Volume 04 Issue 01-2024
17
American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
(ISSN
–
2771-2559)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
01
Pages:
17-23
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
7.
471
)
OCLC
–
1290679216
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
Important problems of improving the animal breeding conditions, microorganisms in soil, and land conditions,
preventing desertification processes can be solved by combating drought and desertification, mitigating the
environmental situation, sowing drought-tolerant pasture plants in desert areas, studying the biological
characteristics of soils to increase plant viability in low-humidity lands, and increasing drought-resistant plant cover in
high-drought lands.
KEYWORDS
Degradation, vegetation, drought, climate, sandy-desert soils.
INTRODUCTION
Worldwide factors such as climate change,
temperature rise, increase in desertification processes,
and misuse of natural resources cause land
degradation,
reduction
of
vegetation
cover,
deterioration of soil and water resources, and various
changes in the ecological balance, becoming global
and regional problems.
The total land area of the Republic of Uzbekistan is
44892.4 thousand hectares, of which 76.6% is in the
steppe zone. The desert zone is formed by the
Kyzylkum, Ustyurt, Malikchol, Sherabad, Karshi,
Kattakum, and Sandykli deserts and the central
territory of the Fergana region with a total area of
33,995,000 hectares. The soils of the desert zone
consist mainly of sandy deserts, loams, bald soils, and
solonchaks; the mechanical composition of these soils
consists of medium and light loams formed over
alluvial-proluvial and lacustrine deposits [4, 7, 9, 10].
Research Article
IMPACT OF DROUGHT PROCESSES ON SANDY-DESERT SOILS
Submission Date:
January 01, 2024,
Accepted Date:
January 03, 2024,
Published Date:
January 06, 2024
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/Volume04Issue01-04
Nurgaliev Najmiddin Abdumajitovich
(Phd) Doctoral Student Of The Department Of Soil Science, National University Of Uzbekistan
Nabiyeva Gulchexra Mirergashevna
Doctor Of Sciences In Biological, Department Of Soil Science, National University Of Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajahi
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 04 Issue 01-2024
18
American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
(ISSN
–
2771-2559)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
01
Pages:
17-23
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
7.
471
)
OCLC
–
1290679216
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
At present, 70%, or 31.4 million hectares of our republic
are subject to varying degrees of drought processes,
mainly related to natural saline drift dune sandstones
and malmrock. The Aralkum desert, covering an area of
more than 3 million hectares, was formed due to the
drying out of the Aral Sea alone. As a result, the
ecological environment in the area deteriorated, thus
aggravating desertification processes and causing
numerous social problems [13].
In the formation of sandy soils, of great importance is
the specific water regime, in particular good water
permeability and capillarity since sand completely
absorbs rainwater and water penetrates much deeper.
For example: in winter and early spring in Kyzylkum 80-
120 mm of precipitation falls; this amount causes
wetting of sandy soils down to 1-1.5 m [3, 5, 7, 10].
The soil cover of the desert zone is extremely non-
uniform and is characterized by its complexity,
complex topography, high temperatures (the effective
sum of temperatures is 4000-5000 0C), low humus
content, high carbonate content, predominance of
salinity, local areas of salinity and gypsum [10].
Object of study. The field experimental site of the
Research Center is located in the Karaulbazar district of
the Bukhara region, in the area of sandy desert soils
formed by alluvial-proluvial and lacustrine sediments; it
is located on I-II terraces of the Amu-Bukhara canal of
the subaerial delta of the Zarafshan River. The
vegetation cover of the area under study is 40%. These
include white saxaul (Haloxylon persicum Bunge),
black saxaul (Haloxylon aphyllum), wormwood
(Artemisia
tenuisecta),
wormwood
(Tamarix
androssowii), incense (Peganum harmala), wormwood
(Salsola arbuscula), black wormwood (Amaranthus
retroflexuss), ephemera and ephemeroids: sedge
(Physodes carex), sedge (Bmomus tectorum), fennel
(Remopyrum Orientale), salt plants (Aeluropus
litoralis), camel’s
-thorn (Alhagi psudoalhagi), etc.
Research methods. Soil sampling, storage and
laboratory experiments in the territory where survey
work is being conducted are carried out following the
interstate standard GOST: 17.4.3.01-83 [1, 10].
Reproduction of drought-resistant pasture plants in
desert areas to prevent drought and desertification,
mitigate the ecological state, study the biological
properties of soils to increase the viability of plants on
lands with low humidity, and increase drought-
resistant plant cover on lands with high drought, are
relevant issues not only for the animal breeding but
also
for
improving
the
conditions
of
soil
microorganisms, thus preventing desertification
processes and creating the possibilities to protect the
environmental situation.
Today, climate change, decreased precipitation, and a
sharp increase in temperature create environmental
problems on a global scale. It is not a mistake to say
that drought is a global problem that threatens not
only Uzbekistan but also the whole world. The lack of
water resources in many countries of the world
negatively affects agriculture, causing desertification
and drought. In many countries around the world, the
extent of dryland formation as a result of climate
change is classified as follows (see Table 1).
Table 1
Classification of climate and drylands based on aridity index by subspecies (Haipeng Yu. et al., 2021)
Volume 04 Issue 01-2024
19
American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
(ISSN
–
2771-2559)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
01
Pages:
17-23
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
7.
471
)
OCLC
–
1290679216
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
№
Dry lands
AI
1
Hyper-dry
AI<0.05
2
Dry
0.
05≤AI<0
.2
3
Semi-dry
0.
2≤AI<0
.5
4
Dry subhumid
0.
5≤AI<0
.65
5
Moist
AI≥0
.65
6
Cold
PET<400 mm
The climate classification based on the above aridity
index consists of 6 subtypes of drylands. According to
this classification, for AI <0.05, the land is considered
hyper-dry, it has very few plants, mostly seasonal, and
only some plants survive the hot summer heat. At
0.05
℃
and AI<0.2, plants in dry areas grow very slowly.
At 0.2
℃
and AI <0.5, the land is considered semi-arid,
such areas have plants, but there is often a shortage of
water. At 0.5
℃
and AI<0.65, dry sub-humid lands have
plants well scattered around but the water shortage is
somewhat noticeable. At AI
≥
0.65 the land is taken as a
wet area, and water needed by plants in such areas is
very well distributed, there is no shortage of water. At
PET<400 mm, there is a cold zone; in such areas, frost-
resistant plants are dispersed.
Six dryland subtypes were classified using AI. Aridity
index and drought level are the indicators that express
water scarcity in a given area. The aridity index (AI) is a
simple but convenient numerical indicator based on
water scarcity in an area over a long time, it is
calculated based on the ratio P/Pet. (AI) is the unit of
measurement most commonly used to determine the
climate in a given area.
The aridity index is determined by the following formula:
Here, AI is the aridity index, P is the amount of precipitation, PET is potential transpiration [6].
Table 2
Analysis of the drought process and its significant changes in the area under research
Volume 04 Issue 01-2024
20
American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
(ISSN
–
2771-2559)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
01
Pages:
17-23
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
7.
471
)
OCLC
–
1290679216
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
No
Years
Annual precipitation
(mm)
Annual evaporation
(mm)
AI
Types of drought
1
2012
131.7
1793.4
0.07344
Dry
2
2013
147.7
1786.8
0.08266
Dry
3
2014
159.8
1074.6
0.14871
Dry
4
2015
148.4
1756.2
0.0845
Dry
5
2016
181.0
835.9
0.21653
Dry
6
2017
156.9
1073.3
0.14618
Dry
7
2018
93.6
1984.6
0.04716
Hyper-dry
8
2019
153.2
1128.6
0.13574
Dry
9
2020
141.9
1788.6
0.07934
Dry
10
2021
107.7
1969.3
0.05469
Dry
11
2022
122.3
1869.4
0.06542
Dry
Based on the above classification, the aridity index of
the area under study was determined for the first time
using the given formula.
Table 2 shows the results of the studies based on
analyzed climate data from the Center for Hydro-
meteorological Service for the period of 2012-2022.
The analysis showed that in 2013, the annual
precipitation was 147.7 mm, in 2018 - 93.6 mm, in 2021 -
107.7 mm, and in 2022 - 122.3 mm. This is less than in
2013, by 54.1 mm, 40.0 mm, and 25.4 mm, respectively.
The overall result shows a higher probability of
transition from the dry type of drought to the hyper-
dry type. The subject of the study was sandy desert
lands, significantly affected by the drought process in
this area; this, in turn, led to negative changes in soil
and vegetation cover. For this reason, the aim was to
calculate the aridity index of the area under study (Fig.
1).
Volume 04 Issue 01-2024
21
American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
(ISSN
–
2771-2559)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
01
Pages:
17-23
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
7.
471
)
OCLC
–
1290679216
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Figure 1. Aridity indices in the area under study
In the figure above, the aridity index was the highest in 2016 and the lowest in 2018 and 2021. The algorithm and graph
of the maximum product were developed by MAP to determine the severity of drought in agriculture, so the
calculation of the algorithm of the maximum product was difficult. The difficulty was that the data was intended for
an approximate solution to the problem of crop yield and the degree of drought was determined using the following
formula:
Here, X is the definition of drought level obtained
concerning yield. We did not determine the level of
drought based on the above formula; this method was
not used because it includes the crop yield, so, it was
not used because there was no irrigated agriculture in
the area under study [8].
Below is a classification of drought process assessment
widely used in the USA to determine the severity of
drought in drought-affected areas; it has 5 drought
classifications, i.e. they are divided into the following
levels: D0, D1, D2, D3, and D4.
1.
D0 - abnormal drought - this classification of
droughts is characterized by short-term
droughts during summer months, observed in
regions where plant growth slows down.
0,07
0,08
0,1
0,08
0,2
0,1
0,04
0,1
0,07
0,05
0,06
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
2024
AI - the aridity index
Volume 04 Issue 01-2024
22
American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
(ISSN
–
2771-2559)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
01
Pages:
17-23
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
7.
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)
OCLC
–
1290679216
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
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2.
D1 - moderate drought - in this classification,
droughts occur in areas where arable land and
pastures are partially damaged, the level of
rivers, reservoirs, and canals lowers, and
sometimes there is a shortage of water or
restrictions are imposed on the free use of
water.
3.
D2 - severe drought - in this classification,
droughts cause the loss of cropland and
pastures in the areas where there is water
shortage and restrictions are imposed on
water use.
4.
D3 - extreme drought - in this classification of
drought, the loss of crop yields occurs in areas
subject to frequent water shortage and a risk
of fires.
5.
D4 - extraordinary drought - this classification
of drought includes crop areas and pastures.
According to the above classification, in the area under
study, short-term droughts were observed mainly in
the summer months, accompanied by slow growth of
vegetation, partial damage to pastures, and a decrease
in the water level of canals and lakes. It was
scientifically substantiated that D0 corresponds to the
classification of abnormal drought, and D1 corresponds
to the classification of moderate drought.
CONCLUSIONS
The results of analytical observations conducted to
study the level of drought in the area under study show
that according to the data obtained by the Center of
Hydro-meteorological Service of the Republic of
Uzbekistan, the annual sum of maximum air
temperatures in 2012 was 79500c, in 2014 - 79920c, in
2016 - 85230c, in 2018 - 82500c, and in 2020 - 88080c,
and the annual precipitation in 2018 was 93.6 mm. The
decrease in precipitation, which amounted to 107.7 mm
in 2021 and 122.3 mm in 2022, led to an increase in the
drought level. It was scientifically substantiated that it
negatively affects the growth and development of
plants, and the mechanical, physicochemical, and
biological properties of soils.
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SJIF
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(2021:
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5.
705
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7.
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