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MIGRATION MOVEMENTS AND THEIR SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS
Malахat SAIPOVА
University of Public Safety of the Republic of Uzbekistan,
Doctor of Psychologice (DSc), Associate Professor
Abstract:
This article discusses about the movement of people around the world,
focusing on migration movement, which is characterized by extreme diversity. It analyzes
the scientific views of scientists regarding the reasons motivating migration, psychological
characteristics of a person and given authors conclusion.
Key words:
world, population, person, movement, migration, reasons, term, social,
approaches, movement, country, economy, funds, feature.
Since the creation of the world, both the world and all inhabitants of the Earth
are in constant motion: people are born and leave this world, create a family, disperse,
move from one settlement (state) to another entirely or for a certain period with
different goals, different reasons, change one sphere of activity for another, move from
one social group to another, and so on. All these movements form three main types of
population movement: natural, migratory and social.
Among the types of population movement, the greatest diversity, which is
difficult to understand and take into account, is migration movement, or more
precisely, territorial movement of the population. Therefore, it would be logical to first
briefly consider the basic concepts of territorial population movement, since there is
still no consensus on the concept of “migration”. Since ancient times, there has been
such a wise saying: “Terms are not argued about, they are agreed upon”. It can be said
that approaches to the development of specific scientific concepts or practical actions
to regulate them are often so contradictory that the possibility of a strictly scientific
explanation of migration processes is questioned.
It is impossible to deny the influence of labor migration processes on the
population, capital movement, territorial development, and the formation of the legal
and political culture of society. It should also be noted that, although migration is a
specific manifestation of human mobility, short-term movement from one country to
another may also be associated not with the desire to live permanently or for a long
time, but only with a business trip or a tourist trip. Such migrations are related to
temporary or labor migration associated with regular (for example, seasonal) moving
to another state for the purpose of earning and earning money. The goal of labor
migration is to improve material well-being in the country of origin through money
earned from working abroad. However, the ultimate goal of a “full-fledged” migrant
(the individual of greatest interest to scientific psychology) is a permanent move to the
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place of residence, obtaining citizenship of the new society, obtaining citizenship and
the right to permanent work. Such migrants, as a rule, associate the new country with
a second homeland or a place where they can compensate for a number of social and
even psychological needs. The need to migrate is formed under the influence of an
internal psychological impulse, persistent mental stress caused by the dissatisfaction of
certain needs that cannot be overcome by standard methods due to the characteristics
of the individual’s psyche or environmental conditions. The source of stress can be so
great that a person leaves his or her native land, despite the difficulties associated with
changing their place of residence, parting with close, dear places, the parental home
and the usual life. In the end, most moves are also associated with the risk of material
costs and the loss of wealth remaining in the country of origin, sometimes accumulated
over many years, in a more difficult social situation” [2].
Migration is a multi-stage process, distributed over time, including many
different psychological aspects, at each of which a person will have to solve constantly
emerging problems, respond to new psychological challenges. It can be said that
migration almost never coincides with the time of actual resettlement, it begins much
earlier, that is, at the stage when a person considers moving to another country as an
alternative in harmony with other possible options for life. The period of choosing to
move to another country is considered incredibly important for the implementation of
the entire subsequent migration project, since it is when making a decision that a person
forms the following four important psychological components for himself:
1) Definition of the “problem area, deficit” of one’s own life situation, that is, what one
wants to get away from or what one wants to compensate for in exchange for one’s
migration;
2) Motivational-goal field, which may also include unconscious hidden aspirations,
such as consciously formulated goals and objectives inherent in a given person;
3) Formation of expectations, i.e. ideas about the “ideal environment” in the new
country, about the combination of various desired elements or conditions;
4) Formation of the image of the “ideal self” in the new country, i.e. personal self-
awareness and self-perception in the new life context. This is an early stage, not yet
manifested by movement, but actively taking place in the Inner Sphere of a person,
playing an important role in the further adaptation of the migrant. [4]
The motives for migration may be related to the satisfaction of a number of
psychological needs of a person. A striking example of such migration is a person with
an inferiority complex, which forms a stable impulse of internal tension associated with
an increased feeling of shyness and timidity in front of other people. Those who suffer
from such pain are constantly looking for their place in life, according to them,
migration is the only way out of the current situation, which can become a kind of
consolation in the mental state. As a rule, moving to another country does not relieve
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mental stress as they expect. In the new place, exactly the same life situations arise that
form the same pattern of shy behavior in front of others as in the country of origin. At
the same time, this can cause high tension caused by the migrant's inability to adapt to
the cultural and social environment due to moving to another country. Conversely, a
migrant can significantly succeed in life by opening up to the outside world, so to
speak, double his life resources, increase his psychological stability by changing his
life for the better, implementing his plans and striving to achieve his goal. Among the
most successful immigrants, I.V. Stalin and A. Hitler can be mentioned separately. In
their homeland, these people were at a low level of their social status and could not
significantly influence the opinions of others. Having moved to another country (from
Australia to Europe - intercontinental migration and from Georgia to Russia - internal
migration), they reached the peak of their social status [5].
Belarusian scientists L.E. Tikhonova and V.P. Pugachev note that in the context
of globalization, many traditional theories explaining the nature and driving forces of
international labor migration are being revised, the concepts of “migration” and
“migrant” are being expanded, and more complex and flexible classifications of
migration are being adopted [10].
Analyzing the formation of theoretical foundations for studying population
migration in the last third of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century,
I.V. Ivakhnyuk argues that modern methods of migration management, which are
mainly aimed at limiting migration flows, thus contradict globalization, the
fundamental principle of the development of society, which is openness [3].
A three-period theory of the migration process developed by S.N. Aizenshtadt
in the 1950s as a result of studying Jewish immigrants in Israel and the Jewish
population of Palestine. The first period is characterized by the formation of migration
motivation. At this stage, a feeling of suspicion about the inadequacy of the living
conditions of a potential migrant arises and deepens. Aizenshtadt emphasizes the fact
that migration is the only way for migrants to improve their living conditions not only
economically, but also socio-culturally and socio-psychologically. The second period
involves moving to a new place of residence. The change of place of residence is
accompanied by a process of socialization, social skills acquired in the previous society
become irrelevant in the new society. Often the feeling of suspicion that migrants
experience at the first stage only intensifies. The migrant faces the need for
resocialization, assimilation of the norms and rules of the new society.
The third stage is determined by the introduction into the host society, the
adaptation of immigrants to the new society and the long-term integration process. The
researcher identifies three stages of this period: institutionalization of everyday social
roles and public life by migrants through the acquisition of the language, norms and
rules of the new society; adaptation of migrants to the conditions of the host society -
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this is the procedure-principle of integration into the host society, considered by the
researcher as a combination of the conditions of migrants and the host society;
assimilation of migrants into the institutional environment of the host society is a
procedure accompanied by the loss of migrants' ethnic identity and sense of belonging
to a single ethnocultural group. The penetration of migrants into the host society is
completed after a complete change in their specific national and cultural characteristics
[8].
L.A. Ruonala, O.I. Mironova Believes that the best strategy for integrating a
migrant into the host society is integration in which both the migrant and society
maintain identity with their group and form a new identity associated with relationships
with each other. If a migrant only maintains the identity of his group and does not form
a new one, he finds himself separated and segregated by the host society, which results
in social tension. However, in the case of loss of identity and full acceptance of the
rules of the host society, assimilation occurs, which, in turn, negatively affects the
mental state of immigrants. The strategy that accompanies the migrant's loss of identity
and inability to relate to the new group is known as marginalization, in which the
dominant group responds by excluding the migrant from society. This strategy results
in increased crime and antisocial behavior among those who invade the host society
[7].
Migration activity is a special kind of problem. It is, first of all, a socio-
psychological problem. Some of its aspects are studied within the framework of
economics, sociology and demography. In psychology, the emphasis is on teaching
adaptation to migration attitudes, migration motives, intentions and a new socio-
cultural environment. Migration is considered as a way to satisfy a number of social
needs, including the need for self-affirmation. The following are identified as the main
indicators of the success of the socio-cultural adaptation of migrants: the establishment
of positive connections with the new environment, the solution of everyday household
(school, family, domestic, work) problems, participation in the social and cultural life
of the host society, satisfactory mental state and adequate physical fitness, health,
communication and intercultural relations, productivity and effectiveness in work
activities [6].
Migration experts identify the following reasons that influence its development:
socio-economic (movement of empty agricultural lands in search of work; high
income; moving from the village to the city in order to change lifestyle and vice versa;
high social status, etc.); avoid political – political repression, racial and religious
persecution, deportation (return to homeland) due to political conditions or changes in
state borders; military – evacuation and re-evacuation, deportation; ethnic (national);
demographic (family reunification, migration related to marriage); often natural
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conditions also play a certain role, for example, climate; environmental conditions –
environmental pollution, which causes diseases and others [1].
Psychology as a science is mainly concerned with the study of similarities and
differences in a number of psychological characteristics inherent in different cultures,
and not with issues of psychological adaptation of people migrating between cultures.
The growth of wars, economic problems, tourism and telecommunications today has
led to the fact that people have begun to interact more actively at the intercultural level
than ever before. Accordingly, the concept of clear group boundaries, characteristic of
classical social psychology, is not reflected in the modern experience of migration [9].
In conclusion, it can be said that today, despite the fact that the migration
process, which is extensive throughout the world, diverse in its causes, heterogeneous
in terms of attitudes, has become the subject of research in a number of disciplines,
scientific research on its edges remains relevant both as a figure of the migrant and as
a migration process.
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