Acumen:
International Journal of
Multidisciplinary Research
Volume 1, Issue 3
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Acumen: International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research
TYPES OF MENTAL WEAKNESS IN CHILDREN AND METHODS OF
PREVENTION
Kahramonova Zebuniso Raufjonovna
Student of Defectology at ATMU
Abstract.
This article provides information on types of mental retardation in children
and methods of prevention. Mentally retarded refers to a steady decline in mental, first of
all, intellectual development as a result of organic damage to the brain. Mentally retarded
children will not be able to master the program of general education schools. Children with
severe mental retardation cannot acquire knowledge and skills at school.
Key words:
mentally retarded, clinical-psychological, defect, cognitive activity,
mental, attention, process, etiology, mother, pregnancy, injury, oligophrenia, endogenous,
exogenous, postnatal, passive.
Cognition is the leading deficit in the clinical-psychological picture of mental
retardation is that the activity has not developed. Cognitive impairment thinking
operations, speed of mental processes, impaired mobility, attention, manifested in the
underdevelopment of memory and a number of cortical functions will be.
The etiology of mental retardation varies. Mental retardation of the fetus in the
mother's womb, at birth or during the early development of the central nervous systemdue
to genetic disorders, injuries, asphyxia, infections, intoxications
originates.
The clinical description of the main forms of mental retardation is closely related to
the pathogenesis of the injury, the time of the negative impact.
The causes of oligophrenia are different. Oligophrenia according to etiological signs
divided into two main groups:
1. Oligophrenia caused by endogenous (genetic) effects, connected with hereditary
pathology or present in the family or appearing for the first time in this individual;
2. Oligophrenia caused by exogenous influences (infections, intoxications, brain
traumas in early stages of fetal or postnatal ontogenesis).
In the origin of oligophrenia, polygenic type of heredity is also unique
importance is given. Pathological genetic factors passed down from parents
accumulation occurs.
The exogenous form of oligophrenia includes cases in which the nerve external
negative to the child's brain during the period of pregnancy to underdevelopment of the
system causes effects.
These include various chronic diseases during embryonic and fetal periods
(toxoplasmosis, syphilis, etc.). others) and acute (rubella, influenza, epidemic parotitis,
Acumen:
International Journal of
Multidisciplinary Research
Volume 1, Issue 3
120
Acumen: International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research
infectious hepatitis, rash smallpox, etc.) forms of oligophrenia caused by infectious diseases
during the mother's pregnancy are included. Poisoning of the mother's div with alcohol,
chemicals, as well as some drugs (antibiotics, sulfonamides, barbiturates, quinine, hormones,
etc.) also causes oligophrenia. Radioactive and X-ray radiation also have a pathogenic effect
on the fetus and the cells of the parents. Various endocrine diseases in the mother (diabetes,
thyroid, glandular, pituitary injuries) also play a pathogenic role. Toxicosis during
pregnancy, vitamin imbalance also has a negative effect.
Chronic in the mother's cardiovascular system, lungs, liver and kidneys deficiencies
lead to pathology of the fetus. Incompatibility of the blood of the mother and the fetus in
terms of the rhesus factor also leads to negative consequences.
Prolonged lack of oxygen in the fetus before birth (hypoxia)
affects the formation of the brain.
The time of exposure is also important in fetal damage. The first three months of
pregnancy are very dangerous important aspects are the formation of the brain.
Exogenous forms of oligophrenia are the beginning of the central nervous system
infections, intoxications and injuries during development (up to 1.5-2 years).
Variants of mental deficits associated with resulting injuries are also included. In these
cases, meningitis of various etiologies, encephalitis, meningoencephalitis, severe somatic
diseases (measles, scarlet fever, parotitis, dysentery, etc.), intoxication of the nervous system
(postvaccinal encephalitis) cause oligophrenia. Special attention should also be paid to
postnatal brain injuries. Hydrocephalus plays an important role in the pathogenesis of such
injuries.
Oligophrenia according to the degree of manifestation of intellectual deficiency
divided into four levels: light, medium, heavy and deep.
Mild mental retardation. Light, able to concentrate and has a good mechanical
memory children with mental retardation will receive education in a special (correctional)
program possible This program is based on concrete and demonstrative methods,
mathematics.
It makes learning writing, reading and other subjects much easier, therefore
for a child can occupy it for 9 years. Later, the child acquires professional knowledge
can work independently.
Children with mild mental retardation acquire speech skills a little late, most of them
use speech for everyday purposes, able to master the skills of maintaining and participating
in conversation will be However, their speech has phonetic distortions and vocabulary
limitation, lack of understanding of words, the meaning of the words used it is typical that it
will not be clear. Words are not fully used as a means of communication.
Acumen:
International Journal of
Multidisciplinary Research
Volume 1, Issue 3
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Acumen: International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research
Active vocabulary lags behind passive vocabulary. A weak-minded person
understands more than he speaks. Active vocabulary is not only limited, but also filled with
stamps (identical word combinations). Phrases are simple, uniform, violations in the
grammatical construction of speech (connection of words in sentences) are manifested in the
lack of connectives and auxiliaries. There are difficulties in expressing one's thoughts, telling
what one has read and heard. In some cases, signs of underdevelopment of speech are
observed.
The limited and slowed senses of sight, hearing, kinesthetic, tactile, smell and taste
(sense) make the environment difficult. Poorly developed perception makes it difficult for a
mentally retarded person to form an accurate picture of himself and the things that surround
him.
Memory is characterized by slowness and sluggishness, quick forgetting. But
memory may be stored and well formed. Usually subject and only external features of
reality are remembered. Internal logical connections memories about and explaining in
words creates great difficulties.
Free activity of mentally retarded persons, weakness of aspirations, initiative.
It is distinguished by its lack, stubbornness, weakness of social and personal motives.
Necessary decisions are often made on a short-circuit basis. Actions insufficiently
goal-directed, impulsive, there is no struggle of motives. In many cases of mild mental
retardation, which does not require abstract thinking, it is possible to engage in unskilled and
semi-skilled manual labor based on practical activities. They are carpenters, tailors,
embroiderers and they learn other professions.
Moderate mental retardation. Moderate mental retardation with lack of formation of
cognitive processesis described. Thinking is concrete, there is no sequence. In this category
of persons understanding and use of speech develops behind (with a delay of 3-5 years), and
full development in this area is limited. Often speech is accompanied by gross defects.
Vocabulary is small, it consists mostly of words and phrases used in everyday life.
Almost all children with this level of mental retardation have movements
coordination, accuracy and speed will be disturbed. Movements are slowed down,
clumsy, this prevents the formation of the running mechanism and learning to jump. Children
with mental retardation, even as teenagers, have difficulty entering a given movement state
and cannot hold it for more than a few seconds. They have difficulty moving from one action
to another. The lack of development of movement in some of them is manifested in the
uniformity of movements, their slow pace, sluggishness, and discomfort. In others, excessive
mobility is manifested in inconsistency with the goal, disorder, uncoordinated actions.
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International Journal of
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Acumen: International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research
People with moderate mental retardation have a lot of information and imagination
less. The formation of scattered concepts is completely absent or sharply limited.
Development of perception and memory is observed.
Autistic symptoms or other general developmental disorders in children can appear.
Some of them are kind and polite.
Others - angry, angry. Still others are stubborn, liars, lazy, tend to do impulsive
(unexpected) things.
Mental retardation often affects limbs, paws, fingers, head, skin, internal organs,
(is accompanied by disorders in the development of genitals, teeth, face, eyes, ears.
Adults with moderate mental retardation require normal, competent supervision under
constant supervision and guidance, taking into account their individual and personal
qualities.
They can do work that they don't do (especially those who are busy with agricultural
work where there are). People with moderate mental retardation will need social protection
and support.
Severe mental retardation.In severe mental retardation, thinking is not only very
concrete, rigid, but also is not formed at all from the ability to generalize. In most of them
underdevelopment of motor functions, coordination disorders, etc
co-existing pathologies are clearly manifested. These individuals have great
difficulties in self-service skills with. Some of them even use buttons and laces
they can't even learn to tie.
Self-service education for children with severe mental retardation is limited to
practicing skills and learning to find a target in the environment, developing communication.
Speech has agrammatisms, defects in pronunciation of sounds, word wealth is low and not
enough to organize any activity.
It is important to remember that this is a severe form of underdevelopment
children who are sick can use it later in similar situations they need to repeat what
they are being taught several times in order for them to understand and develop the skills
they have.
Usually, intellectual disorders are obvious neurological pathologies: paralysis, paresis
goes along with They include the skeleton, skull, limbs, skin and internal organs dysplastic
div structure is observed.
People with this pathology require constant help and support. Rofound mental
retardation. It is understanding or carrying out requests or instructions in children
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International Journal of
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Volume 1, Issue 3
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Acumen: International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research
ability is limited. They have not developed attention, perception, memory. Think about
it elementary processes do not exist. Most of the time, you don't understand the meaning of
speech they use sounds or words that they do not understand the meaning of.
Most of such children have severe motor disorders, they completely immobile or the
movements are sharply limited, urine and feces they cannot hold, they can only be
communicated with in a rudimentary form. They can't take care of their basic needs, or this
feature is very weak, and they need constant help and support.
Needs and actions are very simple, action reactions are irregular, not directed to the
goal, stereotyped moving from side to side, agitation without external cause is observed.
The most severe of them do not cry, do not laugh, do not recognize the people around
them. None nothing can attract attention. They have difficulty aiming in space. They are only
affected by pain. The facial expression is meaningless. They cannot distinguish between
what can be consumed and what cannot be consumed. They do not understand speech and
gestures. Affects of anger, a desire to harm oneself are observed.
However, when working with such children, they are sensitive to sound, bright light,
etc attention to color, moving objects and other influencers it is possible to achieve some
achievements in education.
REFERENCES
1. D.A.Nurkeldiyeva, M.U.Hamidova "Diagnostics of children with developmental
disabilities" Tashkent - 2016;
2. Rakhmanova V.S. "Correctional pedagogy and speech therapy". Tashkent
"Economy - Finance" 2007;
3. M.Y. Ayupova "Logopedia". Tashkent Publishing House of the National Society of
Philosophers of Uzbekistan 2007;
