Volume 02 Issue 09-2022
13
American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
(ISSN
–
2771-2559)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
09
Pages:
13-19
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1290679216
METADATA
IF
–
5.625
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
This article contains a lot of information about the types of soil distributed in the territory of Uzbekistan and their
morphological, anatomical, physiological characteristics. Soil is formed from various rocks on the surface of the earth
as a result of the interaction of various natural factors and living organisms under certain conditions.
KEYWORDS
A - with humus; V - passer; S - the mother rock is divided into horizons. Later, Glinka, Zakharov designated genetic
layers with different letters. A - humus accumulative layer, V - transitional layer; G - gley; C - illuvial; D - mother rock.
Research Article
TYPES
OF
SOILS
COMMON
IN
UZBEKISTAN
AND
THEIR
CHARACTERISTICS
Submission Date:
September 10, 2022,
Accepted Date:
September 20, 2022,
Published Date:
September 30, 2022
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/Volume02Issue09-04
Yo’ldosheva Dilrabo Shukrullayevna
Termez Institute of Agrotechnology and Innovative Development, Uzbekistan
Xafizova Matluba Xolmamatovna
Termez Institute of Agrotechnology and Innovative Development, Uzbekistan
Davlatova Jasmina To‘ychiyevna
Termez Institute of Agrotechnology and Innovative Development, Uzbekistan
Mamarajabov Samandarbek Faxriddinovich
Termez Institute of Agrotechnology and Innovative Development, Uzbekistan
Abdullayev Muxtorjon Bobirovich
Termez Institute of Agrotechnology and Innovative Development, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajahi
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 02 Issue 09-2022
14
American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
(ISSN
–
2771-2559)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
09
Pages:
13-19
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1290679216
METADATA
IF
–
5.625
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
INTRODUCTION
Soil is formed from various rocks on the surface of the
earth as a result of the interaction of various natural
factors and living organisms under certain conditions.
We understand bedrock as a natural historical div of
soil, which differs in its fertility from bedrock that has
undergone profound changes under the influence of
various natural factors. Soil cover is studied in two
ways,
using
historical
geomorphological
and
geochemical methods. In field and laboratory
conditions, the genetic layer of the soil is determined
using the method of morphological, cartographic,
stationary, experimental, vegetation, and models.
Therefore, the soil is a multi-component, complex
multi-functional, multi-phase open system, which is
formed by the interaction of living organisms and
inorganic rocks and minerals, and forms an
independent natural div. V.V. Dokuchaev was the
first to create a scientific theory of soil formation
factors and processes. V.V. According to Dokuchaev's
definition, "Soil refers to rocks naturally changed
under the influence of water, air, and various living and
dead organisms." V.V. Dokuchaev's instructions are
reflected in the definition of soil by modern soil
scientists: "Earth formed in different climatic and relief
conditions under the influence of 5 living and dead
organisms and natural waters in the upper horizons of
rocks. the natural historical organo-mineral div on
the surface is called soil". N.M. Sibirsev, one of the
founders of soil science, further developed the ideas of
his teacher V.V. Dokuchaev about soil, and his Russian
scientist P.A. Kostichev paid attention to the role of
biological factors in the formation of soil, especially the
world of plants, and so on. ra defines soil as follows:
"Soil should be understood as the upper layer of the
earth's surface, where the roots of plants penetrate
deeply."
Soil fertility
The property of providing plants with water and
nutrients, as well as necessary conditions, is one of the
different qualities and properties of the basic soil and
rock. The main and important task is to fully and
comprehensively study soil fertility, increase it, and
develop measures aimed at increasing and improving
productivity using the achievements of agricultural
science. So, soil differs from rock by its fertility. There
are several categories of soil fertility. It is divided into
medicinal, artificial, potential, effective and relative
productivity. Depending on the level of nutrients,
water, air and heat necessary for plant life, fertility
varies in different soils. For example: in loose, granular
structured soils, due to the ease of conditions
necessary for plant life, its productivity is good.
Thorough study of soils, methods of their use, correct
application of various fertilizers, land reclamation and
implementation of agrotechnical activities such as
irrigation, solving problems such as getting more crops
from crops by increasing soil fertility are the most
important tasks of soil science.
Volume 02 Issue 09-2022
15
American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
(ISSN
–
2771-2559)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
09
Pages:
13-19
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1290679216
METADATA
IF
–
5.625
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Soil-forming parent rocks
Parent rocks are the mineral base of the soil, and the
mechanical, mineralogical and chemical composition,
physical and chemical physical properties of the rocks
forming the soil directly affect the soil formed in it. The
composition, structure, and properties of the parent
soil differ dramatically. Therefore, the soil will not have
the same fertility. The porous rocks that are scattered
on the surface of the earth mainly in the plains and can
form soil are called soil parent rocks. The formation of
soil is related to the removal and redeposition of rock
products. On the surface of the earth, there are many
processes of erosion, disintegration, displacement,
and displacement of rocks. The force of gravity on the
Earth's surface mainly depends on the density of the
Earth's interior, the weight of the mass, and the shape
of the Earth's surface. Any rock in the lithosphere
cannot be a parent rock, when only the porous rocks -
ruchlyaks - formed in the process of weathering have
the characteristic of being a parent rock. All soil-
forming or parent rocks are divided into the following
groups according to their origin: eluvial, deluvial,
proluvial, alluvial, marine, lake, ice, eolian and loess
deposits. Alluvial deposits are deposits formed by the
accumulation of weathering products in their place in
the weathering crust. Basically, these deposits are
found in different thicknesses in high plains in
mountainous regions. The chemical and mineralogical
composition remains almost unchanged. Alluvial
deposits are formed by the accumulation of
weathering products in the lower parts of the slopes
under the influence of the movement of rain and
melted snow. Alluvial rocks are well-sorted and flat-
layered, usually lying parallel to the slopes. The
mechanical composition will be different. It consists of
sand, sand, loam and silt. Proluvial alluvial deposits are
a mixture of various mechanical materials, such as
Volume 02 Issue 09-2022
16
American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
(ISSN
–
2771-2559)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
09
Pages:
13-19
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1290679216
METADATA
IF
–
5.625
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
stones, gravel, and sand of different sizes, collected by
floodwaters on foothills and hills. If this deposit is
mainly influenced by flood waters, it is also called flood
deposits. For example: rocks in Ferghana are proluvial
deposits. Often, these parent rocks are the parent
rocks of barren soils. Alluvial deposits consist of
layered deposits of different thicknesses that have
been drained and sorted by flowing river waters and
are widely distributed in river valleys. These deposits
are the mother rock of the fertile soils spread on the
river banks, valleys and deltas, which have a unique
hydrogeological condition and chemical composition
of different thicknesses, formed during floods.
(Amudarya, Syrdarya, Kashkadarya, Surkhondarya,
Zarafshan, Chirchik, Ohangaron) Marine deposits -
mechanical structures of various sizes found on the
seabed and on the shores consist of collection remains.
Large mechanical elements such as small gravel, large
sand and sand are mainly collected on the sea coast,
and small particles similar to physical mud and turbidity
accumulate as you move away from the coast. These
deposits contain a large amount of chemical
compounds, including water-soluble salts consisting of
chlorides and sulfates, and they are somewhat saline.
These deposits are distinguished from other deposits
by being usually layered, well stratified and containing
a lot of salts. Sometimes these deposits reach 2-3 m.
(Khorazm, Fergana and Zarafshan). The role of
igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks in the
formation of minerals and chemical substances in the
soil is huge.
Desert sand soils
Common in Kyzylkum and other sandy deserts. The
upper layer is not dense, in some places it forms a thin
layer. The thickness of the surface layer is about 5 cm.
In this layer, the temperature rises to 70-800 degrees
in summer and changes sharply during the day. The
surface layer acts as a protective layer and keeps the
moisture in the lower layer. Humus content in desert
sandy soils is very low - not more than 0.2-0.5%. The
characteristic of the mechanical composition of desert
sandy soils is that these soils contain a large fraction of
fine dust (0.25-0.05 mm) and large dust (0.05-0.01
mm). These soils have almost no salinity.
Barren soils
It is found in the desert part of Uzbekistan, in the
ancient alluvial plains of the Amudarya, Kashkadarya,
Sherobodarya and other rivers, in the valleys of
Zarafshan and Surkhandarya. Salted to varying
degrees. It contains a lot of carbonates (8-10%). Humus
0.3-0.8%. The existing agro-irrigation layer on irrigated
barren soil varies from 30-40 cm to 1-2 m in thickness,
depending on agricultural agro-techniques, local
fertilizer applied to the ground, as well as water
turbidity. The agroirrigated layer forms a uniform
horizon with the same color, mechanical composition,
viscosity and chemical properties. Such soils are found
in Bukhara region, Karshi and Sherabad deserts. The
formation of barren soils is the first stage in the
transformation of alluvial plains into deserts.
Barren soils
It is distributed in the low plains of the sandy deserts of
the country, in ancient alluvial and prouvial-alluvial
plains. It is composed of clay soil, it is periodically
flooded, and there is almost no vegetation cover. After
the water evaporates, the baldness cracks and turns
into a rough crust where the plant does not grow.
Barren areas are found among alluvial soils, and in
ancient alluvial plains, barrens are one of the main
parts of the soil complex. The amount of humus in
barren soil is higher than in barren soil (up to 0.5-1.0%),
its biological activity is weaker, and it is on the border
between soil and geological structures.
Volume 02 Issue 09-2022
17
American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
(ISSN
–
2771-2559)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
09
Pages:
13-19
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1290679216
METADATA
IF
–
5.625
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Meadow soils
In the desert zone, gourd waters are developed in
places with a depth of 1-3 m (in the lower terraces of
Amudarya, Syrdarya, Zarafshan, and Amudarya delta).
Similar to meadow alluvial deposits. However, it is
often covered with turf. Meadow soils are divided into
meadow alluvial soils (along the river valleys) and
meadow soils (in the foothill plains formed from
prouvial soil) depending on the amount of moisture.
Humus content is often more than 2%. Grassland soils
are sometimes saline.
Swamp and swamp-meadow soils
It is distributed in the gray soil region and desert zone
of Uzbekistan. It is found in the valleys of Syrdarya,
Amudarya, Zarafshan, Chirchik, Surkhondarya and
other rivers, as well as in the lowlands of the terraces
of streams such as Sokh, Isfara, Margilonsoy,
Aravonsoy, Akbora, dried up lakes and residual
riverbeds. In these places, the ground water is located
on the surface (less than 1 m), so there is a lot of
moisture in the soil, and the upper layer of the soil is
glaciated. The amount of humus is 2-3%. Shorhoks are
common among the soils of the desert zone and in the
lower part of the gray soil region, in the plumes of river
Volume 02 Issue 09-2022
18
American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
(ISSN
–
2771-2559)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
09
Pages:
13-19
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1290679216
METADATA
IF
–
5.625
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
valleys or foothill plains, often in present-day oases. It
contains various salts (chloride, sulfate, carbonate,
etc.) that are easily soluble in water. Most of the salts
are in the upper layer of the soil. They accumulate as a
result of rising and evaporation of seepage waters.
Salty soils are rough, soft and black in terms of their
morphological appearance. Crops can be planted after
the improvement of the reclamation condition of salty
soils.
Meadow-oasis (irrigated) soils
It occupies the main area in irrigated oases in the
desert zone (Bukhara, Khorezm, Central Fergana,
Karakalpakstan and other places). They are found
together with barren oases and swamp-oase soils.
Large oases have existed in Zarafshan and Amudarya
valleys for 2-3 thousand years. During this period, an
agro-irrigation horizon with a thickness of 2-3 m was
formed here and buried the natural soil. The agro-
irrigation horizon of meadow-oasis alluvial soils is of
the same bluish-gray color, mixed with anthropogenic
additives. The arable layer is quite dense. Contains 1-
1.3% humus. In the conditions of the desert climate and
according to the moisture regime, meadow-oasis soils
are more prone to salinity. The soil is regularly washed
with saline drainage.
Morphological characteristics of the soil
As a result of the processes of soil formation, a number
of components, properties and characteristics of the
soil that differ from the parent rock appear, and the
changes are reflected in the profile of the soil. The soil
differs from the parent rock not only by its fertility, but
also by its external structure (morphology). The soil
profile is the appearance of the genetic horizons of the
soil as a result of a certain change in the vertical
direction. The genetic horizons that make up the soil
profile are distinguished by their unique external
morphological features. Based on these signs, it is
possible to distinguish soils from parent rocks and from
each other, as well as to have a general idea of the
progress and speed of soil formation processes. V.V.
was the first to point out the need to study the
morphological characteristics of the soil in natural
conditions and the methods of this approach.
Dokuchaev developed and made a proposal. Later S.A.
Zakharov, V.V. He perfected Dokuchaev's style. The
most important morphological features of soil layers
are genetic horizons of the soil, thickness of the layer,
color, mechanical composition, structure, joint, new
wound and joint. In the process of soil formation, its
granulometric, mineralogical, chemical composition,
physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil
change legally. The appearance of the soil section and
the method of digging Soil horizons. Soil horizons are
soil layers formed during soil formation, which form a
uniform soil profile, usually developed parallel to the
surface of the earth, and are distinguished from each
other by their morphological characteristics. It is
formed during the formation of soil. In Russia at the
beginning of the 19th century, according to
Dokuchaev's nomenclature, there are mainly 3 types: A
- with humus; V - passer; S - the mother rock is divided
into horizons. Later, Glinka, Zakharov designated
genetic layers with different letters. A - humus
accumulative layer, V - transitional layer; G - gley; C -
illuvial; D - mother rock. D.G. Vilensky (1927) proposed
different naming of genetic layers: A- accumulative; E-
eluvial; I- illuvial; G- gleyy; M- parent rock. In addition,
he introduced symbols related to soil horizons. For
example, Achchimli, Acho-chim sub-layer, Ic-illuvial
layer shows carbonates and hakozos. Later A.N.
Sokolovskyi in his book "Soil Science" introduces the
designation of genetic layers with new symbols.
SUMMARY
Volume 02 Issue 09-2022
19
American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
(ISSN
–
2771-2559)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
09
Pages:
13-19
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1290679216
METADATA
IF
–
5.625
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
This article contains a lot of information about the
types of soil distributed in the territory of Uzbekistan
and their morphological, anatomical, physiological
characteristics. Soil is formed from various rocks on the
surface of the earth as a result of the interaction of
various natural factors and living organisms under
certain conditions. . V.V. Dokuchaev was the first to
create a scientific theory of soil formation factors and
processes. V.V. According to Dokuchaev's definition,
"Soil refers to rocks naturally changed under the
influence of water, air, and various living and dead
organisms."
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P.M.,
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