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VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue06 2025
PAGE NO.
7-13
10.37547/ajahi/Volume05Issue06-02
Selection of Promising Erect Chickpea (Cicer Arietinum
L.) Germplasm Accessions Based on Biometric Indicators
Guljakhan Mirsharipova Kamalovna
Associate Professor, Department of Agro-Soil Science and Reclamation, Gulistan State University, Uzbekistan
Bakhrom Kholboev
PhD in Biological Sciences, Associate Professor, Uzbekistan
Dildora Xo‘djakulova
Lecturer, Department of Agro-Soil Science and Reclamation, Gulistan State University, Uzbekistan
Head of the Department of "Veterinary Diagnostics and Food Safety" of the Nukus Branch of the Samarkand State University of
Veterinary Medicine, Animal Husbandry and Biotechnologies, Uzbekistan
Shavkat Botirov
Department of Agro-Soil Science and Reclamation, Gulistan State University, Uzbekistan
Farangiz Nurullaeva
Master's Student, Department of Agro-Soil Science and Reclamation, Gulistan State University, Uzbekistan
Received:
11 April 2025;
Accepted:
07 May 2025;
Published:
09 June 2025
Abstract:
This article presents the results of a study conducted under weakly saline soil conditions using collected
chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) samples. High-yielding chickpea accessions such as FLIP 98-189c (25.5 t/ha), FLIP 98-
140c (32.6 t/ha), FLIP 98-116c (26.6 t/ha), and FLIP 98-183c (25.7 t/ha) were identified and recommended for
breeding purposes. Accessions FLIP 98-121c, FLIP 97-25c, FLIP 98-183c, and FLIP 98-189c demonstrated superior
performance in terms of 1000-grain weight and are recommended as initial sources for breeding programs.
Keywords:
Chickpea, germplasm, correlation, yield, yield components, factor analysis.
Introduction:
Chickpea is among the most significant
leguminous crops, valued for its high content of
protein, carbohydrates, and fiber, and it plays a vital
role in the food industry. As a drought-tolerant legume,
chickpea also enhances soil fertility. Although it is
primarily cultivated in drylands, recent efforts have
aimed to grow chickpea on arable lands susceptible to
waterlogging and salinization. For this purpose,
breeding programs tailored to regional agro-climatic
conditions are essential, focusing on scientifically
grounded selection of initial genetic sources.
Yield remains the primary trait for selecting varieties
suitable for specific environmental conditions.
Although it is a complex quantitative trait influenced by
both genotype and environment, high yield under
natural local conditions reflects a genotype's
adaptability. Additionally, productivity depends on
yield components.
In the Syrdarya region’s weakly saline soils, when
chickpea varieti
es such as “Uzbekistan
-
32” (control),
FLIP 98-140c, FLIP 98-1116c, FLIP 98-152c, and FLIP 98-
183c were planted in the autumn using various row
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spacings (60×10×1, 60×15×1, 60×20×1), the highest
number of pods, grains, and grain mass was observed
in the 60×20×1 planting pattern. However, decreasing
plant spacing led to fewer grains per plant and an
increase in individual grain size. All chickpea samples
exceeded the control in 1000-grain weight (69
–
128 g)
[6; 71
–
75].
According to O. Soipov [13; 22], planting larger seed
fractions resulted in an additional 1.5 t/ha grain yield (a
27.4% increase), and even higher fractions led to a 2.1
t/ha yield increase (29.5%). In saline, irrigated lands of
the Syrdarya region, chickpea seeds ("Malhotra"
variety) were fractionated into very small to very large
sizes. For quality seed material, an 8.0 mm sieve is
recommended [3; 262
–
264].
Previous studies have shown that grain length and
width are largely genotype-dependent, while grain
mass is influenced by the environment. Larger grain
fractions improve seed quality and germination
—
by
13
–
18% in soybean and 10
–
11% in chickpea. A weak
correlation exists between grain length and thickness,
while a strong correlation exists between width and
thickness, with a weak positive correlation between
seed mass and germination [3; 262
–
264; 4; 28
–
33].
Chickpea productivity is also influenced by external
conditions and agronomic practices. According to Z.K.
Yuldasheva, yields reached 28.7
–
31.0 t/ha in autumn
and 26.8
–
27.0 t/ha in spring, depending on row
spacing. "Uzbekistan-32" achieved 36
–
37 c/ha,
"Yulduz" 31.1
–
32.4 c/ha, and "Lazzat" 26.8
–
27.8 c/ha.
The highest yields occurred in wider row spacings and
when the “Uzbekistan
-
32” variety was planted in
double rows spaced at 60 cm [16; 32
–
33].
It was observed that dense plantings (60×10×1) led to
higher yields in accessions FLIP 98-140c (25
–
36.1 c/ha)
and FLIP 98-1116c (25.4
–
39 c/ha) [9; 22; 11; 172
–
174].
G.K. Mirsharipova (2010), Z.K. Yuldasheva (2002), and
A.A. Abdiev (2008) confirmed that the height of the
lower pods is lower in early-sown and densely planted
chickpeas compared to late or sparse plantings [1; 9;
15; 41
–
56].
These findings demonstrate that quantitative traits
vary with genotype and environment. Therefore,
applying statistical methods
—
particularly factor
analysis
—
is essential for identifying promising
germplasm adapted to local conditions [2; 23
–
25; 3;
243
–
245].
In addition, detailed studies of saline soils in the
Mirzachul region have provided insights into their
characteristics and recommendations for improving
their fertility [17; 18]. Using factor analysis, it was
determined that the vetch variety Mirzachul-1 exhibits
salinity tolerance [4; 4
–
7].
Objective
To identify promising erect chickpea genotypes suitable
for the soil and climatic conditions of the Syrdarya
region.
METHODS
The study involved 25 chickpea accessions, with
“Uzbekistan
-
32” used as the control. All accessions
were planted in a 60×10×1 pattern. Phenological
observations and biometric measurements were
conducted according to the manual published by the
Cotton Research Institute [12; 15
–
140], and primary
data were analyzed using a statistical software program
[14; 65
–
107; 5; 45
–
100].
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 1 presents the biometric traits of the chickpea
accessions. The average pod weight per plant was 24.9
g, ranging from 13.3 g to 41.0 g across genotypes.
Similarly, pod number per plant averaged 48.5, with a
minimum of 24.6 and a maximum of 80.4.
Grain weight per plant averaged 17.6 g, ranging from
4.8 g to 29.2 g. Grain number per plant ranged from 4.4
to 88.4, with an average of 51.6.
Table 1
Biometric indicators of standing pea genotypes
Genotypes
On a single plant
Producti
vity,
ts/ha
Legumes
Grain
Legumes
A grain
in one
grain
quantity,
piece
Grain
output
%
1000
grain
weight
weight,
g
quantity
, piece
weight
, g
quantity,
piece
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Uzbekistan-32
(control)
29,4
72,3
22,6
88
1,2
77,3
258,8
22,8
FLIP 98-189c (17)
29,9
53,1
24,6
76,1
1,3
84,3
325,8
25,5
FLIP 98-189c (24)
13,4
25,2
10,6
27,2
1,1
79,1
389,5
11.0
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American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations (ISSN: 2771-2559)
FLIP 98-17c
25,9
54,9
10,6
27,2
1,1
73,4
302,3
17.0
FLIP 97-254c
24,9
56,9
18,7
55,8
0,9
75,1
340,2
16,7
FLIP 98-212c
27,4
57,2
20,8
65,7
1,1
75,9
351,2
17.0
FLIP 97-147c
25,5
47
19,3
54,1
1,2
75,7
355,8
17,7
FLIP 98-218c
20,2
40,9
15,3
48,5
1,75
75,7
322,6
16.0
FLIP 98-121 (62)
24,4
49,6
18,4
53,3
1,1
75,4
343,9
18,5
FLIP 98-121c (68)
24,2
39,3
16,9
40,6
1,0
69,8
474,9
15,5
FLIP 98-204c (69)
20,1
41,5
14,5
48,3
1,2
72,1
296
12,6
FLIP 97-25c
27,9
46,6
21,3
53,9
1,3
76,3
390,6
19,2
FLIP 98-197c
33.0
37
4,8
40,1
1,1
75,2
369,7
20,3
FLIP 97-32c
22,1
39,5
16,4
44,4
1,0
71,8
371,7
15,0
FLIP 98-129c
22.0
52,3
16,5
56
1,0
74
293,3
17,0
FLIP 98-107c
18,9
41,4
14,5
52,4
1,2
76,8
295,4
15,8
FLIP 98-182c
22,9
42,3
19,2
49,5
1,4
71,8
339,2
17,0
FLIP 98-201c
21,3
49,5
16,7
53,4
1,1
78,1
312,1
18,0
FLIP 97-231c
24,8
60,2
19,4
60,5
1,0
76,9
312,5
20,0
ILC-533 (106)
13,3
24,6
10,4
27,3
1,1
79,9
371,2
8,0
FLIP 98-140c
41.0
80,4
29,2
88,4
1,1
71,3
331,3
32,6
FLIP 98-116c
30,7
56,5
22,6
63
1,1
74,1
359,7
26,6
FLIP 98-152c
28,6
48,7
19,3
52,9
1,1
67,9
365,3
22,0
FLIP 98-183c
33.0
53,2
22,4
57,8
1,1
68,1
389,3
25,7
FLIP 98-116c (91)
17,2
43,1
14,5
4,4
1.0
84
340,4
17,5
Average
24.9
±1,3
48,5
±2,5
17,6
±1,0
51,6
±3,7
1,1
±0,01
75,2
±0,8
344,1±
8,7
18,6
±1,0
Minimum
13,3
24,6
4,8
4,4
0,9
67,9
258,8
8,0
Maximum
41,0
80,4
29,2
88,4
1,8
84,3
474,9
32,6
The average number of grains per pod was 1.1. Grain
output was 75.2%, and the 1000-grain weight averaged
344.1 g, with a range of 258.8 to 474.9 g.
Productivity, a key indicator, averaged 18.6 c/ha, with
the lowest being 8.0 c/ha and the highest 32.6 c/ha.
The variability in performance reflects the genotypic
diversity and morphological characteristics of each
accession.
From the results of the initial statistical analysis of the
primary data, it became clear that the genotypes of
upright pea differed from each other in quantitative
characteristics. This is natural. Because each collection
sample is a genotype and has its own morphological
characteristics and features. It is important to conduct
targeted selection work among them, to select those
that are important for selection. In this case, first of all,
it is advisable to have complete information about each
quantitative characteristic and select genotypes using
them. In this case, it was determined that the
correlation analysis can be used to evaluate
quantitative traits and to select genotypes using them
[15; 25-105-
б]. This can also be seen from the data in
the following figure (Figure 1). From the data in the
figure, it can be seen that there is an average strong
(r=0.744) correlation between the weight of pods per
plant (number 1 represents the number of seeds per
plant) and the number of grains per plant (2). This is
natural. Because as the number of grains increases,
their weight also increases.
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American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations (ISSN: 2771-2559)
A moderate correlation was observed between the
weight of pea pods per plant (1) and the weight of
grains per plant (3) (r=0.599) and the number of grains
per plant (4) (r=0.683), while a strong correlation was
observed between productivity (r=0.844). So, the
productivity of pea genotypes depends first on pod
weight, followed by the number of pods, the number of
grains and its weight. A strong correlation (r=0.747,
0.759, 0.785) was observed between the number of
pods per plant (2) and grain weight per plant (3), and
between grain number (4) and productivity (8). The
same result was found between the number of formed
grains (4) per plant and productivity (8) (r=0.675).
An inverse correlation (r=-0.399) was observed
between the percentage of grain in the pod (grain yield)
(6) and the weight of pods per plant (1). This meant that
an increase in pod weight
decreased the percentage of grain in the pod. An
inverse correlation (r=-0.438) was found between the
1000-grain weight (7) and the number of pods per plant
(2). This meant that an increase in the number of pods
led to a corresponding decrease in the 1000-grain
weight.
In general, weak, medium, and strong correlations
were observed between the traits of upright pea. It was
noted that productivity primarily depended on pod
weight, number of grains, and grain weight per plant.
An increase in pod number led to a decrease in 1000-
grain weight.
As we noted above, it was found that there are varying
degrees of correlation between the traits of upright pea
genotypes. So, since quantitative traits are correlated
to varying degrees, there is a commonality in this
relationship. In this case, factor analysis can be used.
Factor analysis is one of the modern statistical
programs, the main task of which is to divide
quantitative traits into groups or factors according to
the degree of correlation between them [15; 25-105-
p]. Because the basis of factor analysis is correlation
analysis. When traits are interconnected, they can have
a common trait. We can determine this using the data
in Table 2 below. From the data in the table, the factor
loadings for the first factor were the highest for
indicators such as the weight of pods per plant (0.882),
the number of pods per plant (0.916), the weight of
grains per plant (0.850), the number of grains per plant
(0.878), and yield (0.909).
1
2
3
5
4
6
7
8
The numbers are symbols and the lines
between them represent the correlation
coefficient and its level:
1. weight of pods
in one plant, g; 2. number of pods,
pieces; 3. grain weight in one plant, g 4-
the number of grains; 5- the number of
grains in one pod, piece; 6 grain
output,%; 7-1000 grain weight, g; 8-
yield, ts/ha
1 Figure 1. Level of correlations between quantitative traits of standing pea
genotypes.
r=0.3-0.5; r=0.3-0.5; r=>0.7; r=-0.3-0.5.
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Table 2
Factor loadings of quantitative traits of standing pea genotypes
Signs
Factor loadings of pea symptoms
1
2
3
4
Weight of pods in one plant, g
0,882
-0,273
0,047
0,039
The number of dukas in one plant, pcs
0,916
0,143
-0,259
-0,112
Grain weight per plant, g
0,850
0,028
0,074
0,258
The number of grains in one plant, pcs
0,878
0,178
0,108
-0,039
The number of grains in one pod, grain
0,015
0,483
0,865
0,037
Grain output, %
-0,304
0,674
-0,305
0,587
1000 grain weight, g
-0,246
-0,814
0,227
0,456
Productivity, ts/ha
0,909
-0,081
-0,013
0,190
In this case, based on the characteristics of these traits,
this factor c
an be called “yield.” Because the weight of
pods on one plant, their weight, the number of grains,
and their weight have a positive effect on yield, and
there is a high correlation between them (as noted
above).
A relatively high factor loading on the second factor
was observed for the indicator called the proportion of
grain in the pod or grain yield (0.674). This factor can
be called the "proportion of grain" in the legume.
Relatively high loading on the third factor was recorded
on the number of grains in one pod (0.865), while on
the fourth factor it was recorded on the weight of 1000
grains (0.456).
Based on these data, the most promising genotypes of
standing pea were selected. Factor loadings of each
genotype were determined. These data are presented
in table 3. From the data in the table, according to the
first factor (recall that the first factor is productivity),
genotypes such as serial number №1 (Uzbekistan
-32-
control)
(1.473), №2 (FLIP 98
-
189c (0.982), №21 (FLIP
98-
140c) (2.712), №22 (FLIP 98
-116
c) (1.018), №24 FLIP
98-183c (0.998) had high indicators in terms of factor
loadings. This was the basis for recognizing these
genotypes as productive genotypes. The productivity of
these genotypes was 22.8 c/ha in the Uzbekistan-32
(control) variety, №2 (
FLIP 98-189c -
25.5 c/ha, №21
(FLIP 98-140c-
32.6 , №22 (FLIP 98
-116c)-26.6, and FLIP
No. 24 98-183c-25.7 c/ha were found to be productive
genotypes. It was also noted that these genotypes were
superior to the control variety Uzbekistan-32.
According to the second factor (the proportion of grain
in the ear), genotypes such as No. 2 (FLIP 98-189c
(1.544), No. 8 (FLIP 98-218c) (1.579), No. 16 (FLIP 98-
107c) (1.04) can be noted. The proportion of grain in
the ear in these genotypes was 84.3; 75.37 and 76.8%,
respectively, and differed from the others.
The third factor (number of grains per pod) showed
differences in the indicators of genotypes No. 8 (FLIP
98-218c) (3.124), No. 12 (FLIP 97-25c) and No. 17 (FLIP
98-182c) (1.720). The number of grains per pod in these
genotypes was 1.75; 1.3 and 1.4.
The fourth factor provided information about
genotypes with high 1000-grain weight, including No. 2
(FLIP 98-189c) (2.504), No. 3 (FLIP 98-189c (0.875), No.
10 (FLIP 98-121c) (0.774), No. 12 (FLIP 97-25c) (1.363),
No. 20 (ILC-533) (0.590), No. 25 (FLIP 98-116c) (1.628).
The 1000-grain weight in these genotypes was 325.8 -
474.9 g.
Table 3
Factor loadings of standing pea genotypes
№
Factor loadings of genotypes
№
Factor loadings of genotypes
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
1,473
1,681
-0,50
-0,65
14
-0,52
-0,99
-0,22
-0,50
2
0,982
1,544
0,216
2,504
15
-0,00
0,386
-1,01
-1,35
3
-1,84
-0,17
-0,09
0,875
16
-0,52
1,04
-0,00
-0,74
4
-0,39
0,09
-0,67
-1,65
17
-0,13
0,204
1,720
-0,61
5
0,168
-0,31
-1,41
-0,30
18
-0,15
0,76
-0,65
-0,04
6
0,446
0,021
-0,26
0,259
19
0,455
0,454
-1,21
-0,15
7
0,030
0,023
0,409
0,404
20
-1,97
0,178
-0,23
0,590
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American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations (ISSN: 2771-2559)
8
-0,50
1,579
3,124
-0,27
21
2,712
-0,44
-0,19
0,184
9
0,048
-0,01
-0,24
0,057
22
1,018
-0,49
-0,05
0,712
10
-0,56
-2,60
0,483
0,774
23
0,463
-1,28
0,495
-0,89
11
-0,58
0,490
0,348
-1,88
24
0,998
-1,65
0,610
-0,08
12
0,190
-0,23
1,125
1,363
25
-1,24
0,620
-1,70
1,628
13
-0,53
-0,87
-0,03
-0,20
CONCLUSIONS
1. In the collection samples of standing peas, the
average weight of pods in one plant was 24.9, the
number of pods was 48.5, the weight of grains was 17.6
g, and the number of grains was 51.6. The number of
grains in one pod was 1.1, the share of grain in the pod
was 75.2%, the weight of 1000 grains was 344.1 g, and
the yield was equal to 18.6 t/h on average.
2. It was found that the correlation between pea traits
is weak, medium and strong. Productivity was noted to
be moderately to strongly correlated with pod number,
weight, grain number and weight.
3. Among the upright pea collection samples, FLIP 98-
189c (25.5 c/ha), FLIP 98-140c (32.6 c/ha), FLIP 98-116c
(26.6 c/ha) and FLIP 98-183c (25.7 c/ha) were
recognized as promising high-yielding genotypes, and
these varieties were recommended for inclusion in the
breeding process.
4. Collection samples of pea FLIP 98-121c, FLIP 97-25c,
FLIP 98-183c, FLIP 98-189c were recommended as a
starting source for carrying out selection work, being
superior to others in terms of weight of 1000 grains.
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