Volume 02 Issue 10-2022
32
American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
(ISSN
–
2771-2559)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
10
Pages:
32-40
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1290679216
METADATA
IF
–
5.625
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
At present, the influence modern surveying instruments has increased significantly. Modern surveying tools make the
process easier and saves time. The development of territorial production complexes, exploration and development of
mineral deposits, design, construction, reconstruction of industrial, agricultural and energy facilities, land reclamation,
land management, modern geodetic equipment must be used for urban and agricultural and other tasks.
KEYWORDS
Geodesy, GPS ( GNSS )-technologies, Field controller, UAVs, Electronic tacheometer, Electronic theodolite, Electronic
levels, Laser scanner.
INTRODUCTION
In our time, a large number of geodetic instruments
and new technologies in geodesy have been created
that are fundamentally different from traditional ones.
In previous years, each type of measurement had its
own type of instrument: a theodolite for angular
measurements, a level for height measurements, and a
Research Article
IMPROVING THE USE OF MODERN SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS
Submission Date:
October 01, 2022,
Accepted Date:
October 05, 2022,
Published Date:
October 13, 2022
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/Volume02Issue10-07
I.L. Akramov
Head of the department “Geodesy and topography” SSDI “Uzdaverloyiha”
, Uzbekistan
N. M. Khozhimurodov
Specialist of the department “Geodesy and topography” SSDI “Uzdaverloyiha”,
Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajahi
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 02 Issue 10-2022
33
American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
(ISSN
–
2771-2559)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
10
Pages:
32-40
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1290679216
METADATA
IF
–
5.625
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
tape measure and range finder for linear
measurements. Each device, depending on the
intended use, had its own accuracy characteristics. The
presence of professional equipment allows you to
make the most accurate calculations in the shortest
possible time. In the last decade, the pace of
modernization of instruments used in geodetic
calculations has increased significantly, completely
new technologies have been developed, Modern
geodetic instruments can be divided into several
particularly significant groups:
1.
GPS ( GNSS ) technologies
2.
Field controller
3.
Drones
4.
Electronic total station
5.
Electronic theodolite
6.
Electronic levels
7.
laser scanner
GPS (Global Position System) is a satellite radio
navigation system or, as it is also called, a global
positioning system. Geodetic GPS receivers are
specially designed to accurately determine the
coordinates of point objects. GPS receivers can be of
the following modifications: single-frequency, dual-
frequency and multi-frequency. Currently there are
several GNSS:
➢
GPS ( global position system ) a system
administered by the US government:
➢
GLONASS (global navigation satellite system),
Russian satellite system:
➢
Galileo , Europe's satellite system:
➢
Compass. Chinese satellite navigation system.
The advantage of GNSS is the ability to determine the
coordinates of points in the desired coordinate system
at large distances, and as a result, labor costs are
significantly reduced. New geodetic technologies
include methods for determining the coordinates of
points (positioning) from signals from special Earth
satellites . moving in certain orbits.
Figure - 1 GPS technology
Volume 02 Issue 10-2022
34
American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
(ISSN
–
2771-2559)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
10
Pages:
32-40
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1290679216
METADATA
IF
–
5.625
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
The main advantage of such equipment is the mobility
of transportation, since the GPS (Global Position
System) has a relatively small weight and dimensions.
Field controller - application in geodesy received
relatively recently. Although in the field of electronics
and computing devices, this is a fairly common device
with which various equipment is controlled.
Combining many functions and modules (sound
recording, voice communication, camera, wi-fi ,
Bluetooth, touch screen, etc.), this tool facilitates the
implementation of geodetic surveys and increases its
accuracy and efficiency, in essence being a portable
computer with rich range of possibilities.
The most important argument in favor of using
controllers was the elimination of errors and errors
that appeared due to the human factor, and the
acceleration of calculations. Although the use of this
equipment violates the principle that is mandatory for
geodetic justification of topographic surveys:
rechecking the data obtained by a second specialist -
with repeated measurements if necessary. The ability
to connect the controller to various measuring
instruments
(GNSS
receivers,
laser
scanners,
tacheometers, etc.) and the accuracy of calculations
allow you to get the most reliable research results in
the shortest possible time.
•
Convenient, intuitive interface.
•
The ability to connect input and output devices
without changing their software.
•
Large amount of memory for data storage and
the possibility of increasing it.
•
A large number of modules.
•
multimedia options.
•
Durability and protection against possible
damage when working in the field: resistance to
temperature changes, moisture ingress to the case.
When surveying terrain with a field controller, two
types of instruments can be used:
1.
removable control panel connected to total
station type devices
2.
autonomous control unit working in geodesy
with GPS equipment.
Figure -2 Field Controller
Volume 02 Issue 10-2022
35
American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
(ISSN
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2771-2559)
VOLUME
02
I
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10
Pages:
32-40
SJIF
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FACTOR
(2021:
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)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1290679216
METADATA
IF
–
5.625
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
–
One of the most common
tasks performed in geodesy is surveying and drawing
up a detailed plan of the area. With the help of
unmanned aerial vehicles, which appeared in service
with specialists only at the beginning of the 21st
century, this has become much easier. Most field
surveys today are carried out by teams of surveyor
engineers. In small areas, they provide high
measurement accuracy and low cost of maps and
plans. In vast areas with difficult terrain, work with
"legs" becomes unprofitable due to significant labor,
time and financial costs. If, however, such a modern
tool as an unmanned aerial vehicle (quadcopter) is
used for geodetic surveying of the terrain , then the
work can be done much faster, cheaper and more
conveniently. This statement is also true regarding the
use of drones for dozens of other, very different tasks
that require high-quality visual information from the air
for their solution.
Figure -3 quadrocopter
This is the widest area of civil application of
quadrocopters, which includes many areas:
•
design and survey work for the construction
and reconstruction of roads, buildings and structures;
•
land surveying, inventory and cadastral
valuation of land plots;
•
monitoring
the
state
of
engineering
communications, power lines, pipelines;
•
assessment of the efficiency of land use;
•
designing the development of urban and rural
areas with the definition of zones for the placement of
various objects;
•
preparation of orthophotomaps for the needs
of farmers and agricultural enterprises;
Due to relative affordability and quick payback, today,
almost everywhere, drones are used for geodetic
survey of vast and hard-to-reach areas of the earth's
surface in order to create maps and plans for various
purposes.
Electronic total station - The emergence of electronic
total stations can be considered a natural development
Volume 02 Issue 10-2022
36
American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
(ISSN
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2771-2559)
VOLUME
02
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Pages:
32-40
SJIF
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FACTOR
(2021:
5.
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(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1290679216
METADATA
IF
–
5.625
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
of geodetic technology, a general development of
related instrumentation and electronics. An electronic
total station made it possible to obtain coordinates at
any point of an object within a short period of time
without any additional or preliminary construction of
the territory. The accuracy of catch measurement in a
modern electronic tacheometer reaches half a second
of arc a professional digital surveyor's instrument
designed for accurate measurements in the field,
elevations, horizontal distances and increments of
rectangular coordinates. It combines a light range
finder and a theodolite. The device is capable of
performing engineering calculations and storing the
information received.
Total stations perform a wide range of geodetic tasks:
1.
Conducting cadastral and land management
works;
2.
Building maps and plans;
3.
Conducting observations of the deformation of
structures;
4.
Maintenance
of
reconstruction
and
construction.
Figure -3 Total Station
The most functional type of geodetic equipment,
which includes a huge number of technological
options, is an electronic total station, and the price of
the total station depends on the number of these
options and additional functions. Such a geodetic
instrument is capable of not only measuring distances
and angles, but also processing data directly in the
process of field work. In addition, it can be used to
solve many applied geodetic problems. The electronic
total station, which is known as the most "intelligent"
geodetic equipment, has an internal memory where all
the data obtained as a result of measurements can be
stored. Distances are measured by the device based on
the time it takes for a light beam from a geodetic
instrument to reach the reflector and back. The
possible measured range depends on the technical
features of the device. So, devices with a reflective
rangefinder with one installed prism can measure
distances up to 5 km, with a few further. Reflectorless
rangefinders operate in a range of up to 1.5 km. In
addition, this characteristic of a geodetic instrument is
affected by the influence of external environmental
factors: humidity, temperature, pressure, etc. The
highest measurement accuracy will be achieved in calm
cloudy weather, in a place protected from vibration of
operating mechanisms.
Volume 02 Issue 10-2022
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American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
(ISSN
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2771-2559)
VOLUME
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SJIF
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)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1290679216
METADATA
IF
–
5.625
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
The instrument's processor has a memory that can
store a catalog of coordinates. The presence of the
necessary coordinates allows you to get a resection or
position yourself on any of the known points in the
area, simply by selecting the desired point from the
catalog. In addition, such geodetic instruments make it
possible to carry out stakeout, shoot in coordinates
and solve many geodetic problems.
Electronic Theodolite - Being highly accurate and very
easy to use devices, electronic geodetic theodolites are
gaining more and more popularity. These instruments
are equipped with electronic sensors for taking
measurement readings and then displaying their
results on a display for the user. Easy-to-use electronic
theodolites have become indispensable at the
construction site during the construction of
infrastructure facilities of any degree of complexity
and in the performance of various works:
•
fully automate the process of goniometric
measurements;
•
geodetic and engineering surveys for the
construction of topographic plans and maps;
•
construction of a network of geodetic points
on the ground during general construction works;
•
successfully used in military affairs.
•
Figure -4 Electronic theodolite
The main working measure within the framework of
the theodolite design is horizontal and vertical limbs
equipped with minute and degree divisions. When
participating in measurement work, theodolite aiming
can be used at points with known static coordinates; in
geodetic measurements, the device can be used in
combination with a grid of threads. So, the electronic
theodolite and its more advanced version of the total
station represent the evolution of the device
mechanics towards changing the used calculation
system, providing increased accuracy and stabilizing
the operating conditions of the device with modern
technological additions. In this case, the electronic
theodolite is created on the principle of ensuring ease
of operation. The most important difference between
electronic theodolites and optical devices is the use of
a binary digital measuring system with full rotary angle
sensors. Its essence lies in the marking of a
Volume 02 Issue 10-2022
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American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
(ISSN
–
2771-2559)
VOLUME
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SJIF
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FACTOR
(2021:
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(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1290679216
METADATA
IF
–
5.625
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
photoelectric disk with an algorithm of black and white
code marks, when illuminated , it turns out 1 or 0. This
value is subsequently analyzed and processed in the
processor. The captured information is recorded in an
integrated storage element or transferred to external
media or a PC.
The main components of electrotheodolites are:
1.
laser or optical plummet;
2.
stand with tribrach ;
3.
graphical LCD screen with control panel for the
most important actions;
4.
visual optical tube with a network of threads
for high-quality positioning on the object;
5.
screws for fixing, adjusting and aiming;
6.
high-strength case with a reference system
placed in it.
Modern models, as a rule, are equipped with vertical
compensators, which greatly simplifies the work with
the device.
Electronic levels are modern multifunctional geodetic
instruments that combine the functions of a high-
precision optical level, an electronic storage device and
built-in software for processing the measurements.
The main distinguishing feature of electronic levels is a
built-in electronic device for taking readings on a
special rail with high accuracy. The use of electronic
levels allows you to eliminate the personal errors of the
performer and speed up the measurement process. It
is enough to point the device at the rail, focus the
image and press the button. The device will take a
measurement, display the obtained value and the
distance to the staff on the screen. Digital technologies
make it possible to significantly expand the capabilities
of levels and their areas of application. Experience
shows that with a digital level, a 50% time saving is
achieved compared to a conventional level. The main
reasons are the fast data acquisition and the saving of
measurements in the instrument's internal memory.
Figure -5 Electronic Levels
Volume 02 Issue 10-2022
39
American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
(ISSN
–
2771-2559)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
10
Pages:
32-40
SJIF
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FACTOR
(2021:
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)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1290679216
METADATA
IF
–
5.625
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Electronic levels have the following main positive
features:
•
Full automation, thanks to which the
measurement results are immediately displayed on the
instrument screen.
•
Shock and moisture protection. Thanks to this
feature, the device can be used in any conditions.
•
Built-in memory. The ability to write
information to the device.
•
Transferring data to a computer. With a slot for
a memory card, you can transfer information from the
device to a computer in order to analyze the results in
more comfortable conditions.
•
Ease of use. Working with the device does not
require special skills, everything is clear on an intuitive
level.
All these features of the equipment allow you to
perform many tasks much faster and more
conveniently. Over time, these tools become even
more advanced as they add new features that allow
you to perform measurements even faster and more
accurately. Such devices are indispensable in many
areas.
The laser scanner is a completely new geodetic
equipment. If we consider the technical side of laser
scanners, we can say that a laser scanner is a device
equipped with a high-speed non- reflective laser
rangefinder and a system for changing the direction of
the laser beam - a special rotary mirror. By setting the
scanning area - the sector of rotation of the mirror, in
which the laser beam of the range finder will propagate
at a high speed up to 50,000 points per minute, you can
get a continuous survey of the object of interest.
Figure - 6 Laser Scanner
Advantages of terrestrial laser scanning:
•
a three-dimensional model of the object is
obtained instantly;
•
measurement accuracy is very high, section
drawings and other drawings; data collection is very
Volume 02 Issue 10-2022
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(ISSN
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VOLUME
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Pages:
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SJIF
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FACTOR
(2021:
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)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1290679216
METADATA
IF
–
5.625
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
fast - a significant time saving when working in the
field;
•
defects and shortcomings are easily detected -
it is enough just to compare the resulting design with
the design 3-dimensional model;
•
safety of shooting dangerous and hard-to-
reach objects;
•
topographic plans are obtained using virtual
survey;
•
calculation of the magnitude of deformations
by comparison with previously obtained survey results.
Thus, one can see how much the technologies used in
the geodetic support of construction have been
improved. Modern geodetic equipment and tools
allow us to complete the most complex projects in the
shortest possible time, ensuring the accuracy of all
calculations and increasing labor productivity.
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Alkachev T.E., Shishov N.A., Pastukhov M.A.
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Krasnodar: Publishing House - South. - 2013. -
No 3. - S. 37-39.
2.
Atroshko E.K., Ivanova M.M., Marendich V.B.
Course of engineering geodesy. (Part first ) . -
Gomel: BelGUT , 2010. - 140 p.
3.
Gichko K.A., Bgane R.A., Shevchenko G.G.
Problems that arise when performing
theodolite survey // Earth Sciences at the
present stage.
–
M.: Sputnik+, 2012.
–
S. 106
–
108.
4.
Gladyshev, S.V. Study of theodolite: teaching
aid for students /S. V. Gladyshev, V. S. Ermakov.
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Modern
geodetic
instruments
and
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Levchuk, G. P. Applied geodesy: Basic methods
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1981.-438 p. .
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