Volume 03 Issue 05-2023
4
American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
(ISSN
–
2771-2559)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
05
Pages:
04-12
SJIF
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FACTOR
(2021:
5.
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)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
7.
471
)
OCLC
–
1290679216
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
This article describes the most important diagnostic tests in determining protein metabolism disorders of Fish and
their importance. When diagnosing disorders of protein metabolism in fish, it is necessary to carry out an analysis of
feeding them according to age (nutritional norms), characteristic clinical signs (loss of appetite, development of
coxexia, lag behind growth and development), pathologoanatomic changes (accumulation of fat around internal
azos, darkening of div color, coxexia, blood clots in the intestines), morphobiochemical changes in the blood
(hemoglobin, erythrocyte count, average of hematocrit, leukocyte count, neutrophil with Rod nucleus, basophils,
monocytes, lymphocytes, analysis of the average total protein, total calcium, inorganic phosphorus and retinol) is
considered important.
KEYWORDS
Fish, intensive, coxexy, hemoglabin, common protein, retinol, perten DA7250, ETS.
INTRODUCTION
Relevance of the topic. Currently, effective work is
being carried out to ensure stable supply of the
population with livestock products and to expand
production opportunities in livestock and its industries,
to ensure food safety in this area.
Also, strengthening of quality control in the livestock
sector, increasing the volume of production of
competitive export-oriented products, development
of a favorable business environment, which provides
for the production of products with added value chain,
is widely underway.
Research Article
DIAGNOSIS OF PROTEIN METABOLISM DISORDERS IN FISH
Submission Date:
May 06, 2023,
Accepted Date:
May 11, 2023,
Published Date:
May 16, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/Volume03Issue05-02
Eshburiev Sobir Bakhtiyorovich
Associate Professor Samarkand State University Of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Husbandry And
Biotechnology, Uzbekistan
Kasimov Saifiddin Jakhongir Ugli
Assistant Tashkent Branch Of Samarkand State University Of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Husbandry And
Biotechnology, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajahi
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 05-2023
5
American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
(ISSN
–
2771-2559)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
05
Pages:
04-12
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
7.
471
)
OCLC
–
1290679216
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Improvement of the system of science, education,
information and consulting services, introduction of
modern information technologies in this field due to
the introduction of effective forms of integrated
knowledge and information dissemination with the
expansion of research, education and consulting
services in livestock and its branches such important
works are being implemented step by step.
In order to provide the population with high-quality
and cheap livestock and fish products, the
development of the livestock sector is being paid great
attention to the sector at the level of the Republic.
Therefore, the fishing industry, which is considered a
branch of animal husbandry, is not an exception. In the
development of the intensive fishing industry,
measures such as prevention and treatment of
infectious and non-infectious diseases in fish are
required.
Diseases of protein metabolism disorders are
widespread among fish, and this disease brings great
economic damage to fisheries. Eliminating the factors
that cause protein metabolism disorders shows the
need to perform tasks such as early detection and
prevention of diseases.
Disruption of protein metabolism in fish occurs in two
ways:
- increased content of protein substances in the fish
organism.
- deficiency of protein substances in the fish organism.
In the first case, nutrition of the super-protein type
occurs as a result of the over-normal release of protein
substances in the div of fish. This patalogy is
characterized by the fact that it is practically not found
in intensive farms [1].
In the latter case, it has been experimentally
determined that the nutrient is lacking in protein
substances, that the metabolizing process in the fish
organism is derailed, and that it is caused by infectious
and parasitic diseases [5,7].
When diganosticizing protein metabolism disorders
found among fish, diagnosis is made based on the
results of fish feeding conditions, feed quality,
biochemical indicators of feed, fish storage conditions,
clinical and pathomorphological examinations [2,7].
When fish with a violation of protein metabolism are
cracked, thickening of the stomach wall in them
necrosis flies can be seen in the stomach, due to the
lack of certain amino acids, pathologies such as
impaired fat metabolism and fat accumulation in the
liver arise.
In many cases, the intestine becomes inflamed in the
disruption of protein metabolism in the organism of
Fish, and hyperemic conditions are prominent in the
posterior sections of the intestine [3,6].
Protein metabolism disorders in the fish organism can
also be diagnosed by detecting energy deficit
syndrome (ETS). When determining (ETS), a test is
carried out on physiological and biochemical indicators
in fish.In this case, the fish are assessed for their
resistance to stress factors, in particular to
temperature rises. In this case, 20-40 L is carried out
with non-moving water and in containers supplied with
a constant O2 (aquarium). When starting the test, the
water temperature rises from 0.5-2 Cº to 27-30 cº in 1
hour, when the water temperature in sick fish exceeds
25 Cº, kilinic signs are manifested (circular movements).
Death is observed when the water temperature
exceeds 27 Cº, it takes 30 fish to pass this biosinov [3].
Volume 03 Issue 05-2023
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American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
(ISSN
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2771-2559)
VOLUME
03
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05
Pages:
04-12
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7.
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1290679216
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
When protein metabolism is disrupted, fish remain
susceptible to growth and development, coxexia,
infections, in a short time infected fish turn dark or
black in general, sometimes water accumulates in the
abdomen, covering the eyes with a white veil. Fish do
not receive nutrients, movement coordination is
disrupted, accumulating and dying on low-water
shores [3].
When protein metabolism is disrupted, the amount of
hemoglobin and the number of erythrocytes in the
div of fish decreases, while the amount of many
amino acids in the protein decreases and their
proportions change [4].
The fish organism's need for protein is considered to
be greater than that of other livestock. In fish of
different breeds, the need for protein is different. For
example: proteins should make up 31-38% of the feed
for carpsimons, 35-40% for forel, 38-40% for
osyotrsimons, 40-42% for African lacs and local river
lacs, while proteins are required in young fish up to
50%. Disruption of protein metabolism in the organism
of fish is also affected by a lack of vitamins, fats and
minerals [1,4].
The results obtained and their analysis. Our scientific
researches were carried out in fish farms in Tashkent
and Samarkand regions. Scientific investigations were
conducted in order to determine the level of protein
metabolism disorders among 1-year-old carp fish
grown in "“Autsayder Fish” " fish farm located in
Tashkent region.
The investigations began with an analysis of the feed
base available on the farm and the process of feeding
the fish. Granular fodder containing wheat, barley and
mash is widely used as feed in the farm. In this farm,
fish are fed 3 times a day.
The average daily feed intake in the farm is 1.5% of the
fish's div weight (the standard daily feed should be
2.5% of the fish's div weight.)
In order to determine the disorders of protein
metabolism in fish, 50 1-year-old fish were randomly
selected as a sample and underwent clinical and
hematological examinations. As a result of clinical
examinations, it was found that the growth and
development of the fish was delayed, the average
div weight was 0.7-0.8 kg.
At the "Aminjon Farukhbek" fishery farm located in
Samarkand region, investigations were also conducted
to determine the violation of protein metabolism
among fish belonging to the 1-year-old carp breed.
In this farm, mash and wheat bran are used as feed, fish
are fed twice a day. At the "Aminjon Farukhbek" fishery
farm, the amount of food taken by fish per day is on
average 1.7% of div weight.
In both farms, it was found that the div weight of 1-
year-old carp fish is less than the standard indicator.
During the training, the amount of protein in the feed
was checked according to the Гост
13496.4-93 standard
and using a modern universal infrared express analyzer
Perten DA7250.
Laboratory analyzes showed that 100 grams of feed
used in the "Autsayder Fish" fishery contained an
average of 28.86% protein.
It was found that 100 grams of feed used by "Aminjon
Farukhbek" fishery farm contains 14.94% protein.
According to the requirements of the standard, the
amount of protein in the daily feed of carp fish should
be 31-38% on average.
Volume 03 Issue 05-2023
7
American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
(ISSN
–
2771-2559)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
05
Pages:
04-12
SJIF
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FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
7.
471
)
OCLC
–
1290679216
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Energy deficiency syndrome (ETS) test was used to
detect protein metabolism disorders among fish. In
this method, resistance of fish to stress factors,
especially temperature rise, was evaluated.
This test was carried out in 40 l tanks with still water
and constant O2 supply (AKVARUM). At the start of the
test, the water temperature increased from 2 Cº to 27-
30 Cº in 1 hour, and when the water temperature
exceeded 25 Cº, diseased fish began to show clinical
signs (circling movements). When the water
temperature exceeded 27 Cº, death was observed in
fish with clinical signs, 50 fish were used for this
biotest.
As a result of the test carried out at the "Autsayder
Fish" fishery (ETS), 37 out of 50 fish began to show
clinical signs when the water temperature exceeded 25
°C, and during the experiment, clinical signs began to
appear when the water temperature exceeded 27 °C.
the death of the fish was observed.
The following results were obtained in the
investigation at the "Aminjon Farukhbek" fish farm
(ETS): when the water temperature rose above 25°C,
clinical symptoms appeared in 43 out of 50 fish, and
when the temperature reached 27°C, clinical signs
appeared. death was recorded in 43 large fish with no
symptoms.
Based on the results of the conducted (ETS)
examination, the number of fish that showed clinical
signs and died was 74% at the "Outsider Fish" farm, and
86% at the "Aminjon Farukhbek" farm.
During the inspections carried out at the "Autsayder
Fish" fishery, 18% of the fish showed relaxation of the
skeletal muscles, 10% of the fish had darkened div
color, 24% of the fish had tumors in the muscles of the
dorsal part of the div, and 58% of the fish had a
decrease in response to external influences and poor
appetite. was determined.
In the "Aminjon Farukhbek" fishing farm, 20% of the
fish had loose skeletal muscles, 13% of the fish had
darkened div color, 28% of the fish had tumors in the
muscles of the dorsal part of the div, and 54% of the
fish had a decrease in response to external influences
and poor appetite.
Pathanatomical examinations at the "Autsayder Fish"
fishery showed accumulation of fat around the internal
organs in 26% of fish, darkening of the div color in 32%
of fish, cochexia in 72% of fish, bleeding in the intestines
of 13% of fish, curvature of the skull in 10% of fish, 8 In %
of fish, it was found that the degree of refraction of the
fin apparatus was increased, in 24% of the fish, the
eyeball was cloudy, and in 18% of the fish, the presence
of hemorrhages in the skin and eyelids was found.
Figure 1: Accumulation of fat around internal organs as a result of protein metabolism.
Volume 03 Issue 05-2023
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American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
(ISSN
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VOLUME
03
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04-12
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7.
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OCLC
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1290679216
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
From the pathanatomical examinations in "Aminjon
Farukhbek" fishery farm, 32% of fishes have
accumulation of fat around internal azoes, (Fig. 2)
darkening of div color in 34% of fishes, cohexia in 76%
of fishes, curvature of the skull in 14% of fishes, 16
Hemorrhages in the intestines of % fishes, increase in
the degree of refraction of fin apparatus in 10% fishes,
darkening of the eyeballs in 26% fishes, presence of
hemorrhages in the skin and eyelids in 22% fishes was
found.
Blood samples were taken from experimental fish and
their hematological indicators were checked based on
generally accepted methods.
Figure 2. Hemorrhage in the intestines as a result of protein metabolism disorders.
It can be seen in Table 1 that the results of the analysis
of fish blood taken as a sample from the "Autsayder
Fish" fishery showed that the average hemoglobin
content was 69.26±3.78 g/l (the standard average was
75.25± 4.38 g/l), the average number of erythrocytes is
1.1±0.2 1012/l (norm 1.3±0.21012/l), the average indicator
of hematocrit is 32.8±0 ,8% (normal 34.1±1.0%),
leukocyte count on average 38.3±4.1-109/l (normal
39.4±4.3-109/l), the average number of neutrophils
with rod nuclei is 2.4±0.5% (norm 2.8±0.7%), basophils
0.7±0.2% (norm 1.0±0.5% ), the average amount of
monocytes 2.1±0.5% (norm 2.7±0.7%), lymphocytes
88.2±1.2% (norm 90.2±1.4%) formed.
Table 1
Hematological indicators of fish from the "Autsayder Fish" fishery.
T/r
Indicator
Result
Norm (SI unit)
1.
Hemoglobin (HB)
69,26±3,78
75,25±4,38
g/l
2.
Erythrocytes (RBC)
1,1±0,2
1,3±0,2
10
12
/l
3.
Hematocrit (HCT)
32,8±0,8
34,1±1,0
%
4.
Leukocytes (WBC)
38,3±4,1
39,4±4,3
10
9
/l
Volume 03 Issue 05-2023
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American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
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Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
The average amount of total protein in fish blood
serum is 27.25±1.81 g/l (norm 40.23±2.8 g/l), the average
total calcium is 1.9±0.12 mmol/l (norm 2.05±0.15
mmol/l), inorganic phosphorus on average 0.99±0.06
mmol/l (norm 1.04±0.08 mmol/l) and retinol the
average amount was 39.3 ng/ml (normal average 46-52
ng/ml).
As shown in Table 2, the results of the analysis of the
blood of the fish taken as a test from the "Aminjon
Farukhbek" fishery showed that the average
hemoglobin content was 65.25±3.08g/l (the standard
average is 75.25±4.38g /l), the number of erythrocytes
is on average 1.0±0.21012/l (norm 1.3±0.21012/l), the
average indicator of hematocrit is 31.8±0.8% (me mean
34.1±1.0%), average leukocyte count 38.3±4.1-109/l
(normal 39.4±4.3-109/l), rod-shaped neutrophils
average amount 2.4±0.5% (norm 2.8±0.7%), basophils
0.7±0.2% (norm 1.0±0.5%), monocytes average amount
2.1±0.5% (norm 2.7±0.7%), lymphocytes 88.2±1.2% (norm
90.2±1.4%), total blood serum average amount of
protein 20.25±1.01 g/l (norm 40.23±2.8 g/l), total
calcium average 1.9±0.11 mmol/l (norm 2.05±0.15
mmol/l), average inorganic phosphorus 0.98±0.05
mmol/l (norm 1.04±0.08 mmol/l) and average amount
of retinol 37, It was 5 ng/ml.
Table 2
Hematological indicators of fish in the "Aminjon Farukhbek" fishery
T/r
Indicator
Result
Norm (SI unit)
1.
Hemoglobin (HB)
65,25±3,08
75,25±4,38
g/l
2.
Erythrocytes (RBC)
1,0±0,2
1,3±0,2
10
12
/l
3.
Hematocrit (HCT)
31,8±0,8
34,1±1,0
%
4.
Leukocytes (WBC)
38,3±4,1
39,4±4,3
10
9
/l
5.
Neutrophil with rod nucleus
2,4±0,5
2,8±0,7
%
6.
Basophils
0,7±0,2
1,0±0,5
%
7.
Monocytes
2,1±0,5
2,7±0,7
%
8.
Lymphocytes
88,2±1,2
90,2±1,4
%
9.
Total protein
20,25±1,01
40,23±2,8
g/l
5.
Neutrophil with rod nucleus
2,4±0,5
2,8±0,7
%
6.
Basophils
0,7±0,2
1,0±0,5
%
7.
Monocytes
2,1±0,5
2,7±0,7
%
8.
Lymphocytes
88,2±1,2
90,2±1,4
%
9.
Total protein
27,25±1,81
40,23±2,8
g/l
10.
Total calcium
1,9±0,12
2,05±0,15
mmol/l
11.
Inorganic phosphorus
0,99±0,06
1,04±0,08
mmol/l
12.
Retinol (vitamin A)
39,3
46-52
ng/ml
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10.
Total calcium
1,9±0,11
2,05±0,15
mmol/l
11.
Inorganic phosphorus
0,98±0,05
1,04±0,08
mmol/l
12.
Retinol (vitamin A)
37,5
46-52
ng/ml
From the results obtained from both farms, it can be seen that the process of protein metabolism is going on in the
div of fish, and in turn, the disorder of the metabolism of calcium, phosphorus and retinol in the div is characterized
by the fact that it does not leave a negative impact on the process of protein metabolism.
Figure 3: Blood pointer of experimental fish
In the fish farms where the experiments were
conducted, the fish feeding procedure was violated,
the protein content of the feed was insufficient and
therefore the daily protein needs of the fish were not
covered, and the presence of clinical signs
characteristic of protein metabolism disorders in the
fish caught and examined as an experiment,
pathanatomical o It was determined during the
experiments that the changes were developed and
that the hematological parameters were lower than
the standard parameters.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Autsayder Fish
Aminjon Farukhbek
Norm (SI unit)
Volume 03 Issue 05-2023
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Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Figure 4: Procedure for obtaining blood from the fish tail artery for hematological tests.
Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that
there are protein metabolism disorders among fish
grown in fisheries.
CONCLUSION
The origin of protein metabolism disorders in intensive
fisheries is caused by non-compliance with fish feeding
procedures, daily feed intake less than 2.5% of fish div
weight, feeding in an unbalanced diet with less than 31-
38% protein content. important factors such as
In the diagnosis of protein metabolism disorders in
fish, the following characteristic clinical-pathological-
anatomical signs are used: relaxation of the skeletal
muscles, the presence of tumors in the muscles of the
dorsal part of the div, decreased response to
external influences, changes in appetite, accumulation
of fat around the internal organs, darkening of the
div color. cohexia, curvature of the skull, increased
refractive index of the fin apparatus, darkening of the
eyeball, the presence of hemorrhages on the skin and
eyelids should be determined.
The diagnosis of protein metabolism disorders in fish is
an effective method by detecting energy deficiency
syndrome (ETS). When the water temperature rises
above 25 °C, clinical signs begin to appear in fish with
protein metabolism disorders (rotational movements).
From the hematological parameters, the amount of
hemoglobin increased by 7.9% on average, the number
of erythrocytes by 15.38%, the average indicator of
hematocrit by 3.8%, the number of leukocytes by 2.7%,
the number of neutrophils with rod nuclei by 14, by 2%,
basophils by 30%, monocytes by 22%, lymphocytes by
2.2%, total protein by 32.2%, total calcium by 7.3%,
inorganic phosphorus by 4.8%, and the amount of
retinol by o When it decreases by 14.5% on average, it is
possible to diagnose that protein metabolism
disorders have developed.
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