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PUBLISHED DATE: - 30-10-2024
DOI: -
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajabe/Volume06Issue10-05
PAGE NO.: - 22-31
INFLUENCE OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
LENTIL (LENS CULINARIS MEDIK) SAMPLES
ON YIELD COMPONENTS AND CORRELATION
ANALYSES OF SOME CHARACTERISTICS
Oybek Kholliyev
PhD student, Institute of Genetics and Plant Experimental Biology, Academy of Sciences of
Uzbekistan
Farrukh Matkarimov
PhD student, Institute of Genetics and Plant Experimental Biology, Academy of Sciences of
Uzbekistan
Sevara Baboeva
Senior Researcher, Institute of Genetics and Plant Experimental Biology, Academy of Sciences
of Uzbekistan
Sultonova Dilfuza
Teacher, Chirchik State Pedagogical University, Uzbekistan
Saidmurat Baboev
Professor, Institute of Genetics and Plant Experimental Biology, Academy of Sciences of
Uzbekistan
Dilafruz Qulmamatova
Head of laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Plant Experimental Biology, Academy of Sciences
of Uzbekistan
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
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INTRODUCTION
By 2050 demands of world population for protein
increases two times. Plant protein sources may be
an economically effective way to meet protein
demand of population and improve the overall
quality of nutrition in future [2, 6]. Plant proteins
serve to improve environmental sustainability,
benefit human health, and in some cases reduces
the risk of death [28].
Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) is a representative of
the Leguminosae family with low-calorie and high-
protein quality [10]. Lentil is a dietary food source
with its content, depending on its different
varieties, up to 30% protein [26] and rich in
microelements such as iron (Fe), selenium (Se),
manganese (Mn), copper (Cu) as well [12,27,].
Protein content of this grain has high concentration
of essential amino acid such as lysine, leucine,
isoleucine, valine and phenylalanine. Including,
according to the content of the grain (rich in
methionine, tryptophan, etc.), in addition to
meeting the protein requirements of the world’s
vegetarian population [1, 18], is considered as a
“meat for poor men” [22].
Agrotechnical importance of lentil is high, due to
symbiotic peculiarities with legume bacteria as
other leguminous plants, it is considered as a
nitrogen fixer plant, assimilates free nitrogen from
air and contributes its role in nitrogen cycle [28].
Including leguminous plants into crop rotation
helps to protect environment and nature, as well as
to improve soil fertility and the diversity of
rhizosphere in consequence of biologically
extraction of N2 [12].
Lentil, in the condition of Uzbekistan, is included
into the list of nontraditional agricultural crops and
is notable for its nutritional value, easy to digest,
rich in protein and at present is mainly imported.
Nowadays, the increase of demand for organic
products requires the creation and implementation
of new productive varieties of lentil.
Grain productivity is the main complex
characteristic which appears in the result of
interrelation of plant characteristics and changes
under the influence of environment [30].
In studying agricultural crops, breeders are rarely
interested in studying a single trait of a plant, in
addition, it is important to study the correlation
between different traits, especially the correlation
between yield and other traits. Selection is an
integral part of breeding, and with the help of
selection, genotypes with high productivity can be
obtained. Determining the correlation between
agronomic characteristics, their correlation with
yield productivity and their direct effect on grain
yield allows selection of varieties with high
productivity [30].
Abstract
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Improvement of breeding processes plays an
important role in increasing crop productivity.
Statistical analysis of the correlation among the
characters that ensure productivity is widely used
in breeding processes.
In selection and genetic research, various research
methods are used in complex assessment of initial
materials. Direct assessment of the selected
character is difficult in some cases, and in this case
correlation analysis is used [26]. Correlation is a
relationship that describes the degree of
relationship between two variables. It shows how
strongly a pair of variables is correlated [5].
With the help of the correlation coefficient, it is
possible to evaluate the relationships between
different characters at the genotypic and
phenotypic level, the connection of a certain
character with environmental factors, the laws of
passing of the character from the parental forms to
the next generations [16].
The laws of variation of traits and the correlation of
quantitative indicators allow to determine the
value of each trait to use in selection processes [3].
Information on the genetic diversity among various
parameters of lentil, and correlation between
economical and physiological characteristics, in the
conditions of our Republic, was not studied
enough. It is important to analyze the correlation
between crop capacity and physiological
characteristics of lentil. Based on this, the purpose
of the research is to study the correlation between
the productivity of lentil and the physiological
characteristics of the plant.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiments were conducted in 2022-2023 in
“Durman” field exper
imental base of the Institute
of Genetics and Plant Experimental Biology of the
Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
In order to study and use the collection samples of
gene pool of promising and high-value leguminous
plants, as well as valuable economic characters and
resistance to adverse climatic conditions of lentil,
like other leguminous plants, correlation analyses
of
valuable
economic
and
physiological
characteristics were conducted on nineteen
genotypes. These samples were selected from the
experimental
nursery-
gardens
“Lentil
International Elite Nursery Global 2021” (LIEN
-
GLO) and “Lentil International Drought tolerant
Nursery 2020” (LIENDT
-20) of ICARDA. The
variety “Oltin don” was used as a control variety
(Table 1).
Table 1.
List of lentil genotypes used in the present study
№
CROSS
№
CROSS
72001
ILL590XILL8461
72021
ILL7531XILL8461
72004
ILL7978XILWL 118
72023
ILL4605XILL6002
72008
ILL6002XILL7716
72027
ILL358XILL10870
72011
ILL8114XILL7663
72030
ILL6002XLIRL-21-50-1-1-1
72014
ILL8114XILL10956
72032
ILL10012XILL2585
72015
ILL7978XLIRL-21-50-1-1-1
72036
ILL10866XILL10174
72016
Oltin don
60001
ILL10675xILL8461
72017
ILL4380XILL4372
60003
ILL75xILL7700
72019
ILL6994XILL10141
60010
LRIL-21-50-1-1-1xDPL 62
72020
ILL4605XILL6002
60020
ILL10690
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A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was
used in the experiment with two replications using
60 сm spacing and four
-row plots with four meters
of row length. The plot size measured 0.6 m × 1.6 m
rows (1 m2). Samples of lentil were sown in the
second decade of February and harvested at the
end of May and the beginning of June.
Physiological processes and amount of pigments
were analyzed on the third leaves from the top of
the plants during the flowering and podding
phases. Pigments in the leaf content, i.e. chlorophyll
‘a’, chlorophyll ‘b’ and carotenoid amount were
determined according to the method of
Lichtenthaler [14].
Transpiration rate was determined according to
Ivanov’s method [9], water holding capacity
was
determined with the method by Kushnirenko [13],
and Tretyakov’s method [31] was used in
determining the total amount of water in leaves.
Harvest index was calculated according to the
following formula:
𝐻𝑎𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥(%) =
𝑆𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝐵𝑖𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
× 100
The obtained data were analyzed on the statistical
software ANOVA STATGRAPHICS-18 [33].
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The positive correlation among the crop indicators
leads to an increase in grain productivity,
depending
on
the
morpho-physiological
characteristics of yield elements. The effect of
genotypes on morpho-physiological characteristics
showed significant differences in lentil plants
(Table 2).
Plant height had higher results in genotypes K-
72001 (41.4 cm), K-72020 (41.2 cm), K-72011
(38.8 cm), K-72023 (38.59 cm). In the other
genotypes plant height was between 29.86-36.7
cm. 45 % of the studied genotypes of lentil showed
higher results on dry matter than the control
variety “Oltin don”, whereas on K
-72027, K-72036
and K-60001 had lower level of secondary
branching compared to other lentil genotypes.
Within the research, physiological processes were
studied during the overall flowering period.
Water holding capacity in leaves was determined in
genotypes K-60003 (17.85%) and K-60010
(16.11%), which were selected from samples of
LIENDT. Total chlorophyll amount and net
photosynthetic productivity were measured in
genotypes K-72008 (4.16 mg/g; 3.21 gr/m2/day)
and K-72023 (4.06 mg/g; 3.70 gr/m2/day
respectively).
Average transpiration rate of lentil genotypes was
equal to 50.78 mg/g/h. Acceleration of
transpiration process was higher in K-72021
genotype (87.95 mg/g/h) than the control variety
“Oltin don” (68.99 mg/g/h). Whereas the
genotypes K-72004 (68.99 mg/g/h), K-72001
(62.05 mg/g/h) and K-72023 (68.57 mg/g/h)
showed almost similar results to the control
variety. The other genotypes showed moderate
indicators. The height of the plant, the number of
fruiting branches, the physiological processes and
the photosynthesis rate determine the high
productivity indicators [19,23].
Table 2.
Morphological and physiological characteristics of lentil samples
Genotype
Plant
height,
sm.
Total dry
matter of
plants, gr.
Secondary
branching
Water
holding
capacity in
branches,
%
Transpirati
on rate,
mg/g/h
Chlorophy
ll, mg/g
Net
photosynth
etic
productivit
y,
gr/m
2
/day
72001
41,4
33,22
11,2
15,30
62,05
2,94
2,51
72004
34
49,31
12,3
9,45
68,99
3,21
2,13
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72008
35,6
46,73
15,4
15,56
32,69
4,16
3,21
72011
38,8
50,11
13,5
12,03
44,56
3,01
3,17
72014
33,6
41,79
13,7
9,39
53,48
3,67
2,76
72015
36,7
44,85
11,8
12,20
51,23
3,16
3,13
Oltin don
36,8
41,98
13,2
8,94
69,44
3,84
2,09
72017
33,4
33,12
13,3
9,86
71,77
3,32
2,66
72019
31,5
37,21
15,3
10,39
61,45
3,11
2,68
72020
41,2
44,05
13,7
15,01
45,41
3,16
2,78
72021
36,85
42,38
14,8
12,24
87,95
3,29
3,17
72023
38,59
46,80
12,9
10,47
68,57
4,06
3,70
72027
32,35
43,91
8,8
12,87
41,84
3,33
2,34
72030
36,6
40,35
13,2
13,04
49,43
3,42
2,81
72032
33,36
44,59
15,3
15,36
35,22
3,41
2,08
72036
29,86
40,85
8,2
14,11
41,52
3,42
2,04
60001
34,23
36,81
9,3
14,56
27,55
3,09
1,46
60003
33,08
40,66
11,83
17,85
30,34
3,93
1,74
60010
32,41
35,52
10,16
16,11
36,64
2,55
1,74
60020
30,26
41,07
10,17
13,42
35,42
3,16
1,69
Sх
35,05
41,77
12,40
12,91
50,78
3,36
2,50
LSD (0,05)
0,74
1,08
2,19
0,58
3,72
0,09
0,14
CV%
9,41
11,54
17,63
8,91
60,40
11,87
2,24
Crop indicators of lentil genotypes, including
number of pod and grain per plant, grain weight
per plant and weight of 1 000 grains, biological and
seed productivity, as well as yield indices were
analyzed (Table 2). High diversity was noted
among the genotypes on these indicators, which
ensure high crop productivity. The results of the
research show that, number of pods per plant was
between 67 and 128.67 pieces; number of grains
per plant was between 71.67 and 197.67 pieces;
grain weight per plant varied between 3.18 gr and
8.13 gr; weight of 1 000 grains was between 33.12
gr and 50.11 gr; biomass was 237.7-423 gr; seed
productivity in 1 m2 was 105.5-196 gr; as well as
yield index varied from 42.12% to 54.96%
respectively. Lentil genotypes with high
productivity showed higher number of pods and
grains per plant, and higher grain weight per plant.
It was determined, that in genotypes K-72001, K-
72014, K-72015 and K-72036 number of pods was
105.33-128.67 pieces, number of grains made up
146-197.67 pieces, grain weight was from 62.5 to
8.13 grams. Number of pods in genotypes K-72017,
K-72020, K-60003, K-60020 and K-60020 was
from 67 to 76 pieces and had lower indicators
compared to other genotypes, whereas genotype
K-60010 showed the lowest indicators on the
overall yield attributes. Significant diversity among
the lentil genotypes on yield attributes depends on
the genetic differences of the varieties. In the
researchers of A.Ouji [20] significant genetic
differences was detected among the lentil varieties.
On the weight of 1 000 grains, genotypes K-72004
(49.31 grams) and K-72011 (50.11 grams)
recorded the highest rate depending on the grain
size. Despite the high number of pods and grains
per plant and grain weight in genotype K-72001, it
was observed that the weight of 1 000 grains was
lower and made up 33.22 grams due to grain
fineness. Among lentil genotypes, it was noted that
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1 000 grain weight depended on grain shape and
size [32].
The grain yield per 1 m2 was equal to 161.32 grams
on average, and 141.3 grams in the control variety
“Golden grain”. In 70% of the lentil genotypes, the
crop yield per 1 m2 was higher than the control
variety, and the indicators of the genotypes were in
the range of 164-196 grams.
K-72014, K-72015 and K-72020 genotypes had the
highest biological (385.6; 347.0; 420 grams) and
seed productivity (196.0; 180.3 grams) compared
to other varieties.
The longer the growing season of plants, the higher
the grain yield and the yield index, or the higher the
biomass, the lower the yield index [22]. The yield
index was higher than 54% in K-72001 and K-
72008 lentil genotypes depending on biological
and seed productivity.
When agrotechnic activities are properly
implemented, plant nutrient uptake in sufficient
level leads to improved biological and grain yield
[25].
Table 3.
Harvest indexes of lentil samples
Genotypes
Number of
pods
Number of
grains
Grain
weight, gr
Weight of
1 000 grains,
gr
Biological
Yield
Seed
Yield
HI
72001
128,67
197,67
6,25
33,22
304,5
167,3
54,96
72004
95,67
128,00
6,37
49,31
346,9
178
51,35
72008
84,33
144,00
6,62
46,73
307,7
168
54,62
72011
92,67
157,33
7,38
50,11
349,1
170,7
48,88
72014
114,33
194,33
8,13
41,79
385,9
196
50,77
72015
111,00
146,00
6,25
44,85
347
180,3
52,03
72016
(Oltin don)
86,67
109,67
4,53
41,98
261,7
141,3
53,99
72017
74,00
112,33
3,95
33,12
244,7
121
53,67
72019
88,33
136,00
5,11
37,21
332,3
166
50,06
72020
76,67
99,67
4,39
44,05
420
196
46,66
72021
100,00
124,67
4,92
42,38
393,3
176
44,78
72023
78,00
135,67
6,30
46,80
423
178
42,12
72027
90,67
120,67
5,40
43,91
360
158
43,85
72030
96,67
154,32
6,22
40,35
373
189,9
50,84
72032
90,33
123,00
5,79
44,59
324
164,6
50,75
72036
105,33
155,67
6,61
40,85
382
190,3
49,82
60001
83,67
89,33
3,47
36,81
237,7
119,9
50,4
60003
76,00
97,33
4,13
40,66
247,7
131,3
53,1
60010
67,00
71,67
3,18
35,52
242
105,5
43,6
60020
75,00
78,00
3,95
41,07
253
128,3
50,7
Sх
90,75
128,77
5,45
41,77
326,78
161,32
49,85
LSD (0,05)
3,46
7,58
0,30
1,08
39,34
6,12
0,85
CV%
17,05
26,33
4,95
16,99
547,65
16,98
7,61
According to the results of the correlation analysis,
strong positive correlation was detected among the
valuable economic characters of lentil genotypes,
i.e. between indexes such as number of grains per
plant with grain weight per plant r=0.88*** and
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grain productivity per plant r=0.71***, between
grain weight per plant and grain productivity in
1m2 plot r=0.79*** accordingly. As well as among
the physiological characteristics strong positive
correlation was noted, i.e. among chlorophyll ‘a’,
chlorophyll ‘b’ and carotenoid content in leaves
(r=0.92***, r=0.81*** respectively) (Figure 1).
Number of pods per plant has positive influence on
lentil crop productivity from phenotipical and
genetic point of view [29]. A strong positive
correlation (r=0.92 r=0.68) was detected among
crop indicators of lentil grown under different
conditions [17, 18, 30]
Researches on the lentil crop was mainly carried
out according to the components of seed
productivity, such as the number of pods per plant,
the number of grains, the weight of grains per plant
and the weight of 1000 grains [11]. The number of
grains per plant plays an important role in
determining productivity elements, while the
weight of 1 000 grains has a partial effect [6].
The weak positive correlation between the weight
of 1 000 grains and the number of grains per plant
(r=0.12) can be explained by the fact that despite
the large number of grains in a plant, they were not
fully ripened and became small in size, due to hot
temperature during the ripening period of the
grain or unfavorable climatic conditions.
The number of grains per plant, being one of the
main indicators of crop, has weak positive
correlation in genotypic level with physiological
characteristics such as chlorophyll “a” (r=0.16) and
“b” (r=0.17), amount of carotenoid (r = 0.14), as
well as transpiration rate (r = 0.28). And the change
of physiological processes depending on the
environment does not have a high impact on the
increase or decrease of crop productivity.
Figure 1. Correlation of some crop and physiological characteristics in lentil genotypes
Col_1
–
number of grains per plant; Col_2
–
grain
weight per plant; Col_3
–
weight of 1 000 grains;
Col_4
–
biomass; Col_5
–
seed productivity; Col_6
–
total amount of water; Col_7
–
transpiration rate;
Col_8
–
water capacity of leaves; Col_9
–
chlorophyll
“a”; Col_10 –
chlorophyll “b”; Col_11 –
amount of
carotenoid; Col_12
–
photosynthetic productivity;
Note: *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001
The indicators of total amount of water and water
holding capacity of leaves showed negative
correlation with the crop characteristics such as
the number of grains per plant (r=-0.12; r=-0.26),
grain weight (r=-0.05; r=-0.31), biomass (r=-0.05;
Pearson Product-Moment Correlations
Col_1
Co
l_1
Col_10
Co
l_1
0
Col_11
Co
l_1
1
Col_12
Co
l_1
2
Col_2
Co
l_2
Col_3
Co
l_3
Col_4
Co
l_4
Col_5
Co
l_5
Col_6
Co
l_6
Col_7
Co
l_7
Col_8
Co
l_8
Col_9
Co
l_9
0,17
0,14
0,54
0,88
0,12
0,51
0,71
-0,12
0,28
-0,26
0,16
0,17
0,74
0,25
0,28
0,31
0,12
0,21
-0,12
-0,01
-0,07
0,92
0,14
0,74
0,30
0,36
0,57
0,34
0,34
0,06
-0,05
-0,12
0,81
0,54
0,25
0,30
0,57
0,41
0,67
0,62
-0,55
0,48
-0,36
0,31
0,88
0,28
0,36
0,57
0,53
0,63
0,79
-0,05
0,14
-0,31
0,29
0,12
0,31
0,57
0,41
0,53
0,53
0,51
0,05
-0,03
-0,18
0,38
0,51
0,12
0,34
0,67
0,63
0,53
0,91
-0,05
0,33
-0,26
0,18
0,71
0,21
0,34
0,62
0,79
0,51
0,91
-0,08
0,27
-0,24
0,23
-0,12
-0,12
0,06
-0,55
-0,05
0,05
-0,05
-0,08
-0,12
0,14
-0,08
0,28
-0,01
-0,05
0,48
0,14
-0,03
0,33
0,27
-0,12
-0,71
0,06
-0,26
-0,07
-0,12
-0,36
-0,31
-0,18
-0,26
-0,24
0,14
-0,71
-0,13
0,16
0,92
0,81
0,31
0,29
0,38
0,18
0,23
-0,08
0,06
-0,13
-1,0
1,0
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r=-0.26) and seed productivity (r=-0.08; r=-0.24).
And this can be connected with the reduction of
water in plant cells and decrease of assimilation
processes. In order to determine in detail the effect
of each character on the yield structure of any crop,
it is important to know the interrelationship among
the characters, because the effectiveness of
selection can be positive for one character and
negative for another one at the same time [16].
The increase in the rate of transpiration in the
leaves partially affected the decrease in the total
amount of water, and the correlation between the
traits (r=-0.12) was weakly negative. Depending on
the characteristics of the plant variety, a decrease
in the water holding capacity of the leaves (r=-
**0.71) led to an increase in the rate of
transpiration.
In increasing the grain yield of lentils, it is essential
to study the important physiological processes that
determine the photosynthetic productivity.
Net photosynthetic productivity is the formation
and accumulation of organic matter in 1 m2 area
for one hour. The amount of organic matter
accumulated during one day varies from a very
small amount to 15-18g/m2 during the vegetation
period [4].
Net photosynthetic productivity showed a strong
and moderate positive correlation with crop
characteristics such as biomass per 1 m2
(r=**0.67), number of grains per plant (r=*0.54),
grain weight (r=**0.57) and seed productivity
(r=*0.62). The increase in net photosynthetic
productivity led to an increase in organic matter
synthesis in lentil genotypes and a positive
correlation of valuable economic characters. A high
dry matter weight accumulated during daily
photosynthesis is associated with a significant
increase in productivity.
The organic matter formed and accumulated
during photosynthesis is divided into biological
(the total amount of dry matter synthesized during
the growing season) and economic (grain, seed,
root crop) yield [4].
A small part of the amount of water spent in the
process of transpiration was used for the synthesis
of organic matter, leading to the accumulation of
dry matter during photosynthesis, which showed a
moderate positive correlation between net
photosynthetic productivity and the rate of
transpiration (r =*0.48).
A weak positive correlation was determined
between net photosynthetic productivity and
amount of pigments in leaves, i.e. chlorophyll “a”
(r=0.31), chlorophyll “b” (r=0.25) and amount of
carotenoid (r=0.30).
The rate of photosynthesis determines the high
productivity indicators of plants. The change in the
rate of photosynthesis is related to the activity of
photosynthetic pigments in the leaves, and these
pigments are directly involved in the synthesis of
organic matter. [15].
As a result of the increase in transpiration rate, due
to the activation of organic matter synthesis, the
water holding capacity and the total amount of
water in leaves decrease. There is a negative
correlation between the rate of transpiration and
the water holding capacity of leaves [18]. Moderate
negative correlation was found between net
photosynthetic productivity and total amount of
water (r=-*0.55) and water holding capacity of
leaves (r=-0.36) as well. Herein, activation of
organic matter synthesis caused a change in water
exchange in the leaves.
According to the results of the analysis, strong and
moderate positive correlation of some traits has a
positive effect on the formation of lentil
productivity and helps to genetically improve the
productivity of lentil varieties created in the
conditions of our republic. In the process of
selection, it allows for the appropriate selection of
productive lentil varieties.
In addition to the high yield capacity in optimal
conditions, morpho-physiological characteristics
of varieties and their resistance to biotic and
abiotic stresses are also of great importance.
Among the lentil genotypes, based on the analysis
of morpho-physiological and crop characteristics,
genotype K-72015 showed a good results, and
cultivation of the this genotype as a new promising
variety in our republic gives an opportunity to
obtain a high yield.
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