Компаративные фразеологизмы, демонстрирующие интеллект в узбекском языке

Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika

–

Зарубежная

лингвистика

и

лингводидактика

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Foreign

Linguistics and Linguodidactics

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Comparative

phraseological

units,

demostrating

intellegence in Uzbek language

Sanobar ABDULLAEVA

1

Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages

ARTICLE INFO

ABSTRACT

Article history:

Received July 2024
Received in revised form

10 August 2024

Accepted 25 August 2024

Available online

25 September 2024

This article is devoted to analysis of comparative

phraseological units, describing intelligence of the person in

Uzbek language, which is one of the indicators showing social

position of individual in society. Majority of expressions

illustrate low, condemning in the society intellectual

peculiarities.

2181-3701

/©

2024 in Science LLC.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-3701-vol2-iss3

/S

-pp122-127

This is an open-access article under the Attribution 4.0 International

(CC BY 4.0) license (

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru

)

Keywords:

intelligence,

comparative phraseological

units,

social position,

collocation,

negative.

Oʼzbek tilida intellektni ko‘rsatadigan komparativ

frazeologik birliklar

ANNOTATSIYA

Kalit so‘zlar

:

intellekt,

komparativ frazeologik

birliklar,

ijtimoiy mavqe,

kollokatsiya,

salbiy.

Ushbu maqolada shaxsning jamiyatdagi ijtimoiy mavqeining

ko‘rsatkichlaridan biri bo‘lgan o‘zbek tilidagi intellektni ifodalovchi

qiyosiy frazeologik birliklar o‘rganilgan. Iboralarning ko‘p qismi

razil, ijtimoiy qoralangan intellektual xususiyatlarni aks ettiradi.

Компаративные фразеологизмы, демонстрирующие
интеллект в узбекском языке

АННОТАЦИЯ

Ключевые слова:

интеллект,

компаративные

Данная статья посвящена анализу компаративных

фразеологизмов, характеризующих интеллект человека в

1

1PhD in Philological Sciences, Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages. E-mail: sanobar-abdullaeva@mail.ru

Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika

–

Зарубежная лингвистика

и лингводидактика

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Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics

Special Issue

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3 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701

123

фразеологизмы,

социальное положение,
коллокация,

негативный

.

узбекском языке, который является одним из показателей,

отражающих социальное положение индивида в обществе.

Большинство

выражений

иллюстрируют

низкие,

осуждаемые в обществе интеллектуальные особенности.

Cognition of the world around us is a multifaceted process. Comparison of a person,

his actions, activities, and character with various objects plays an important role in the
language. Comparison is one of the most common means that is used in artistic, scientific,
journalistic, and everyday speech. According to A.I. Efimov, thanks to the comparison, what
is described is, as it were, concretized, and becomes more obvious and expressive [3, 236].
Yu. Stepanov classifies comparisons into individual and generally accepted, stable ones.
Individual comparisons have the peculiarity of characterizing an object from a variety of
points of view, but in most cases to depict its unique appearance [1, 154]. Comparative
phraseological units are the most common way of expressing comparison. In our opinion,
the comparison of intelligence with various objects of the environment in the Uzbek
language arouses extreme interest.

Comparative expressions are phrases that compare a person, and his actions with

something, for example, with an animal, with a plant, with a material, with a process, etc.
Intelligence is an important indicator of a person's social position in society. The Big

Russian Encyclopedia provides the following definition: «

i

ntelligence» is

a general

cognitive ability, that manifests itself in how a person perceives, understands, explains,
and predicts what is happening, what decisions he makes, and how effectively he acts
(primarily in new difficult or unusual situations).

In psychological science, intelligence is considered as a relationship of abilities to

understand and resolve a situation that affects the positive result of a particular activity
and underlies other skills.

In cultural-historical psychology, intelligence is considered a result of socialization

and a product of culture, formed under the influence of such factors as the use of tools
(from counting sticks to a computer), mastery of signs (assimilation of the native language,
a variety of symbolic means), inclusion in social interactions [6, 87].

The development of intellect is connected with the growth of the generalization of

the word meanings, gradually acquiring the form of concepts. From the point of view of
American psychologists R. Glazer and J. Campion intelligence is related to the peculiarities

of the organization of the «knowledge base». People with a well

-organized system of

declarative knowledge (knowledge of what) and procedural knowledge (knowledge of
how) remember information better and solve problems more effectively, have a higher
level of intellectual achievement in professional activities. The volume, diversity,
and

articulation of «the knowledge base» characterizes such a human quality as

competence, which is considered a criterion for the development of intelligence [8,37].
Comparatives in the Uzbek language is determined with the help of affixes -day, -dek, and
also through the conjunctions kabi, huddi, singari.

Comparative collocations capture both positive and negative personality traits. A

large number of expressions compare the intelligence of a person with the intelligence of
an animal. Domestic and wild animals are involved in the formation of the mentioned
combinations. Domestic animals such as calf, cattle, pig, and donkey personify stupidity,
ingenuity, slow-

wittedness. For example, the expressions ammamning buzog‘iday

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baqraymoq

–

stare like aunt's calf, ammamning buzog‘iga o‘xshamoq –

look like an aunt's

calf, demonstrate a stupid bungler who does not know how to determine the benefits and
harms, a person sitting idle, and a person with a meaningless look. Comparatives molday
befahm -

stupid like cattle, molga o‘xshamok

- to be like cattle imply a stupid, slow-witted,

as well as a careless, negligent person. To‘ng‘izday bo‘lmoq, translated to be like a pig,

personifies a rude, slow-witted person. Comparative combinations eshakday befahm -
stupid like a donkey, eshak kabi qaysar - stubborn like a donkey, eshak singari tiramoq -
propped up like a donkey imply a stubborn, slow-witted person [5,45].

Wild animal «bear» reflects stupidity: ayiqday befahm (lit. stupid like a bear) is

about a stupid, unintelligent person.

Comparative expressions with the name of the animal «fox» encode slyness,

cunning, deceit, which depicts intelligence in a negative sense: tulkiday ayyor

–

cunning

like a fox, tulkidek quv

–

cunning, sly like a fox, tulki kabi hiylakor

–

as cunning as a fox. In

addition, comparative expressions with the meaning of the fairy-

tale character «Baba

Yaga» indicates swindle, deceit, treachery: yalmog‘iz kampirday dog‘uli, yalmogizday

yamlab yutmoq

–

insidious like a baba yaga, swallow like a baba yaga [10, 359].

Reptile «chameleon» characterizes a cunning, fickle, changing for its own benefit,

depending on the circumstances of a person: bukalamundek turli qiyofaga kirmoq

–

change appearance like a chameleon, bakalamundek tuslanmoq

–

shimmer with different

colors l

ike a chameleon. The season «spring» is compared, in turn, with a fickle person who

often changes his mind: bahor havosiday o‘zgaruvchan –

fickle like spring weather, huddi

bahor havosi kabi tez o‘zgarmoq –

change quickly like spring weather.

Suddenly, an unexpectedly done action or rude word said for no reason, without

thinking is contributed to the formation of comparative expression tomdan tarasha

tushganday, i.e. fall like snow on one’s head (lit. like a chip that fell from the roof).

Moreover, combinations of words in the Uzbek language, including the meanings

–

crazy,

wonderful, holy fool, insane, obsessed, drunk imply intellectual features that are unusual
for generally accepted norms. Devonaday dovdiramoq

–

to be confused like crazy, devona

kabi daydimoq

–

to stagger like a man possessed, misli devona g‘alati bo‘lmoq

- to be

eccentric like crazy, devonaga o‘xshab kulmoq –

to laugh like a demoniac, devona singari

yig‘lamoq

- to cry like a distraught person illustrate himself or a person with strange

behavior like crazy [7, 119].

Another comparative expression jinniday o‘zi

-

o‘zi bilan gaplashmoй –

talk to

yourself like crazy, jinni kabi sakramoq

–

jump like a half-crazy, xuddi jinniday tentiramoq

–

stagger like a madman, jinniga o‘xshab alahsiramoq –

rave like a madman, like the above

expressions, it means a person with strange, inappropriate behavior, stupid manners,
antics, antics.

A crazy person, a person with strange antics that are unusual for a mentally balanced

person is depicted by the following comparatives: savdoyiday kezmoq

–

to wander like a

holy fool, savdoyi kabi kalovlamoq

–

to stagger like a madman, savdoyi misol daydimok

–

to wander like crazy,

savdoyiga o‘xshab qolmoq –

to be like crazy.

A similar meaning is explicated by the expressions telbaday, telbalarday sapchimoq

–

to rush like crazy, telbadek adashmoq

–

to wander like crazy, telba kabi o‘kirmoq –

to

roar like a madman, telba singari serraymoq

–

to be confused like crazy. They mean

extraordinary behavior.

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An eccentric person with uncharacteristic behavior in society is compared to a

drunk person. For example, the expressions mastday, huddi mast kishiday gandiraklamoq,
mast odam kabi chaykalmoq, mast kishiga uhshab chaykalmoq describe a staggering,
swaying person, a person in an unusual state, basically a sober person is meant.
A shallow-minded, short-sighted, impenetrable, quick-witted, trusting, simple-minded
person in the Uzbek language is likened to a child, for example, xuddi yosh boladay
ishonuvchan

–

trusting like a child, yosh boladay sodda

–

naive like a child, yosh bola

singari aldanmoq

–

to deceive like a child, yosh bola kabi fikrlamoq

–

to think like a child

[4, 67].

A person frozen in bewilderment implies misunderstanding, surprise and this is

reflected in comparative phraseological units. Tarasha kabi qotmoq - lit. freeze like a log,

lose the ability to move; qoqqan qoziqday turmoq, qоqqan qoziqday turib qolmoq

- lit. to

stand like a dried stake, qoqqan qoziqday qаqqayib turmoq –

to stand as if rooted to the

spot, to stand like a pillar; baqaday qotmoq - lit. freeze like a toad, freeze, stand motionless;
tarrakday qotmoq - lit. freeze like a cucumber, toshdek qotmoq - lit. to freeze like a stone,
not to move, not to move at all; taxtaday qotmoq - lit. freeze like a board, remain motionless

as a result of a certain influence, action; sehrlaganday qotib qolmoқ –

lit. freeze as if

bewitched; sham kabi qotmoq - lit. freeze like a candle, remain motionless as a result of
sensual-

mental influence; o‘likday harakatsiz yotmoq –

lit. lie motionless as if dead,

o‘likday cho‘zilib qolmoq –

lit. to remain stretched out like a dead man, o‘likday qimir

etmaslik

–

lit. do not move lik

e a dead man, o‘likday hissiz –

lit. insensible as a dead man,

about the state of immobility and insensibility of a living person. Comparative expressions
bir narsani yuqotgan odamday gangib qolmoq, bir nimasini yuqotgan odamday parishon

bo‘lmoq –

to be confused like a person who has lost something, (in a hurry, to be in a

confused state) characterize the mental and emotional state of a person.

Actions committed in a state of shock, dumbfounded describe collocations with the

lexeme «tok»: tok urganday sapchimoq

- lit. shudder as if it had received an electric shock.

The feeling of absent-

mindedness is fixed in the expression to‘zg‘оqday –

lit. to be

disheveled, about a confused, worried person; xazondek sochilmoq - lit. to be scattered like
fallen leaves, hazon kabi uchmoq -

lit. fly like autumn leaves, xazon misoli to‘zg‘imoq –

lit.

scatter like fallen leaves, mentally be in another reality, illusory.

The meanings to become limp, upset, to melt are expressed in the following

comparisons: lattaday bo‘shashmoq, lata kabi shalviramoq –

to weaken like a rag, to

become limp like a rag, about a person and his certain parts of the div; loyday yumshoq

–

soft a

s clay, loy kabi bo‘shashmoq –

become sour like clay; suvga tushgan nonday

–

lit.

like bread falling into water, calm down, cool down, calm down, lose stamina,
determination, show weakness of character.

A person who is unable to speak out of surprise and bewilderment shown by

comparative expressions with the meaning of shut up, calm down. Mum tishlaganday - as
if he had bitten off the wax, completely shut up, not being able to open his mouth;
haykalday qotmoq

–

lit. freeze like a monument, completely stop moving, talking [5, 117].

Dragging a conversation or speech is characterized by annoying talkativeness, idle talk,

immorality: achchiq ichakday cho‘zilmoq –

pull like a bitter gut, achchiq ichakday uzun

–

long like a bitter gut; rezinkaday cho‘zmoq

- lit. pull like rubber, drag out a conversation or

put something on the back burner . Comparative construction saqichdek cho‘zilmoq

- lit.

pulling like chewing gum implies tightening any action for a long time.

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Unreasonable, inappropriate conversation, thought, effort describe a stupid person.

For example, soap suds illustrates this quality, sovun ko‘pigidek omonat

- property, like

soap suds, sovun ko‘pigidek puch

-

empty, like soap suds, sovun ko‘pigidek yorilmo

q

–

burst like a soap bubble. In vain, a person who boasts or makes useless efforts is said

sovunday ko‘pirmoq –

lit. lather like soap.

A sudden thought can be traced in the language turns of the Uzbek language. They

are expressed with the help of the natural phenomenon «lightning»: chaqmoq kabi

urilmoq

–

to strike like lightning, yashinday miyasiga urilmoq

–

to strike the brain like

lightning, chaqmoqday chaqnamoq, yashin kabi yarq etmoq

–

flash like lightning, yashin

singari yalt etmoq

–

flash like lightning, about a suddenly appeared, dangerous, painful

thought, memory, about a strong impression after any incident. Yashin urganday
seskanmoq

–

startle as if struck by lightning, yashin urgan kabi yiqilmoq

–

fall as if struck

by lightning, yashin urganday tasirlanmoq

–

affect like a lightning strike, be in any state or

perform any actions as a result of the sudden influence of something or.

However, among the Uzbek comparative words that describe intellectual abilities,

some expressions positively evaluate a person. For example, comparatives with the name

of the precious stone «diamond», olmos kabi keskir, olmos singari bebaho, olmosday

noyob (lit. sharp as a diamond, valuable as a diamond, rare as a diamond) demonstrate a
penetrating, inquisitive mind, common sense, quick wit, and intelligence [7, 98].

Comparatives with the meaning «fire» expresses a sharp, penetrating mind,

impressive words, a good thought: olovdek so‘zlar, olovday fikr, which in translation

means words like fire, thought like fire.

The lexeme «water» implies clarity, prudence, thoroughness in any business: suvday

ichmoq, suv kabi bilmoq (lit. drink like water, know like water), i.e. to master clearly, to
master firmly.

An indicator of intelligence in a positive aspect illustrates perfect or comprehensive

knowledge of something: besh barmoqday bilmoq, besh panjaday bilmoq, i.e. have at one's
fingertips.

Speaking quickly, freely, fluently, eloquently, without stammering, demonstrates a

high intelligence of the individual and is expressed in comparative phraseological units

with the component «nightingale»: bulbulday sayramoq, bulbul kabi suylamoq (lit. sin

g

like a nightingale). The comparative turnover avtomatday gapirmoq has a similar meaning
(lit. to speak like an automaton), and the expression avtomatday ishlamoq means to work
very fast (like an automaton). Learning by heart, frequent repetition implied in
comparative expression duoday qaytarmoq, duodek yodlamoq

–

repeat like a prayer, teach

like a prayer [5, 278].

Human traits dexterity, agility, vigilance, sensitivity, ingenuity characterize the

intelligence and speed of mental abilities. These qualities are described in comparative
terms: simobday serharakat, simobday beqaror

–

quick, dexterous, agile person; huddy

soqchiday hushyor turmoq, soqchi kabi shay turmoq

–

to be vigilant, prepared as a guard;

qarchig‘ayday tashlanmoq –

rush like a hawk, kiyikday chaqqon

–

dexterous like a deer,

kiyikday hushyor

–

vigilant like a deer, kiyikday uchqur

–

swift as a deer; qoplonday

sakramoq

–

jump like a leopard, qoplonday sapchimoq

–

rush like a leopard, qoplondy

tashlamoq

–

rush like a leopard, be dexterous, agile.

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Eagle in Uzbek comparatives shows human dexterity and speed of action: burgut

kabi chang solmoq

–

to cling like an eagle, burgutday tashlanmoq

–

to rush like an eagle,

burgut singari dadil parvoz qilmoq

–

to fly resolutely like an eagle.

Most often it is better to remain silent than to say something superfluous. This

quality is described in comparative expressions og‘ziga so‘k solganday churk etmaslik,
og‘ziga so‘k solganday jim qolmoq –

lit. be silent, as if millet was typed into the mouth.

Thus, most of the comparatives that describe the human intellect express a negative

characteristic: talkativeness, weak character, misunderstanding, inconstancy, indecision,
naivety, antics, behavior unusual for generally accepted norms, slow-wittedness, stupidity,

ingenuity, inappropriate conversation, as well as cunning. The meanings «diamond»,
«fire», «water», «mercury», «automatic», «guard», «deer», «leopard», «eagle», «hawk»,
«nightingale» demonstrate the positive side of mental abilities in Uzbek soci

ety, namely,

insight, intelligence, sanity, clarity, thoroughness, dexterity, eloquence, speed.

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