avoided.
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
–
Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика
–
Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Issue
–
2
№
1 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
16
For example:
fixed
–
repaired not mounted,
current
–
electricity not present/existing, realize
–
work out not understand,
accurate
–
tidy not precise,
conductor
–
a cable, not a fare taker, mark
–
a stamp, not a label, or a sign, etc.
Calquing is a special kind of borrowing: we borrow from a foreign language a
syntagm and translate the elements that compose it. For example, the word
‘superpower’
is translated, using the method of calquing as a ‘power house’, other examples are as
follows point of view, high voltage, air conditioning, etc.
A literal translation is to transfer the structure of the sentence without changing
the construction and without substantially changing the word order. If the Russian
sentence has a structure similar to the English one and it can be used without violating
the grammar rules and reasoning, the literal translation is acceptable. For example:
bolt of lightning
–
lightning strike, not lightning flash, main
–
primary not manifold,
line
–
a string not pipe, etc. Indirect translation methods.
RESULTS
By artistic translation, they usually understand a translation of texts of an artistic
nature. Besides works of literature
–
poetry, and prose
–
advertising slogans, operas'
libretti, movie scripts, and so forth are also attributed to artistic texts. These various
items have a feature in common: they contain tropes, also called figures of speech, which
are words or phrases used for embellishment of a work, so that it stands out against the
background of the daily routine. An appropriate transmission of these components
requires a rich outlook, considerable expertise, and important experience in the field.
Each kind of artistic text possesses its specifics which are to be considered while
translating:
POETRY
(poems, songs, libretti of operas) The main task while translating is to
preserve rhyme, prosody, and poetic meter.
ADVERTISING SLOGANS
Their translation requires a creative and inventive
approach, not a word-for-word transmission. It is crucial to adapt the translation to the
target audience.
ARTISTIC PROSE
(novels, short stories, articles, essays etc.)
It is the vastest stratum of artistic texts. An important volume of most documents
means that a considerable number of tropes is contained. Besides, the phenomenon of an
author's manner which embraces several works at once is to be taken into consideration.
MOVIE SCRIPTS (dubbing)
Script translation for dubbing has its requirements: translated cues must be of the
same length as the original ones and coincide with actors' articulation movements, while
the norms of language and speech are respected. It is common knowledge that artistic
texts often combine special features of various written styles and kinds of texts. That calls
for a flexible translation strategy. Because of its complexity artistic translation is
normally executed in one direction
–
from the source language to the native language of
the translator.
How many times has it been said that translation is an art?
Countless, of
course, but when it comes to translating art texts,
we’re entering a very specific field that
raises many questions. People who work in the translation sector are more than aware
that each topic requires a very
specific type of knowledge, but there’s also a big
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
–
Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика
–
Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Issue
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2
№
1 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
17
difference between technical and non-technical translation. Just like science, art could be
defined as a ‘universal topic’, whereas law, an area with many rules and
its specific
language, can vary greatly from country to country.
Questions
1.
Why translation is an art?
2.
Speak about how to translate texts which belong to the art.
Glossary of art
1.
abstract
adj. Not concrete and realistic; not related to everyday experience
Abstract painting became popular partly because early photography was very
realistic.
2.
context
n. A larger environment that something fits into
In the context of Soviet Russia, public art had to be about the triumph of
communism and its leaders.
3.
depict
v. To show in pictures
Michelangelo’s
painting on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel depicts nine scenes
from the Bible.
4.
dimension
n. A direction or surface along which something can be measured; an
aspect. The three dimensions of physical objects are length, width, and depth.
One dimension of the problem is their long history of competition.
5.
esthetically
adv. In a way that relates to beauty or appearance
The outside of the office building is aesthetically pleasing, but the inside is dark and
unpleasant.
6.
intrinsic
adj. Being part of the basic nature of something Frequent elections are
intrinsic to a democratic system.
7.
perspective
n. A way of seeing from a particular location; a way of thinking
about something from my perspective, the entire town can be seen through a set of large
windows.
They held different perspectives on how to care for their aging parents.
8.
portrayal
n. A description or drawing that reflects a certain point of view
Most portrayals of Abraham Lincoln emphasize his sense of humor and his honesty.
9.
realism n. A technique that tries to picture something as it looks
Realism was popular among seventeenth-century Flemish painters like Rembrandt
van Rijn.
10.
spectrum n. A range of different things, usually colors
Bart’s
colorful designs include every color of the spectrum, from deep blue to
vibrant red.
CONCLUSION
Activities
Activity 1. Read the passage to review the vocabulary you have learned. Answer
the questions that follow.
Whether something is “art” is largely a matter of opinion. Art that most people
consider to have no intrinsic value can contain a great treasure of ideas and inventions to
someone who sees something special in it. Styles in all the arts range over a wide
spectrum. Some good art is esthetically unchallenging and easy to understand. Other
works are strange forms, totally out of
context to everyone but the artist. One artist’s
portrayal of an everyday object, such as a bouquet, may be grounded in realism and
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
–
Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика
–
Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Issue
–
2
№
1 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
18
easily recognizable. Another painter’s depiction of the same bouquet may be very
abstract, resembling flowers only in the artist’s mind. Regardless of the artist’s approach,
the best art reveals new dimensions of experience and looks at the world from a fresh
perspective.
1.
Which sentence best expresses the essential information of this passage?
a. Styles of art have changed throughout history.
b. Realistic art has more meaning than abstract art.
c. Esthetically pleasing art is too simple to contain much meaning.
d. Works of art can mean different things, depending on
one’s
perspective.
REFERENCES:
1. Muminov O.M. and others. Written translation. Part I, II. Tashkent. 2010.-272p.
2.
Яшина Н.К. Учебное пособие по письменному переводу. Владимир
-2016.
3. Baker M. In other words
–
London: Routledge. 2011-332p.
4. Munday J. Introducing to Translation Studies. London: Routledge. 2012-364p.
5. Robinson D. Becoming a Translator. London: Routledge. 2012-230p
6. Muminov O., Turgunova R., Alimova D., Rashidova A. Translation.
–
T., 2008.
7. Muminov O. A Guide to Consecutive Translation. - Tashkent, 2013.
8. Zoya Proshina, Theory of translation (English and Russian), 3
rd
edition,
Vladivostok, Far Eastern University Press,2008.
