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EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PARASITIC DISEASES.
Fakhriddinova Shahnoza Fakhriddinovna
faxriddinova.shaxnoza@bsmi.uz
Bukhara State Medical Institute.
Summary.
Helminthiasis constitutes the largest group of parasitic diseases.
They are caused by parasitic worms or helminths. More than 250 species of helminths
have been registered in humans. Of this number, about 30 are common human parasites
and form foci with significant infestation, and the rest are animal helminths that infect
humans more or less accidentally.
Keywords:
helmints, epidemiologi parazits
Helminths are parasitic multicellular organisms that belong to the lower worms
of the type Scolecid (Scolecida).
In the human div, there are mainly 2 types of helminths: flatworms
(Plathelminthes) and roundworms (Nemathelminthes). The most common types of
helminths in humans belong to the following classes: trematodes or flukes (Trematoda)
cestodes or tapeworms (Cestoda); nematodes or roundworms (Nematoda).
The epidemiological features of helminthiasis are determined by the biological
characteristics of the helminths.
Non-contagiousness of helminthiasis. An infected person is generally not
contagious to others (exceptions include enterobiasis, hymenolipodosis; sometimes -
taeniasis, strongyloidiasis).
Slowness of the spread of helminthiasis. It takes a considerable amount of time
to complete one full cycle of helminth development, or one turnover of the invasion
(the time required for development from one stage to the same stage of the next
generation).
Therefore, when sources of invasion appear in a previously free area, the
invasion slowly affects the local population over a period of months or years.
Helminthiases usually exist in the form of endemia, when the incidence remains at a
constant level for a more or less indefinite period of time.
Epidemic outbreaks are rare, and are generally caused by the simultaneous
infection of a large number of non-immune individuals through a common
transmission factor. Such outbreaks are common in trichinellosis.
Geographical confinement of helminthiasis. Due to the parasite's need for certain
ecological conditions, the territorial distribution of helminthiasis is usually limited.
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The limiting factors here are abiotic (temperature, humidity, chemical and
physical composition of soils, water mineralization, etc.) and biotic (the presence of
certain hosts in the fauna, their numbers, life expectancy, etc.) factors.
Social confinement of helminthiasis. Helminthiasis affects the population of a
given region unevenly. Usually, high prevalence is observed in population groups
whose living and cultural standards are low.
Since social factors are closely interrelated, it is sometimes impossible to single
out any one of them that directly causes an increased risk of infection with
helminthiasis.
Age distribution of helminthiasis. In foci with a significant spread of any
invasion, the curve of age distribution of the incidence usually has a very characteristic
shape; low or zero incidence of infants, a sharp increase in incidence in preschoolers,
a peak in schoolchildren, usually younger, then a decrease, but not to zero, in adults
This distribution is due to two reasons: a change in the risk of infection
depending on age (preschoolers are at the highest risk of infection due to a lack of
hygiene skills) and the development of relative immunity in schoolchildren and adults.
However, in specific conditions there may be deviations from this distribution.
Geohelminthiasis is an invasion, the pathogens of which develop directly
(without the participation of an intermediate host) and are transmitted to humans
through elements of the external environment (soil, vegetables, berries, etc.)
contaminated with invasive eggs (larvae).
Biohelminthiasis - helminthiasis, the pathogens of which develop with the
participation of intermediate hosts, are transmitted to humans through the div tissues
of the latter.
Contact helminthiasis - helminthiasis, the pathogens of which develop in close
proximity to humans and are transmitted through the hands of the patient or objects
surrounding him.
Measures in relation to the source of invasion.
1. Identification of patients and carriers of pathogens of parasitic diseases is
carried out by medical and preventive institutions (MPI), as well as individuals
engaged in private medical practice:
• when seeking and providing medical care;
• during preventive, routine, preliminary examinations, upon employment
during periodic examinations and inspections in the established manner.
2. Each case of illness or carriage of pathogens of parasitic diseases is subject to
registration and accounting in healthcare facilities, as well as by persons engaged in
private medical practice, in the established manner.
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3. Scheduled preventive examinations for contact helminthiases and intestinal
protozoa of children and service personnel in groups where there are children of
preschool and primary school age are carried out once a year (after the summer period,
when forming a group) and (or) according to epidemiological indications in agreement
with Rospotrebnadzor.
Collection of material for testing for helminthiasis and intestinal protozoa is
carried out by medical workers (nurses) of children's and (or) healthcare facilities.
4. The study of material for helminthiasis and intestinal protozoa is carried out
in clinical diagnostic laboratories of healthcare institutions, Rospotrebnadzor
institutions and other laboratories operating in accordance with the established
procedure.
5. Healthcare institutions, as well as individuals engaged in private medical
practice, send information on the results of identifying patients and carriers of
pathogens of parasitic diseases in the established manner to territorial centers.
List of basic literature:
1.
П. Мамчик
,
О.В. Каменева, И.В. Колнет, Н.В. Габбасова, О.А. Панина,
С.Е.Савельева Учебное пособие по эпидемиологии для студентов
лечебного факультета2//2007
2.
Эпидемиология: Учебник. / Л.П. Зуева, Р.Х. Яфаев. - СПб : ООО «ФО-
ЛИАНТ», 2006. - 752 с.
3.
Инфекционные болезни и эпидемиология / В.И. Покровский и [др.]. - М. :
ГЭОТАР-МЕД, 2003. -816 с.
4.
Эпидемиология: учебное пособие./ Ющук Н.Д., Мартынов Ю.В. - М.:
Медицина, 2003. - 448 с.
5.
Шапошников А.А., Карниз А.Ф. Организация санитарно-гигиенических и
противоэпидемических мероприятий а чрезвычайных ситуациях на со-
временном этапе/А.А. Шапошников, А.Ф. Карниз - М.: Медицина, 2001.--304
с.
Список дополнительной литературы:
6.
Б.А.Ревич, С.Л.Авалиани. Г.И.Тихонова Экологическая эпидемиология.
Учебник - М: Издательский центр «Академия», 2004. - 53-86.
