Acumen:
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research
ISSN: 3060-4745
IF(Impact Factor)10.41 / 2024, VOLUME-2, ISSUE-6
112
Acumen: International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research
THE ROLE OF VERBAL ASSOCIATIONS IN THE FORMATION OF
PARADIGMS
Muslimjon Nasirov
Teacher at Kokand SU
Abstract
. This article analyzes the issue of linguistic paradigms, which is
considered an important phenomenon in linguistics. The issue of the role of associative
thinking in the formation of different paradigms has been studied.
Key words:
paradigm, associative thinking, association, stimulus, linguistic
relations, antonymy, homonymy, paronymy.
Annotatsiya
. Ushbu maqolada tilshunoslikdagi muhim hodisa hisoblangan
lingvistik paradigmalar masalasi tahlil qilingan. Turli paradigmalarning hosil
bo‘lishida assotsiativ tafakkurning o‘rni masalasi o‘rganilgan.
Kalit so‘zlar:
paradigma, assotsiativ tafakkur, assotsiatsiya, stimul, lingvistik
munosabatlar, antonimiya, omonimiya, paronimiya.
One of the independent branches of anthropocentric linguistics that studies
language in relation to the factor of the person using it is associative linguistics. In
associative linguistics, language is conceived not only as a system consisting of a set
of interacting units, but also as a verbal network that is associatively connected with
each other. The word association comes from the Latin word associato - to
connect, to unite. The German scientist W. Humboldt was the first to comment
on associations in language. W. Humboldt, analyzing the dialectics of objectivity and
subjectivity, noted that mutual understanding occurs due to the fact that people touch
exactly one button of their soul, and as a result, thoughts that are consistent with each
other, but not exactly, arise in the minds of each person
1
. The fact that when one
lexical unit is heard or read, another one is recalled in our memory indicates that
lexemes do not live alone in our linguistic consciousness. These units that live
together in linguistic consciousness are considered the basic units that form speech
structures. It follows from the above that the associative connection of language units
can form certain linguistic paradigms. This article focuses on this feature of verbal
associations. First, let us briefly describe the paradigm.
As noted above, one of the characteristics of verbal associations is that they pave
the way for the creation of various speech structures. In other words, for any speech
structure, associatively connected language units (lexical, syntactic units) act as basic
units. Any lexical unit, regardless of its grammatical form or meaning, depending on
1
D.E.Lutfullayeva, “Assotsiativ tilshunoslik nazariyasi, Monografiya, T. Meriyus, 2017-y. 11-bet
Acumen:
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research
ISSN: 3060-4745
IF(Impact Factor)10.41 / 2024, VOLUME-2, ISSUE-6
113
Acumen: International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research
various factors, in human memory recalls certain lexical units or other level units, with
which it is associatively connected
2
.
According to A. Nurmonov, as soon as a word enters into a syntagmatic
relationship, it is associated with other words outside the speech process in the memory
of the speaker of the language according to the sign of commonality, and these
associated units form certain groups in the memory. This indicates that associations
are directly related to a number of other paradigms in the language. In addition to the
fact that the relationship of associations with other paradigms gives rise to the
classification of verbal associations, any paradigms are formed on the basis of verbal
associations.
Lexical units in a language are imprinted in human memory not only with their
formal expression - material shell, grammatical form, semantic, stylistic-functional,
pragmatic, acoustic, along with all the signs perceived by the speaker of the language.
When the semantic essence is predominant, associative units are formed from these
signs, which are related to each other according to the proximity, connection, contrast,
etc. in meaning. D. Khudoyberganova connects the formation of associations with the
meaning of the word and the specific properties of the word. In her opinion, a person
stores in his memory, along with the meanings of words, information about their
properties perceived in the objective world through his sense organs. Therefore, a
certain word causes certain associations in the memory of the person who hears it
3
.
Let us consider the relationship of verbal associations with other paradigms in
more detail through the following examples. The relationship of lexemes in a language
according to their semantic sign leads to the formation of diverse associations. In
particular, the antonymic relationship of lexical units in an antonymic relationship
causes them to recall each other and form associative connections in human memory.
For example, when we hear the lexeme good, the lexeme bad is also recalled
in our minds. This is a verbal association. The associative pairs bitter - sweet,
high - low, far - near are formed on the basis of antonymic
relationships. From this it can be seen that the associative relationship of language units
forms the paradigm of antonymic words.
The essence of antonyms was studied by the linguist J. Dees on the basis of
associative experiments. According to him, the members in the opposition are so
strongly connected to each other that if a person is told one member of an antonymic
pair and asked to say another word in response, he will answer with an antonym without
hesitation. The associative connection of lexical units in an antonymic relationship is
2
D.E.Lutfullayeva, Assotsiativ tilshunoslik nazariyasi, Monografiya, T. Meriyus, 2017-y. 28-bet
3
Xudoyberganova D. Ozbek tilidagi badiiy matnlarning antroposentrik talqini: Filo.fan. dok. Diss. Toshkent:
Oz RFATAI. 2015. 101-bet
Acumen:
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research
ISSN: 3060-4745
IF(Impact Factor)10.41 / 2024, VOLUME-2, ISSUE-6
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Acumen: International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research
undoubtedly based on the semantic connection of lexemes. As is known, any
contradiction requires opposing members that are opposed to each other. The mutual
connection of opposing members in an antonymic relationship through opposition
causes them to remember each other in the memory of the speaker of the language.
This means that semantically contradictory lexemes also form lexical associations in
the language. For example, the lexeme "ruin" is associatively connected with the
lexeme "prosperous", and the lexeme "beautiful" is associated with the lexeme "ugly"
on the basis of an antonymic relationship.
In addition, the semantic relationship between lexical units in a synonymous
relationship causes them to remember each other and associate with each other in
human memory, and leads to the formation of a paradigm of synonyms of the
associative relationship between units. For example, the associative pairs "smart" -
"knowledgeable", "human" - "human" are formed on the basis of a synonymous
relationship. The associative relationship between language units also plays an
important role in the formation of the paradigm of graduanimy. Graduanimy (semantic
gradation) as a type of inter-word semantic relationship means that lexical units express
their meaning in a gradual manner. For example, the lexeme "gapirmoq" and lexemes
such as "whisper", "whisper", "shout" are in a graduanimy relationship, and they are
associatively linked in memory. Such lexemes create a mechanism for remembering
each other in the mind. It follows that the associative relationship of linguistic units
also gives rise to the paradigm of graduanimia.
Another form of lexical associations based on semantic relevance in the Uzbek
language is the formation of a paradigm of cognate lexemes. That is, the associative
relationship between lexemes also forms a paradigm of cognate lexemes. Since cognate
lexemes within the same topic represent semantically close concepts, they are
associatively linked to each other in human memory. For example, lexemes such as
book, notebook, pen, pencil, drawer, which are united under the
unit school supplies, form a paradigm of cognate words by being associatively
linked to each other.
Verbal associations are also directly related to paradigms such as hyponymy and
partonymy. For example, associative pairs such as tree - cherry, animal -
bear, person - woman arise on the basis of hyponymic relations between
lexemes and form the paradigm of hyponymy, while paradigms such as house -
door, window, roof; div - head, hand, foot, finger are
formed on the basis of partonymic relations between lexemes. All of these relations are
considered the result of associative connections and show that associative relations
form the paradigms of hyponymy and partonymy.
Acumen:
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research
ISSN: 3060-4745
IF(Impact Factor)10.41 / 2024, VOLUME-2, ISSUE-6
115
Acumen: International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research
Lexemes that are combined into a common paradigm based on a stylistic sign in
the language also form verbal associations. For example, joining - disjunction,
tangent - cotangent, morphology - syntax, dot - comma typical
of the scientific style; beauty - beauty, shabboda - yel typical of the
artistic style; beautification - greenery, contract - partnership
associative pairs typical of the journalistic style arise on the basis of a common stylistic
sign. It is clear from this that the associative relationship between lexemes can also
give rise to the paradigm of stylistically characterized words. The associative
relationship between lexemes is also related to the paradigm of word formation. The
relationship between a lexeme and the formations formed through it also creates
associative connections in human thinking. For example, the lexeme gul is
associatively connected with the constructions gulchi, gulli, gulsiz,
guldon formed on its basis. The lexeme ish is also associatively connected with
constructions such as ishla, ishchi, ishli, ishsiz and forms a paradigm
of cognate words. In turn, constructions, along with cognate words, also recall the base
part itself. For example, tuzla - tuz, aqlli - aql. The relationship between
the lexeme and the constructions formed on its basis creates paradigmatic associations.
An associative relationship is also observed in the relationship of paronymic
pairs that have different meanings, but are consonant in pronunciation and are
perceived by a person as semantically close units. In the Uzbek language, pairs such as
surat - surat, shox - shoh, sher - sher are associatively
connected with each other, forming a paradigm of paronyms. The perception of
paronyms by the speaker of the language as semantically close units causes their
associative connection in human memory.
In conclusion, it can be said that verbal associations, along with ensuring the
interconnection of language units, also form certain linguistic paradigms. This once
again proves that language is a system of systems.
REFERENCES:
1. Iskandarova Sh. Leksikani mazmuniy maydon asosida o’rganish muammolari.
–Toshkent: Fan, 1998.
2. Lutfullayeva D. Assotsiativ tilshunoslik nazariyasi. Monografiya. –T.:
“Meriyus”, 2017.
3. Nurmonov A. Struktur tilshunoslik: ildizlari va yoʻnalishlari (“Lingvistika”
yoʻnalishidagi magistrlar uchun oʻquv qoʻllanma). Andijon, 2006.
4. Xudoyberganova D. O’zbek tilida badiiy matnlarning antroposentrik talqini:
Doktorlik dissertasiyasi avtoreferati. - Toshkent, 2015
