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GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES OF TRANSITIVE VERBS IN ENGLISH
AND UZBEKISTAN
Student at Andijan State Chetillari Institute
Umarova Munavvar Nurmuhammedovna
Scientific advisor:
Mukumjon Axunov Muhammadaminovich
(PhD) Doctor of Philosophy in Philology, Associate Professor
E-mail: muqumjon.axunov@bk.ru
Phone: +998979977443
ANNOTATION:
This article is intended to provide comprehensive information
on the theoretical views on the use of the term "concept" in linguistics, to provide a
comprehensive overview of the linguistic specific meanings of general concepts , and
to present a comprehensive overview of all the means of representation and expression
in the field of the study of the term "concept" in linguistics . This is to reveal the
phenomena that allow us to draw scientific conclusions and give a broader
understanding of the information about the means of the term "concept" .
Keywords :
linguistics , concept , lexicon , frame , semantics , world structure .
In modern English, there are no specific relative formants to express relative
meanings such as identity, togetherness, generality, and causation. In addition, the
directed and undirected nature of nouns combined with verbs is not morphologically
determined. Thus, the methods of expressing relative meanings and the formation of
relative configurations depend on the transitive-intransitive function of the verb, since
transitivity describes not a particular form of the word, but the whole.
The relative meanings of identity, causation, togetherness, and middle relation
are closely linked to the transitivity-intransitivity of the verb.
As we have seen above, transitivity-intransitivity is a complex issue in the verb
system. Regarding this issue, Prof. BAIlish writes that “the problem of dividing verbs
into transitive and intransitive is one of the most difficult problems in theoretical
grammar.” The most difficult issue is to determine the boundary between transitivity
and intransitivity of verbs. Indeed, this confusion existed in Old English , but at that
time the presence of conjunctive affixes indicated a certain object-orientedness of the
activity. [7, 56]
The subsequent disappearance of the conjunctive affixes, which had served as a
specific conditional vehicle for connecting the object to the transitive verb, eliminated
the formal distinction between instrumental and intransitive complements. As a result
of this change in meaning, word classes such as nouns and pronouns in English have
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become morphologically almost bare, while verbs have become special markers that
serve to distinguish transitive from intransitive verbs.
Due to the lack of transitive-intransitive and directed-undirected markers in
modern English, it is difficult to draw a clear line between transitive and intransitive
verbs, as we have seen above that the same verb can be used in both transitive and
intransitive functions.
Although the verb is spoken of as transitive or intransitive, in reality it is intended
that the verb performs both transitive and intransitive functions.
So, studying transitive and intransitive in English consists of determining the
characteristics of the verb's conjugation with,
In linguistic literature, English verbs are usually divided into transitive and intransitive
verbs, and between these two types of verbs there is a third group of verbs that can be
used both transitively and intransitively. They are usually called ambivalent verbs.
The three groups of verbs, divided according to transitivity and intransitivity,
cannot include them. There are a number of other verbs that, unlike transitive and
intransitive verbs, occupy a special place in the English verb system. Such verbs are
called conjugated or copulative verbs, which in turn can be divided into smaller groups.
Based on the above, in the English verb system
1) transitory,
2) without transition,
3) dual function
4) The existence of linking verbs is acknowledged.
BA Ilish verbs are divided into the following groups according to their
semantics:
1) verbs that express a complete thought and do not require an infinitive,
2) verbs that express a complete thought and may require a complement without
a means of explaining the meaning,
3) verbs that do not have a complete meaning and are used with an infinitive.
[10, 98]
In the semantic plan of the English language, transitivity is understood as the
transfer of an action or process expressed by a verb from subject to object, from the
doer of the action to the recipient, from the doer of the action to its object, from the
grammatical object to the doer of the action.
Verbs that, according to the method of syntactic conjugation, take an infinitive
complement after themselves are called transitive verbs.
Intransitivity means that an action does not pass from the doer to the recipient.
The action occurs only around the doer of the action, and there is no addressee to whom
the action is directed.
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Verbs that do not take an object without an object after them are called
intransitive verbs.
Now let's look at some considerations in determining the transitivity-
intransitivity property. Some authors use generally accepted rules for expressing
transitivity, namely, they define transitivity based on the combination of verb +
intransitive object.
The authors of the theoretical grammar of the English language VN Zhigadlo
and others write that “in modern English, only verbs that are combined with a
prepositional complement are considered transitive verbs, and those that require a
complement are considered intransitive verbs.” LS Barkhudarov and DA Shteling
consider verbs that express an action directed at an object to be transitive, and verbs
that express an action that does not transfer to the object but ends in the subject to be
intransitive. While VN Zhigadlo and others include verbs that are combined with a
prepositional complement to transitive verbs, LS Barkhudarov and DA Shteling
consider verbs that require both a prepositional complement and a prepositional
complement to be transitive verbs. [4, 74]
In modern English, when a definite form of the active participle, which is
combined with certain prepositions and performs a function in some sense, is converted
into the passive form, the prepositions that complement the meaning of the verb are
retained.
Ambivalent verbs include verbs that perform both transitive and intransitive
functions. The transitivity of a verb is determined by how it is used in the context. The
lexical meaning of a word alone does not clearly express this meaning. These include
verbs such as to change, to change, to twist, to turn, to move.
In the English verb system, linking verbs occupy a special place in semantic and
functional terms. They are distinguished from other verbs in terms of their relative
category. The main function of these verbs is to connect the subject with another noun
or adjective, and they are terminologically called variously: linking, copulating, middle
or middle class verbs.
Since these verbs have not been sufficiently studied from a comparative
perspective, they are interpreted differently by different linguists. For example, R. Liz
et al. include all verbs that differ from transitive and intransitive verbs in the third
group, while P. Roberts et al. divide them into smaller groups. R. Liz in his work
included all linking verbs in his group.
The meaning of transitivity or intransitivity depends on whether a verb in a
certain category is combined primarily with a complement, as well as with other parts
of speech.
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A complement that is combined with a transitive verb is called an object
complement. Depending on whether the verb is involved in the verb compound, object
complements are divided into prepositional and prepositional complements.
Based on the combination of the verb with the complement, and the
determination of the combination of these verb combinations with other words, P.
Roberts divides verbs into the following groups:
1) intransitive verbs
2) transitive verbs
3) Verbs that express the meaning of assuming
4) verbs that mean to appear, to establish
5) Middle verbs
Comparative grammar studies the isomorphism and allomorphism of transitivity
and intransitivity in the languages being compared. Transitivity and intransitivity are
related to both the internal and external structure of verbs. Verbs are semantically
transitive or intransitive according to their internal structure, and formal or syntactic
according to their structure.
Semantic transitivity-intransitivity is related to the meaning of each verb and has
different manifestations in the expression plan.
In modern linguistics, the grammatical limitations on the combination of verbs
with other words are somewhat limited, and only verbs that are conjugated with nouns
in the accusative case are considered transitive. Verbs in other forms, regardless of
whether they are semantically transitive, do not fall into this category. [7, 98]
This approach to the transitive-intransitive category is quite inconvenient for
comparative grammar. For example, the fact that the ethnic units of English and Uzbek
are not similar and do not satisfy the existing rules for comparing them is evidence of
grammatical limitations.
Semantic transitivity-intransitivity is related to the semantic independence of
verbs. For example, some verbs are divided into verbs and verb combinations that
express intransitivity and verb combinations that express intransitivity.
References
1.
Barkhudarov LS, Shtelling DA Grammatika angliyskogo zyzyka. - Moscow: "Vysshaya
shkola", 1963. 42.
2.
Blokh MU, A Theoretical course of English grammar. - Moscow : " Prosve shch enie ",
1982.
3.
Boronov J., Boronova M. English grammar. – T.: “Teacher”, 1978. 27.
4.
Boronov J. Comparative grammar of English and Uzbek languages. – Tashkent:
“O'qituvati”, 1973.
5.
Dadaboeva T. English Grammar. – Tashkent: “Fan”, 2007. 29-30.
6.
Jalolov J. Methodology of teaching a foreign language. – Tashkent: “Teacher”, 1996. 55-
56.
