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METHODS OF DEVELOPING NATIONAL AND GENERAL COMPETENCES IN
LITERATURE LESSONS
Haydarova Dilnozaxon Elmurot kizi
2nd year doctoral student at Kokand State University
dilnozaxonhaydarovaa@gmail.com
ANNOTATION
: This article discusses the issues of developing national and general cultural
competencies in literature lessons for students (grades 5-7) studying in general secondary
schools. Traditional and modern methods of instilling national and general cultural values in
students through certain literary sources are studied. New methods are developed on the values
that should be established in the pedagogical activity of the teacher in literature lessons, taking
into account the age, gender and mental state of the student.
KEYWORDS:
Competence, competence, literary education, textbook and program, national
and general cultural values.
INTRODUCTION.
In world literature In fiction, the reflection of the national spirit is one of the issues that is
constantly under attention. Because literature cannot be separated from the nation and its fate,
from the expression of thoughts and ideas of universal importance . Since the issue of the
national spirit in fiction is manifested through the prism of the creative soul, examining this
issue in close connection with the author allows us to get to the core of the issue. As a result,
the specific aspects of the creative laboratory become clearer. This, in turn , confirms how
relevant this topic is.
As the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Sh.M. Mirziyoyev emphasized: “...attention to
literature and art, culture is, first of all, attention to our people, attention to our future .
” In
the words of our great poet Cholpon, “ When literature lives , the nation lives . A nation
whose literature does not die , whose literature does not contribute to its development, and
whose writers do not produce it, will one day be deprived of feelings , thoughts , and ideas ,
and will gradually enter into crisis . A nation that denies it declares itself to be in crisis . ”
In literary studies, the issue of nationality has become one of the main issues on the
agenda in recent years as a result of changes in the psyche and consciousness of people . This
situation requires a reconsideration of our national values in terms of artistic and aesthetic
principles . A deep and objective analysis of mature works that reflect the spirit of the nation
is one of the important tasks facing literary studies today .
In the world, the tasks of improving the system of educating students on the basis of national,
universal and universal values, and preparing them to form socio-cultural knowledge and skills
are becoming increasingly urgent. This creates the need to form national and universal
competence based on improving the pedagogical process aimed at teaching students to be loyal
1
Мирзиёев Ш.М. Адабиёт ва санъат, маданиятни ривожлантириш – халқимиз маънавий
юксалишининг мустаҳкам пойдеворидир / /Халқ сўзи. 2017. 4 авг.
2
Чўлпон. Адабиёт надир?// Садои Туркистон, 1914 йил, 4 июн.
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to the homeland, kind to people, and faithful to universal and national values , guiding them to
understand artistic and artistic works , and to know values of universal importance .
In the developed scientific research institutes and international centers of the world, a lot of
scientific research is being conducted to improve the education of national and general cultural
competence and, through this, to develop effective mechanisms for teaching students to be loyal
to the homeland, selflessness, respect for national and universal values, to cultivate a noble
personality based on literary and artistic education , and to respect the beliefs , values, lifestyle,
customs and traditions of others based on the formation of a worldview of tolerance and
generosity . For this, there is a need to improve the system for educating national and general
cultural competence in students , developing socio-cultural knowledge and skills, valuable
attitudes, and tolerant thinking in them . Therefore, there is a growing need for many scientific
research to improve the theoretical and methodological foundations of developing national and
general cultural competence in students , and to create pedagogical opportunities and
conditions .
The development strategy of New Uzbekistan also sets as one of the priority tasks "to educate
young people in the spirit of patriotism, civic sense , tolerance , respect for laws, national and
universal values , as individuals who can resist harmful influences and trends, with firm beliefs
and views on life, and to protect them from actions that violate moral foundations, from the
ideas of terrorism and religious extremism, separatism, fundamentalism, violence and cruelty . "
In order to implement such tasks, the tasks of improving the system of forming a national and
universal worldview in students are of priority importance.
Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated April 6, 2017 No.
187 “On approval of state educational standards of general secondary and secondary specialized,
vocational education”, Decrees of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated January 28,
2022 No. PF-60 “On the Development Strategy of New Uzbekistan for 2022-2026 ” , dated
October 8, 2019 No. PF-5847 “On approval of the Concept for the Development of the Higher
Education System of the Republic of Uzbekistan until 2030”, Resolution No. PQ-4038 of
November 28, 2018 "On approval of the Concept for the further development of national
culture in the Republic of Uzbekistan", Resolution No. PQ-3775 of June 5 , 2018 " On
additional measures to improve the quality of education in higher education institutions and
ensure their active participation in the comprehensive reforms being implemented in the
country " This research work will serve to a certain extent in implementing the tasks set forth in
other regulatory and legal documents.
METHODS.
One of the urgent tasks of literature education is to study, analyze and discuss the treatises and
works of Eastern scholars and thinkers in various areas of education, upbringing and culture, to
substantiate the fact that the scientific heritage written by them was a turning point for the
development of almost all areas of science, knowledge and culture throughout the world, and
through it to cultivate national pride, honor, loyalty to the Motherland, and love for the country
in the minds and consciousness of the growing younger generation. By teaching the works of
such great scholars, a literature teacher begins to form oriental education in students. The
concept of oriental education reflects the qualities that are inherent in the peoples of Eastern
countries, in particular in ours. Historical sources state that the countries of the Near, Middle,
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and Far East have been the centers of material and spiritual culture since ancient times
. There
are qualities inherent in all Eastern peoples, including the composure of peoples, patience,
resolving social problems through negotiation, kindness, solidarity, and others. Such Uzbek
qualities, which have educational significance in the life of humanity, spiritually educate a
person. The child of a spiritually mature person will grow up to be well-mannered and well-
rounded.
We know that the Uzbek people have always been distinguished from other nations by
their humility, composure, contentment, and modesty. The proverb “The humble are perfect,
the arrogant are depraved” is not said for nothing. Alisher Navoi in his poem “Khayrat ul abror”
says: “Even if you are blessed with the power and energy of heaven, choose humility on earth.
Even if the burden of sorrow and grief crushes you like a mountain, stand under it like dust.
Even if stones fall on your head like rain, hold your head high like a violet
. ” By citing these
sentences, the poet pointed out that young people should be discouraged from arrogance and
conceit. It is no coincidence that Navoi's work in the spirit of this proverb is cited in school
textbooks. No matter which work of Navoi we turn to, they always breathe the breath of
oriental upbringing. We can even see the orientalism in Navoi's poems and sayings, calling for
becoming a perfect person.
To please one's parents, to always be ready to serve them, and not to look them in the
eye is both a duty and a duty for every child. There will never be a shortage of children who
receive their prayers. Alisher Navoi's advice, "It is worth sacrificing your head for your father
and your div for your mother," should be a motto for all young people and a practical program.
Unfortunately, it is a sad situation that there are people in life who do not follow this. Human
qualities and values that have been formed over the centuries and have become the content of
our lives always have a special value. For example, patience, contentment. It is clear to all of us
that the saying "If you are patient, halva will grow out of the cave" was not said in vain. We can
see the embodiment of this contentment in the example of the hero of the story "Satisfaction" in
Otkir Hoshimov's work "The Works of the World". In the story, the Uzbek woman's fortitude,
patience and contentment are glorified, while the second heroine of the story, who is addressed
as "Kelinoyi", condemns negative qualities such as ingratitude and complaining about
everything. By teaching children such stories and tales, we can form concepts about negative
and positive qualities in their minds. It is not for nothing that our people have said the
instructive thoughts "A contented person is the best of people, a contented person is the richest
of the rich."
Indeed, our people have always been one of the nations rich in moral qualities. When raising
their children, our ancestors paid great attention to their behavior, speech, how they behaved in
front of people, what they thought about, who they communicated with, and what words they
tried to express their thoughts and ideas. They effectively used fiction to form healthy thoughts
and nationalism in their minds.
3
Tuxtayev.O.X. Tarbiya jarayonida milliy qadriyatlarning o‘rni. Uslubiy qo‘llanma. Toshkent: Qamar media, 2022.
– 43 b.
4
Tuxtayev.O.X. Tarbiya jarayonida milliy qadriyatlarning o‘rni. Uslubiy qo‘llanma. Toshkent: Qamar media, 2022.
– 43 b.
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Let us pay attention to the following poem by the poet Erkin Vohidov. It is written that the
concept of the neighborhood, which is characteristic of the Uzbek nation, is completely
incomprehensible to some people, especially Westerners. In the poem "Advice to a Thief", the
poet, in the "lamenting" language of the "grandfather", lists the customs related to this element
of society one by one and advises that "all thieves are always present" not to go near the
neighborhood :
Mahalla ham zamonbop
The neighborhood is also modern.
Bo’la qolsa qaniydi…
I wish it could happen...
Bemazalar hammasi
All the bad guys
Bir-birini taniydi.
They know each other.
That's why everyone you meet greets you - it's a must to receive a greeting. Receiving a
greeting will be in trouble : "
Goodbye", He will block your path first. "Your seven fingers are
questioning and crushing your hand."
Naturally, this situation is not favorable to a thief who is
accustomed to fooling people. Normally, he shouldn't see anyone, no one should know him. But
in the Uzbek neighborhood, that's not possible. Here are some of the characteristics of the
Uzbek character:
O’rlab uyga etaklar,
Mehmon qilar osh bilan.
Bundan urgani yaxshi
Boshginangga tosh bilan..
crying ,
They entertain guests with soup.
It's better to hit than this.
With a stone to the head..
the lyrical and epic works given in the Literature textbooks for grades 5-7 of secondary schools
into the following groups according to the leading characteristics of the images in them in the
poetic realization of the national spirit:
Developing national competence through
the human image ;
Rahmat Fayziy's novel "Hazrati inson"
Developing national competence through
the image of a friend ;
Developing national competence through
the image of parents ;
"Scream"
Developing national competence through
the image of a child
"That boy "
These images clearly reflect the national spirit and Uzbek spirit. In particular,
the image of Man
alone
has a special place in Uzbek literature, as it has both national and universal power.
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When it comes to the image of man in literature, every poetry lover first thinks of Erkin
Vohidov's "Elegy of Man." In the poet 's eyes, man is the greatest and most beloved of all
creatures:
Sobit-ul sayyorada, inson o’zing, inson o’zing,
Mulki olam ichra bir xoqon o’zing, sulton o’zing.
On the fixed planet, man is himself, man is himself,
You are a khagan, a sultan in the world of wealth.
In the eyes of the Creator , man is the embodiment of greatness. Allah created him great.
Linguists also emphasize that the content of this poem is focused on the greatness of the human
image: “In each line, the word “yourself” is repeated, and its repeated use emphasizes and
strengthens the meaning. In this poem, the word “yourself” is used to emphasize the
phenomenon of man, draws attention to him, and emphasizes his dignity, his place in the world,
in society
.” But the greatest creation of Allah forgets his original mission in the guise of life.
He becomes a slave to living. He becomes a slave to his own power.
In works created in Uzbek literature, the image of a friend is of particular importance and is
considered an image that literally carries a national character. A number of poetic and prose
works included in the Literature textbook for grades 5-7 of secondary schools are also valuable
in that they more clearly express the unique character of the Uzbek nation in terms of views on
friendship, loyalty, and betrayal.
In the examples of Erkin Vohidov's artistic creativity, which are included in the school
literature textbook,
the image of parents
is of particular importance in the expression of the
national spirit through artistic images. It is worth noting that these images are literally the
embodiment of Uzbek parents. They reflect the most national aspects characteristic of the
Uzbek people. It can be said that the image of father and mother in Uzbek literature manifested
its true artistry in the work of E. Vohidov. The most beautiful example of these images is found
in the poet's epic poem "Nido" and acquires a completely national appearance. In fact, the epic
poem itself is a work that fully reflects Uzbek life, its goals and spirit. The expressions,
language and style used by the poet in it help to vividly reflect the national spirit. About the
national features of the work, Sh. Nazarkhanova expresses the following thoughts: “In the text
of the epic, folklore genres such as proverbs (Do not be a child of your father, be a child of man;
A pillar is strong if it falls, a pillar), prayers (Your eyebrows are like your father's... May your
life not be like that, my dear), children's word games (We will scatter from house to house and
celebrate a wedding) are united into a single whole. Wisdom is created in the tone of the
proverb, and intention in the tone of the prayer
.” In the epic “Nido”, which is considered the
crowning glory of E.Vohidov's work, national values are clearly visible. In particular, the image
of father and mother in the epic is a literal image of Uzbek parents.
In the epic , the image of a selfless Uzbek woman who dedicates her life to her children
is revealed through
the image of a mother
, and the poet embeds his views on love, kindness,
loyalty, and selflessness in this very image. The mother says to her child:
Orom ol, men senga
Allalar aytay.
Tongda peshonangdan
5
Келдиёрова Г. Ўзбек бадиий нутқида антитеза.ф.ф.н. дисс.... Т. 2000. Б.19
6
Назархонова Ш. Эркин Воҳидов достонлприда фольклор оҳанглари.То қуёш сочгайки нур. Т.Ўзбекистон.
2016. Б.271.
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O’pib uyg’otay.
Relax, I'll take care of you.
God knows.
From your forehead in the morning
I'll wake you up with a kiss - Reading the verses , every reader sees a mother waking her
children up early in the morning with a kiss on the forehead, and from this very situation, every
Uzbek sees the image of his or her family. It is said in the mother tongue:
Sen uchun, men uchun,
For you, for me,
O’z uchun emas,
Not for yourself,
Faqat o’zbek va yo
Only Uzbek and
Rus uchun emas,
Not for Russians,
Butun Yer – undagi
The whole Earth – in it
Bor avlod uchun,
For all generations,
Dunyoda eng qutlug’
The happiest in the world
E’tiqod uchun
For faith
Uzoq o’lkalarda
In distant lands
Qon kechib hozir
Bleeding now
Otang hayot uchun
Your father for life
Jang qilayotir.
He is fighting
- In some sense, all mothers and even the worldview of the entire nation is manifested. After all,
the tolerance and mutual love inherent in the Uzbek people are expressed in the native language.
Here, the national spirit lives in the image of the mother. She expresses confidence in the bright
future of her child, and with her motherly heart believes in his happy days.
Sen bizlar ko’rganni
What you saw, we saw.
Ko’rmagaysan hech,
You never see,
G’urbat yo’llaridan
From the paths of exile
Yurmagaysan hech,
If you don't walk- The verses express not only the hope of bright days, but also the image of a
praying Uzbek mother. Regarding the image of the mother in the work, T. Dadabaeva expresses
the following thoughts: “Our faithful friend, who stands by us even in the most difficult
moments of life, is undoubtedly our mother. She also has her own worries and anxieties at this
moment. Nevertheless, I want to praise the mother who found the strength to hold the bud of
love that rose from the suffering in her heart for her child
. ”
One of the central symbols in the epic, the image of
the Father
, is also reflected in the
work in a unique way. The poet draws the image of the father in his own unique style. The
father hardly speaks in the epic. However, from the beginning to the end of the work, the reader
understands the most subtle aspects of the image of the father. The courage, patriotism, and
humanity in the image of the father live in the content of the work. The image of the father
reflects the image of true Uzbek fathers during the war.
7
Дадабоева Т. Нидо достонида қаҳрамон руҳияти орқали давр муҳитининг ифодаланиши. Э.Воҳидовнинг
сўз қўллаш маҳорати. Республика онлайн илмий амалий конференция материаллари. Гулистон. 2020. Б.88
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Bobolarning hikmati
Hayotga yorug’ yo’ldir.
Otang bolasi bo’lma,
Odam bolasi bo’l, der.
Bu so’zni ilk bor menga
O’rgatgan otam edi.
Men otam farzandiman,
U esa odam edi.
The wisdom of the ancestors
It is a bright path to life.
Don't be your father's child,
Be a child of man, he says.
This is the first time I've heard this word.
It was my father who taught me.
I am my father's child,
And he was a man.
Our people have a proverb: “Don't be your father's child, be a human child.” The creator
purposefully uses this proverb to create the image of a father and continues the proverb
artistically: “I am my father's child, and he was a human.” This very expression reveals the true
nature of a father.
Father is the embodiment of dignity. The child receives and learns all the qualities from his
father. In the work, while creating the image of the father, the author also reveals the national
image of the father through the language of others. Expressions such as
“My mother stroked my
head and said, ‘O’sha degan atangga’ (My father was like that), “My school of courage was
my father, Jonfido”
serve as the basis for the full formation of the image of the father. In
E.Vohidov’s work, the images of father and mother serve to improve the national competence
of the student.
"In order for literature to successfully fulfill its function as a textbook of life, it must have a
very high aesthetic value, that is, it must be artistically perfect and complete. Mediocre works
that superficially describe life, devoid of deep and weighty thoughts, and built on artificial and
fabricated events will never leave any noticeable mark on the reader's life
, " Ozod
Sharafiddinov wrote, and it seems to be expressed in this very poem by Vohidov. After all, this
poem, while revealing the true face of life, educates the reader and leads him to perfection.
The deeper and more vividly nationalism is expressed, the greater and more impressive the
universal human qualities acquire, calling millions upon millions to cooperate on the path of
humanity, uniting hearts and minds, leading to goodness and perfection .
In conclusion, the images of
Child, Person, Parent, Friend in the works of art
are among the
images that have a national character, a national image, and they reflect the poet's attitude and
love for the fate of the Motherland and the nation. The author infuses traditional images with a
new spirit, a new idea. They are inhabited by the Uzbek image, the Uzbek spirit, and, moreover,
they acquire a higher artistic quality by reflecting universal content.
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