THE USA JOURNALS
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING (ISSN
–
2689-1018)
VOLUME 06 ISSUE10
32
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajabe
PUBLISHED DATE: - 30-10-2024
DOI: -
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajabe/Volume06Issue10-06
PAGE NO.: - 32-42
INFLUENCE OF MICROBIAL FERTILIZERS ON
MORPHOLOGICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL AND
VALUABLE ECONOMIC CHARACTER OF
CHICKPEA (CICER ARIETINUM L.)
Farrukh Matkarimov
PhD student, Institute of Genetics and Plant Experimental Biology, Academy of Sciences of
Uzbekistan
Oybek Kholliyev
PhD student, Institute of Genetics and Plant Experimental Biology, Academy of Sciences of
Uzbekistan
Abdulla Fayzullaev
Senior Researcher, Institute of Genetics and Plant Experimental Biology, Academy of Sciences
of Uzbekistan
Oygul Raulova
Teacher, Chirchik State Pedagogical University, Uzbekistan
Dilafruz Kulmamatova
Head of laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Plant Experimental Biology, Academy of Sciences
of Uzbekistan
Saidmurat Baboev
Professor, Institute of Genetics and Plant Experimental Biology, Academy of Sciences of
Uzbekistan
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
THE USA JOURNALS
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING (ISSN
–
2689-1018)
VOLUME 06 ISSUE10
33
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajabe
INTRODUCTION
Global climate change is causing water scarcity in
many territories of the world. Ensuring the food
security of the population requires the wide
implementation of high caloric crop types which
are resistant to drought. Chickpea plant is
considered as one of such crops (Field CB, 2014).
The annual production of chickpeas worldwide
reaches up to 15.0 million tons. Herein India’s
makes up 73% (FAOSTAT). There are mainly two
types of chickpeas in the market. They are Kabuli
and Desi.
Desi is cultivated in 75% of the whole chickpea
cultivation area in the world, and 25% of the area
belongs to Kabuli ecotype (Kassie M., 2009).
Chickpea plant has types with large, small and
medium sized seeds, with different colors.
According to the size of seeds, they are divided into
2 groups: large-grained (12 x 9 mm) and small-
grained types. The kabuli type of chickpeas has
large white grains, while the grains of desi type
plant are small, dark in colour (A.Frimpong, 2009).
Chickpea plant grain occupies an important place
in the human diet. It contains protein,
carbohydrate,
folate,
β
-carotene, minerals,
vitamins and fatty acids necessary for human
health (A.K.Jukanti, 2012).
A number of microbial fertilizers are used in the
cultivation of legumes. One of these are microbial
fertilizers based on Rhizobium strains.
Rhizobium bacteria is effective in increasing the
yield of leguminous plants and soil fertility . It is
advisable to use bacterial fertilizers with the most
active strains of the nodule bacteria on leguminous
(mung bean, soybean, bean, lentil, pea) crops
(H.H.Zahran, 1991).
When microbial fertilizers are used in the
cultivation of leguminous crops, the microflora that
mobilizes nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in
the soil is activated. As a result, the plant will be
able to get the nutritional minerals it needs, not
only during the application period, but also during
the entire vegetation period (D.M.Sytnikov 2012).
Growth and development of leguminous plants is
improved and productivity increases when they
are treated with plant growth-accelerating
rhizobacteria compared to the treatment of
leguminous plants with Rhizobium bacteria
separately (M.S.Dardanelli, 2008; M.Yadegari
2010). Microbial fertilizers obtained on the basis of
azotobacters increase the germination of seeds and
absorption of nutrients in plants . Moreover, it
accelerates the synthesis of protein and amino
acids, benefits the growth of crops and helps
restore soil fertility (A.D.Jnawali, 2015).
Application of Rhizobium and Azotobacter strains
together on chickpea plants increased the amount
of nitrogen in the roots and grain yield as well (A.
Abdiev, 2019; A. Siddiq, 2014).
In addition, there are microbial fertilizers obtained
on the basid of Trichoderma fungi types.
Trichoderma species are symbiotically associated
with the apoplastic part of plant roots and directly
affect the plant. It has a positive effect on the
Abstract
THE USA JOURNALS
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING (ISSN
–
2689-1018)
VOLUME 06 ISSUE10
34
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajabe
germination of seeds, absorption of substances and
increases productivity (B.N.Singh 2015).
Microbial fertilizers affect physiological and
biochemical processes in plants, improve plant
growth and development, and serve to increase
crop productivity. Based on this, the aim of the
research is to study the effect of microbial
fertilizers
on
the
change
of
the
morphophysiological and valuable economic
characteristics of the chickpea plant.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Malkhotra variety of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
seed was used in the field experiments. Rhizobium
3 and Rhizobium 9 preparations were obtained
from the collection of the Department of
Microbiology
and
Biotechnology,
National
University of Uzbekistan. PlantaStim (Trichoderma
Lignorum) was obtained from private company of
AnGuzal Agroservice, Uzbekistan.
Field experiments were conducted in 2021 and
2022 to study the effect of Rhizobium 3, Rhizobium
9 and PlantaStim on growth, nodulation and yield
of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) at the Institute of
Genetics and Plant Experimental Biology, Kibray,
Tashkent region, Uzbekistan. In the experiments
randomized block design was used with three
replications, in a plot of 10 m2 with a row spacing
of 30 cm and a plant spacing of 10 cm was used.
Experimental treatments included a non-
inoculated control, inoculated with Rhizobium 3,
Rhizobium 9 and PlantaStim.
The soil of the area where the field experiments
were conducted is considered to be irrigated gray
soil, the humus content is 0.8-1.2%, and the level of
availability of mobile phosphorus is on average 30-
38 mg/kg (D.E.Qulmamatova, 2022).
In the Malkhotra variety of chickpea, physiological
indicators were determined during the period of
general flowering of plants.
Extraction and determination of pigment
concentration: Amount of pigments in leaves of
chickpea plant samples were determined in the
experiment, i.e. 3-4 leaves, calculating from the
glineth point. Fifty milligrams of each leaf sample,
placed in a test tube, obtained homogenization in 5
ml of 95% ethyl alcohol solution (Lichtenthaler and
a Wellburn, a 1983). The homogenization
underwent centrifugation at a speed of 5000 rpm
for 12 min. The amount of chlorophyll a, b and
carotenoids in the resulting extract attained
determination by an Agilent Cary 60 UV-Vis
spectrophotometer at 664, 649 and 470 nm. Based
on these indicators, the following equations were
used in calculating the amounts of chlorophyll a, b
and carotenoids in chickpea leaves (Nayek et al.,
2014):
Ch-a=13.36A664
–
5.19 A649
Ch-b=27.43A649
–
8.12 A664
C x+c=(1000A470
–
2.13Ca
–
97.63Cb)/209
Transpiration rate was determined according to
Ivanov’s method [Ivanov A.A. et.al, 1950], water
holding capacity was determined with the method
by Kushnirenko (Kushnirenko M.D. et al, 1970),
and Tretyakov’s method (
Tretyakov N.N. et.al,
1990) was used in determining the total amount of
water in leaves.
Harvest index was calculated according to the
following formula:
𝐻𝑎𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥(%) =
𝑆𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝐵𝑖𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
× 100
Determination of nitrogen and total protein
contents. Kjeldahl is one of the methods used to
determine the amount of total proteins. According
to this method, the total calculated protein has the
amount of nitrogen determining it. The essence of
the process is to hydrolyze the organic substances
in the sample with the help of concentrated sulfuric
acid (amine groups in the protein) to form
ammonium sulfate salts.
nitrogenous organic matter + H
2
SO
4
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
After completing the hydrolysis, the ammonium sulfate formed receives treatment with sodium
THE USA JOURNALS
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING (ISSN
–
2689-1018)
VOLUME 06 ISSUE10
35
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajabe
hydroxide to convert it to ammonia.
2H
2
O
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
+ 2NaOH Na
2
SO
4
+ 2NH
4
OH
NH
3
Ammonia or ammonium hydroxide formed, after
neutralization, assimilates into the sulfuric acid
solution. The remaining acid gets titrated with an
alkaline solution. Estimating the amount of
nitrogen from the amount of ammonia calculated
followed. An accurate sample for analysis came
from the average crushed homogeneous specimen
of the studied material in a test tube; the error rate
should not exceed 0.1%. The sampling progressed
to quantitate in a Kjeldahl flask. Later, the
experiment advanced according to the protocol
and instructions of Metody Kontrolya (Chemical
Factors, 2004).
Processing of the obtained results. The mass
fraction of nitrogen (X) in the analyzed sample for
calculation used the formula as a percentage of the
mass of the specimen by the volume after the
titration of the amount of ammonia that has passed
through the diluted sulfuric acid.
The volume of 0,1 mol/l sodium hydroxide solution
served to titrate the remaining 0.1 mol/l sulfuric
acid solution in sample experiment vo, ml.
The obtained data were analyzed on the statistical
software
ANOVA
STATGRAPHICS-18
(www.statgraphics.com).
The research was carried out in order to study the
effect of microbial fertilizers on changes in
photosynthetic
pigments,
water
balance,
morphological characters, productivity elements in
chickpea plants.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
When photosynthetic pigments in leaves were
analyzed, the chickpea plants, which were
inoculated with microbial fertilizers, showed
higher results than the control variation (Figure 1).
In this case, the amount of chlorophyll a increased
by 7.29 (10.94%), the amount of chlorophyll b by
12.05 (24.10%), the total amount of chlorophyll by
7.72 (14.91%) and the amount of carotenoids by
15, 55 (20%) as well. No difference was observed
between the amounts of photosynthetic pigments
in samples treated with Rhizobium 9 and
PlantaStim microbial fertilizers. The samples,
which were treated with Rhizobium 3, chlorophyll
a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid,
showed the highest indicators.
THE USA JOURNALS
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING (ISSN
–
2689-1018)
VOLUME 06 ISSUE10
36
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajabe
Figure 1. The effect of microbial fertilizers on changes in the amount of photosynthetic pigments
in chickpea plants
Changes in the rate of photosynthesis are directly
related to the photosynthetic pigments in
chloroplasts (Maisura, et al., 2014). These pigments
affect the growth and development of the plant
(L.Taiz, et al., 2006). A number of abiotic factors
influence the change in the amount of
photosynthetic pigments. The decrease in the
amount of chlorophyll in the leaves of plants is
mainly observed in conditions of salinity stress
(Z.A.Saqib, 2012), heat stress (S.Sangwan, 2012),
water stress (soil waterlogging) (Amri M., 2014)
and water shortage (Y.Alaei, 2011).
Mineral fertilizers, especially nitrogen fertilizers,
play an important role in increasing the amount of
chlorophyll in plant leaves. A high chlorophyll
content results in a high yield (I.Skudra, 2017).
Moreover, a number of microbial fertilizers also
cause changes in the amount of photosynthetic
pigments in leaves. In soybean, Rhizotorphin
microbial fertilizer (Yu.Tsvetkova, 2020), in green
pea (Pisum sativum L.), microbial fertilizer
obtained from T42 strain of Trichoderma
asperellum (B.N.Singh, 2015) and in mung bean
Rhizobium 3 and Rhizobium 9 (Matkarimov, 2024)
increased chlorophyll and carotenoids content up
to 10.91%-14.08% respectively.
Influence of microbial fertilizers on the
physiological processes as transpiration rate, total
amount of water in leaves, water retention
property, which are related to water exchange in
chickpea plant, was comparatively analyzed (Table
1). According to the results of the analysis, the
transpiration rate in the leaves of chickpea plants,
treated with Rhizobium 3 and Rhizobium 9, did not
differ significantly from the control variations. It
helped to partially increase the total amount of
water in leaves and water retention property.
In the samples, treated with PlantaStim, the
transpiration rate increased by 9.95%, and the
total amount of water in leaves and water retention
property decreased partially. In the process of
transpiration, the increase of absorption of water
and mineral substances, with the help of root hairs,
and evaporation from the leaves, lead to decrease
in temperature and prevent overheating of the
leaves (Sagdiev M.T., 2007).
Table 1
The effect of microbial fertilizers on physiological processes related to water exchange in
chickpea plants
1.92
2.13
2.04
2.06
0.83
1.03
0.92
0.93
2.75
3.16
2.96
2.98
0.45
0.54
0.52
0.52
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Сontrol
Rhizobium 3
Rhizobium 9
PlantaStim
A
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
p
h
o
to
sy
n
th
eti
c
p
ig
m
en
ts,
m
g
/g
Chlorophyll "a"
Chlorophyll "b"
Total chlorophyll
Carotenoids
THE USA JOURNALS
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING (ISSN
–
2689-1018)
VOLUME 06 ISSUE10
37
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajabe
Transpiration rate
(mg Н
2
O /1 g. wet
leaf x 1 hour)
Total amount
of water in
leaves,%
Water retention
property,%
Monitor
277.33 ± 5.48
80.87 ± 0.33
31.09 ± 0.28
Rhizobium 3
279.75 ± 7.16
81.37 ± 0.28
30.16 ± 0.18
Rhizobium 9
280.26 ± 5.25
80.99 ± 0.31
30.23 ± 0.22
PlantaStim
304.93 ± 8.16
79.21 ± 0.20
32.37 ± 0.52
Height of one plant 83.47±0.91 cm in control variations, and under variations treated with Rhizobium 3,
Rhizobium 9 and PlantaStim was 86.47±0.57 cm, 85.33±0.88 and 84.07 cm respectively (Fig. 2). There
wa
sn’t noted significant difference in plant height among the variations. However, the highest value was
detected under the variation treated with Rhizobium 3, and it was 3.59% higher than control variation.
Figure 2. Effect of microbial fertilizers on plant height of pea plants
Plant height and branching are important morphological characteristics of chickpea plant (N.S.Taspaev,
2018). Primary and secondary branching is considered to be one of the main morphological characters
in chickpea plant. It was observed that the number of main branches of one plant was from 3.20±0.14 to
3.33±0.13, and the number of side branches was from 14.87±0.40 to 15.47±0.31. The highest rate was
found under the variation treated with Rhizobium 3 (Fig. 3).
83.47
86.47
85.33
84.07
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
Control
Rhizobium 3
Rhizobium 9
PlantaStim
P
lan
t h
eig
h
t,
cm
3.2
3.33
3.27
3.33
14.87
15.47
15.27
15.27
0
5
10
15
20
Control
Rhizobium 3
Rhizobium 9
PlantaStim
Primary branches per plant
Secondary branches per plant
THE USA JOURNALS
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING (ISSN
–
2689-1018)
VOLUME 06 ISSUE10
38
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajabe
Figure 3. Effect of microbial fertilizers on branching of chickpea plants
Chickpea is a plant with a deep and strong root
system, which forms nodules in the roots together
with Rhizobium bacteria. These nodules have the
property of fixing atmospheric nitrogen in a useful
form for the plant. In chickpea, nodulation begins
approximately one month after germination
(P.M.Gaur, 2010). The number of nodules was
higher in chickpea plant samples treated with
microbial fertilizers as Rhizobium 3 and Rhizobium
9 compared to control variation and PlantaStim
microbial fertilizer (Fig. 4). In this case, the nodule
mass per plant during the general flowering phase
was 2.22±0.05 g. and 2.21±0.05 g. in the control
variation and plants treated with PlantaStim,
respectively, and in the samples treated with
Rhizobium 3 and Rhizobium 9 the nodule mass was
4.60±0.17 g and 3.84±0.09 g, respectively. The root
nodule mass in the treated samples with
Rhizobium 3 and Rhizobium 9 was 2.07 and 1.73
times higher than in the control variety,
respectively (Fig. 5). An increase in nodule mass in
the root of a chickpea plant leads to an increase in
nitrogen fixation (Wadisirisuk, 1985). It has been
found that treating mung bean plants with
Rhizobium 3 and Rhizobium 9 microbial fertilizers
has a positive effect on the formation of root
nodules, growth and development (F.Matkarimov
2019).
Rhizobium 9
Rhizobium 3
PlantaStim
Control
Figure 4. Formation of nodules in chickpea plants as a result of the effect of microbial fertilizers.
THE USA JOURNALS
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING (ISSN
–
2689-1018)
VOLUME 06 ISSUE10
39
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajabe
Figure 5. Effect of microbial fertilizers on changes in nodule mass in chickpea plants
Increasing crop productivity in agriculture is of great importance. In the framework of the research,
valuable economic characteristics such as biomass per plant, number of pods per plant, number of grains
per plant, pods weight per plant, grain weight per plant, 100-seed weight, grain yield (1 m2/g), harvest
index and total protein quantity were analyzed (Table 2).
Table 2
Effect of microbial fertilizers on valuable economic characteristics of chickpea plant
Control
Rhizobium 3
Rhizobium 9
PlantaStim
Biomass per plant, g.
53.74±1.79
70.61±1.65
63.68±1.19
58.57±1.57
Number of
pods
per plant
68.20±2.05
76.80±1.46
73.40±0.86
70.67±1.46
Number
of
grains per plant
75.73±1.80
90.4±2.09
88.20±1.47
84.87±1.3
Pod
weight
per plant, g.
35.93±1.06
40.12±1.02
38.04±0.80
37.36±0.70
Grains
weight
per plant, g.
24.04±0.56
30.31±0.68
28.30±0.66
28.33±0.43
100-seed weight
33.07±0,54
33.68±0,41
33.15±0,48
33,41±0,61
Grain yield, g. (1 m
2
)
315.16±9,1
401.04±8,6
376.48±9,4
377.88±10,7
Total protein content, %
21.43
26.8 5
24.13
23.37
Harvest index
45.08
43.06
44,42
44.60
The above-ground dry biomass indicator of the
chickpea in one plant was 53.74±1.79 g in control
variation, and in the samples treated with
Rhizobium 3, Rhizobium 9 and PlantaStim, this
indicator showed 70.61±1.65 g, 63.68±1.19 g and
58.57±1.57 g, respectively. The main yield
elements as the number of pods per plant, the
number of grains, the weight of pods and the
weight of grains per plant were 68.20±2.05 pcs,
75.73±1.80 pcs, and 35.93±1.06 g, and 24.04±0.56
g, respectively. These indicators were higher in all
variations treated with microbial fertilizers than
the control variation. The grain weight of the plant
is of great importance in obtaining high yield (S.V.
Bulyntsev, 2015). The main components that
improve grain yield in chickpea plants are plant
2.22
4.6
3.84
2.21
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Control
Rhizobium 3
Rhizobium 9
PlantaStim
No
d
u
le
m
ass
,
g
.
THE USA JOURNALS
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING (ISSN
–
2689-1018)
VOLUME 06 ISSUE10
40
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajabe
biomass, grain number and grain weight
(Qulmamatova, D.E. 2023). According to the results
of the experiment the weight of 100 grains made up
33.07 - 33.68 g. Grain weight of the samples treated
with microbial fertilizers increased slightly. The
grain yield per 1 m2 under the control variety was
315.16 g, whereas, in the samples treated with
Rhizobium 3, Rhizobium 9 and PlantaStim was
401.04 g, 376.48 g, and 377.88 g, respectively. The
highest rate was observed in the samples treated
with Rhizobium 3 and the yield was 27.25% higher
than in the control variation. The total amount of
protein in the grain was between 21.43 and
26.85%. Also, the highest rate was observed in the
samples treated with Rhizobium 3, and the yield
was 25.29% higher than in the control variety. The
harvest index was 43.06 - 45.08. Higher biomass in
the samples treated with microbial fertilizers led to
a partial decrease in the yield index.
In the chickpea samples grown under field
conditions, higher total water amount, number of
photosynthetic pigments, root nodules and yield
elements in the leaves treated with Rhizobium 3
and Rhizobium 9 microbial fertilizers, as well as
increased transpiration rate, photosynthetic
pigment content and yield elements in the samples
treated with PlantaStim had a significant positive
effect on the productivity of the plant, compared to
the control variation.
During the selection process, in cultivation of
chickpea, Rhizobium 3 , Rhizobium 9 and
PlantaStim microbial fertilizers have a positive
effect on the morphological, physiological
characteristics of the plant, as well as the valuable
economic characteristics, and serve to increase
crop productivity.
REFERENCES
1.
Abdiev, A., Khaitov, B., Toderich, K., & Park,
K. W. (2019). Growth, nutrient uptake and
yield parameters of chickpea (Cicer
arietinum L.) enhance by Rhizobium and
Azotobacter inoculations in saline soil.
Journal of Plant Nutrition, 42(20), 2703-
2714.
2.
Alaei, Y. (2011). The effect of amino acids on
leaf chlorophyll content in bread wheat
genotypes under drought stress conditions.
Middle-East J. Sci. Res, 10(1), 99-101.
3.
Amri, M., El Ouni, M. H., & Salem, M. B.
(2014).
Waterlogging
affect
the
development, yield and components,
chlorophyll
content
and
chlorophyll
fluorescence of six bread wheat genotypes
(Triticum aestivum L.). Bulg. J. Agric. Sci,
20(3), 647-657.
4.
Dardanelli, M. S., de Cordoba, F. J. F., Espuny,
M. R., Carvajal, M. A. R., Díaz, M. E. S., Serrano,
A. M. G., & Megías, M. (2008). Effect of
Azospirillum brasilense coinoculated with
Rhizobium on Phaseolus vulgaris flavonoids
and Nod factor production under salt stress.
Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 40(11), 2713-
2721.
5.
FAOSTAT.
Food
and
Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations. Rome:
FAO. 2022.
6.
Field, C. B., & Barros, V. R. (Eds.). (2014).
Climate change 2014
–
Impacts, adaptation
and
vulnerability:
Regional
aspects.
Cambridge University Press.
7.
Frimpong, A., Sinha, A., Tar'an, B., Warkentin,
T. D., Gossen, B. D., & Chibbar, R. N. (2009).
Genotype and growing environment
influence chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seed
composition. Journal of the Science of Food
and Agriculture, 89(12), 2052-2063.
8.
Gaur PM, Tripathi S, Gowda CLL, Ranga Rao
GV, Sharma HC, Pande S and Sharma M.
2010. Chickpea Seed Production Manual.
Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India:
International Crops Research Institute for
the Semi-Arid Tropics. 28 pp.
9.
Ivanov, L. A., Silina, A. A., & Tsel'niker Yu, L.
(1950). O metode bystrogo vzveshivaniya
dlya
opredeleniya
transpiratsii
v
estestvennykh usloviyakh [On the Method of
Rapid Weighing to Determine the
Transpiration
under
the
Natural
Conditions]. Botanicheskiy zhurnal, 35(2),
171-185.
10.
Jnawali, A. D., Ojha, R. B., & Marahatta, S.
THE USA JOURNALS
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING (ISSN
–
2689-1018)
VOLUME 06 ISSUE10
41
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajabe
(2015). Role of Azotobacter in soil fertility
and sustainability
–
a review. Adv. Plants
Agric. Res, 2(6), 1-5.
11.
Jukanti, A. K., Gaur, P. M., Gowda, C. L. L., &
Chibbar, R. N. (2012). Nutritional quality and
health benefits of chickpea (Cicer arietinum
L.): a review. British Journal of Nutrition,
108(S1), S11-S26.
12.
Kassie M., Shiferaw B., Asfaw S. et al. Current
situation and future outlooks of the chickpea
subsector in Ethiopia.
–
Nairobi: ICRISAT,
2009.
–
43 p.
13.
Kushnirenko, M. D., Goncharova, E. A., &
Bondar, E. M. (1970). Metody izucheniya
vodnogo obmena i zasukhoustoychivosti
plodovykh rasteniy [Methods for studying
water metabolism and drought tolerance of
fruit plants]. Kishinev: AS MSSR.[in Russian].
14.
Lichtenthaler, H. K., & Wellburn, A. R. (1983).
Determinations of total carotenoids and
chlorophylls a and b of leaf extracts in
different solvents. J. aBiochem.aSoc.aTrans.
11:591-592.
15.
Maisura, et al. "Some physiological character
responses of rice under drought conditions
in a paddy system." J. ISSAAS Vol. 20, No.
1:104-114 (2014)
16.
Matkarimov F., Xakimov A., Rasulova O.,
Tuxtayev D., Qulmamatova D., Baboyev S.
(2024). Mikrobiologik oʻgʻitlarning mosh
(Vigna radiate L.) oʻsimligidagi fot
osintetik
pigmentlar miqdoriga ta’siri. Oziq ovqat
xavfsizligi: Milliy va global muommolar ,(2),
60-64.
17.
Matkarimov, F., Jabborova, D., & Baboev, S.
(2019). Enhancement of plant growth,
nodulation and yield of mungbean (Vigna
radiate L.) by Microbial Preparations.
International
Journal
of
Current
Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 8(08),
2382-2388.
18.
Nayek, S., Choudhury, I.H., Jaishee, N., Roy S.
2014. Spectrophotometric analysis of
chlorophylls
and
carotenoids
from
commonly glinen ferm species by using
various extracting solvents. Res. J. Chem. Sci.
4:63-69.
19.
Qulmamatova D.E., Baboev S.K. and Buronov
A.K. Genetic variability and inheritance
pattern of yield componentsthrough diallel
analysis in spring wheat. SABRAO Journal of
Breeding and Genetics 54 (1) 21-29, 2022
http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.1.
3 http://sabraojournal.org/ pISSN 1029-
7073; eISSN 2224-8978
20.
Qulmamatova, D. E. Chickpea (Cicer
arietinum L.) genotypes evaluation for high
yield through multivariate analysis. SABRAO
Journal of Breeding and Genetics 55 (1) 107-
114,
2023
http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.
10
21.
Sangwan, S., Ram, K., Rani, P., & Munjal, R.
(2018). Effect of terminal high temperature
on chlorophyll content and normalized
difference vegetation index in recombinant
inbred lines of bread wheat. Int. J. Curr.
Microbiol. App. Sci, 7(6), 1174-1183.
22.
Saqib, Z. A., Akhtar, J., Ul-Haq, M. A., Ahmad,
I., & Bakhat, H. F. (2012). Rationality of using
various physiological and yield related traits
in determining salt tolerance in wheat.
African Journal of Biotechnology, 11(15),
3558-3568.
23.
Siddiqui, A., Shivle, R., Magodiya, N., &
Tiwari, K. (2014). Mixed effect of Rhizobium
and Azotobacter as biofertilizer on
nodulation and production of chick pea,
Cicer arietinum. Biosci. Biotech. Res. Comm,
7(1), 46-49.
24.
Singh, B. N., Singh, A., Singh, G. S., & Dwivedi,
P. (2015). Potential role of Trichoderma
asperellum T42 strain in growth of pea plant
for sustainable agriculture. J. Pure Appl.
Microbiol, 9(2), 1069-1074.
25.
Skudra, I., & Ruza, A. (2017). Effect of
nitrogen and sulphur fertilization on
chlorophyll content in winter wheat. Rural
sustainability research, 37(332), 29-37.
26.
Taiz, L., & Zeiger, E. (2006). Plant physiology
THE USA JOURNALS
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING (ISSN
–
2689-1018)
VOLUME 06 ISSUE10
42
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajabe
4th ed., Sinauer Associates Inc. Publishers,
Massachusetts. 2006. pp.126-128.
27.
Wadisirisuk, P., & Weaver, R. W. (1985).
Importance of bacteroid number in nodules
and effective nodule mass to dinitrogen
fixation by cowpeas. Plant and Soil, 87, 223-
231.
28.
Yadegari, M., & Rahmani, H. A. (2010).
Evaluation of bean(Phaseolus vulgaris)
seeds' inoculation with Rhizobium phaseoli
and
plant
growth
promoting
rhizobacteria(PGPR) on yield and yield
components. African Journal of Agricultural
Research, 5(9), 792-799.
29.
Zahran, H. H. (1991). Conditions for
successful Rhizobium-legume symbiosis in
saline environments. Biology and Fertility of
Soils, 12, 73-80.
30.
Bulynsev, S.V., Novikova, L. Y.U., Gridnev, G.
A.,
&
Sergeyev,
Ye.
A.
(2015).
Korrelyasionnye
svyazi
seleksionnyx
priznakov, opredelyayushix produktivnost
obrazsov nuta (Cicer arietinum L.) iz
kolleksii VIR v usloviyax Tambovskoy
oblasti. Selskoxozyaystvennaya biologiya,
(1), 63-74.
31.
Sagdiyev M.T., Alimova R.A.. Oʻsimliklar
fiziologiyasi. // Oʻquv qoʻllanma. –
Toshkent.
Yangiyoʻl poligraf se
rvis. 2007. 33
–
bet.
32.
Sytnikov, D. M. (2012). Biotexnologiya
mikroorganizmov
azotfiksatorov
i
perspektivy primeneniya preparatov na ix
osnove. Biotechnologia Achta, 5(4), 034-045.
33.
Taspayev N.S. Produktivnost nuta v
zavisimosti ot srokov poseva, nor
m vыseva i
udobreniy
na
kashtanovыx
pochvax
saratovskogo
zavoljya
//
Dissertatsiya.2018.-str 83
34.
Tretyakov, N. N., Karnauxova, T. V., &
Panichkin, L. A. (1990). Praktikum po
fiziologii rasteniy.
–
3-ye izd., dop. i pererab.
M.: Agropromizdat,
–
1990.
–
271 s.
35.
Svetkova, YU. V., Lyashko, M. U., &
Strajnikova, I. I. (2020). Vliyaniye
primeneniya inokulyanta “Rizotorfin” na
soderjaniye
xlorofilla
v
listyax
introdutsirovannыx sortov soi i ix
urojaynost.
Vestnik
Rossiyskogo
universiteta drujby narodov. Seriya:
Agronomiya i jivotnovodstvo, 15(1), 7-18.
36.
Руководство,
Р.
"4.1.
1672
-03
«Руководство по методам контроля
качества и безопасности биологически
активных добавок к пище»." М.:
Федеральный центр Госсанэпиднадзора
Минздрава России 240 (2004).
