SCIENCE AND INNOVATION IN THE
EDUCATION SYSTEM
International scientific-online conference
41
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES IN CHILDREN, CLINICAL SYMPTOMS,
DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT, AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES
Soibova Kamola
Bukhara State Medical Institute
3
rd
year student of the Department of Pediatrics
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15852182
Abstract
: The article covers heart diseases in children, heart failure, white
and blue thresholds, causes, signs and symptoms of diseases, as well as
treatment, diagnostic methods and preventive measures.
Keywords
: Heart, vein, artery, white threshold, blue threshold, circulatory
system, ventricle, ventricle, disease, patient, diagnosis, treatment, heart failure,
child, tissues, signs, blood, valve, death, causes, ECG, cyanosis, symptoms,
surgical intervention.
Introduction
.
The heart is an organ that moves blood and delivers it to human organs and
tissues. The heart is located in the chest behind the sternum, between the two
lungs. The volume of the heart of a healthy person is 250-300 grams.
Nowadays, most of the diseases that occur in children are related to
cardiovascular diseases. In particular, heart failure, white and blue valves are
very common. First of all, the question arises, how do these diseases arise? What
are their symptoms and treatment methods?
Heart valve disease is a disease that begins due to a defect in the structure
of the heart valves, which leads to impaired blood circulation. Such diseases can
be congenital or acquired during life. Congenital heart valve disease is a defect in
the structure of the heart and large vessels, which is present in the patient from
birth. Most often, valves disrupt blood flow in the large and small circulation of
the heart. Heart valves are the most common congenital defects, and they are the
main cause of death in children due to developmental defects. The most studied
causes of congenital heart valves are point genetic changes or chromosomal
mutations in the form of deletions or duplications of DNA segments.
The main causes of congenital heart defects are the following factors:
-adverse environmental conditions of the mother during pregnancy;
-use of alcohol and certain medications during pregnancy;
-mother's age over 35 years;
-viral infections in the mother.
Heart defects in the fetus are usually formed in the womb during the period
of 2-8 weeks of development. Severe defects can be detected during an
SCIENCE AND INNOVATION IN THE
EDUCATION SYSTEM
International scientific-online conference
42
ultrasound scan, which is performed on a pregnant woman three times - once
every three months of pregnancy.
Symptoms of congenital heart defects
Among the main symptoms of congenital heart defects, the following can be
distinguished:
-Paleness
-Respiratory failure
-Heart failure
-Physical development lag
-Heart failure
-Bluish skin
-Heart murmur
If the doctor suspects that a heart defect may develop during fetal
development, the woman is recommended to give birth in a specialized
maternity hospital, where a full range of cardiographic services are provided.
Congenital heart murmurs are conditionally divided into 2 groups: white
(arterial and venous blood do not mix, with left-right blood flow)
Blue (with right-left blood flow, arterial and venous blood mix)
Blue murmur defects are called because they lead to cyanosis (a bluish
color of the skin and mucous membranes due to lack of oxygen saturation of the
blood).
Symptoms often appear in the early stages of life, but some congenital heart
murmurs may not be noticeable throughout life. Some children have no
symptoms at all, while others may have shortness of breath, cyanosis, fainting,
heart murmurs, and underdevelopment of the muscles of the limbs.
Heart murmurs are compensated and uncompensated. In the compensation
stage, the patient may not complain at all or these complaints may be
insignificant. When the process is decompensated, blood circulation is impaired,
in which, along with symptoms specific to this heart defect (for example,
dizziness attacks in aortic valve insufficiency, hemoptysis in mitral stenosis),
pathological changes associated with heart failure at some stage (shortness of
breath, edema in the subcutaneous fat tissue) appear.
Diagnosis: the data of laboratory and instrumental research methods are
variable depending on the specific type of heart murmur. Among the leading
methods, the following can be distinguished:
ECG
Panoramic radiography of the heart
SCIENCE AND INNOVATION IN THE
EDUCATION SYSTEM
International scientific-online conference
43
Exo-ECG
Doppler-exo-KG
Treatment of congenital heart murmurs can be divided mainly into surgical
and therapeutic types of treatment.
Surgical treatment (depending on the phase of the murmur):
Phase 1 - Emergency surgery;
Phase 2 - Planned surgery;
Phase 3 - No surgery is indicated.
Therapeutic treatment: rarely indicated as radical treatment. A classic
example is patent ductus arteriosus, in which the administration of
indomethacin according to the appropriate scheme leads to obliteration of the
ductus arteriosus.
Risk. If a heart defect is not detected in a child in a timely manner and the
necessary surgical intervention is not performed, serious physical
developmental disorders may develop, which in very rare cases can lead to
death.
Prevention. To prevent congenital heart defects in the fetus, a pregnant
woman is recommended to lead a healthy lifestyle, stay in an ecologically clean
area as much as possible, and avoid viral infections, especially during the critical
period from 2 to 8 weeks of pregnancy.
References:
1.
Anderson RH, Baker EJ, Macartney FJ, Rigby ML, Shinebourne EA, Tynan M.
Paediatric Cardiology. Churchill Livingstone, 2002.
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Internal diseases (F.O.Haydarov, Sh.Kh.Ermatov) Congenital heart defect -
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https://mymedic.uz/kasalliklar/yurak-tomir/tumguma-yurak-porogi/
3.
Mavroudis C, Backer CL. Pediatric Cardiac Surgery. 4th ed. Wiley-
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