Volume 04 Issue 10-2024
17
American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
(ISSN
–
2771-2559)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
10
Pages:
17-20
OCLC
–
1290679216
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
Tomato is a heat-loving annual crop that belongs to the nightshade family. Seeds begin to germinate at temperatures
no lower than 10
–
15 °C. At a soil temperature of 15 °C, 14
–
22 days pass from sowing to emergence, and if it is below 10
°C, the seeds do not germinate at all.
KEYWORDS
Sowing, tomato, seeds, soil, planting seedlings, irrigation.
INTRODUCTION
The most favorable temperature for plant growth and
development is 22
–
25 °C during the day and 15
–
18 °C at
night. A decrease in temperature during this period
leads to a delay in flowering, and at 10 °C the growth of
the plants themselves slows down. Compared to other
crops, tomatoes are less demanding of moisture. They
develop a powerful taproot system. In non-seedling
tomatoes, with optimal soil moisture, the bulk of the
root system is located in the 0-60 cm layer, and with
seedling cultivation - 0-30 cm and rarely reaches 50 cm.
Tomatoes require more moisture during the period of
mass fruit formation, since its deficiency at this time
leads to the shedding of buds and ovaries, delayed
growth and formation of fruits on additional shoots.
METHODOLOGY
The best types of soil for growing tomatoes are sandy
loam and light loam, well-warmed, rich in humus, with
a flat relief and neutral pH. This crop also responds well
Research Article
TOMATO GROWING TECHNOLOGY AND BIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE
CULTURE
Submission Date:
October 03, 2024,
Accepted Date:
October 08, 2024,
Published Date:
October 13, 2024
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/Volume04Issue10-04
Anarbayev Muhammad Pardabay o`g`li
Chief specialist in education and registration, Tashkent State Agrarian University, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajahi
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 04 Issue 10-2024
18
American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
(ISSN
–
2771-2559)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
10
Pages:
17-20
OCLC
–
1290679216
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
to slightly acidic and slightly alkaline soils. Less suitable
are heavy, waterlogged soils, where tomatoes are
grown on ridges and ridges. The best predecessors for
tomatoes are cucumbers, cabbage after the
application of a large amount of fertilizers, root crops,
onions. In field crop rotations - perennial grasses,
mixtures of annual grasses for green mass, legumes,
winter wheat. It is not recommended to plant
tomatoes after potatoes, peppers, eggplants, since
they are affected by the same diseases and pests. It
does not tolerate permanent crops well and already in
the third or fourth year, the yield begins to sharply
decrease. Tomatoes are grown using seedlings and
non-seedling methods. In the seedling method, soil
preparation begins immediately after harvesting the
predecessor crop by crushing plant residues with disc
harrows. After 10
–
12 days, plowing is carried out to a
depth of 22
–
25 cm on light soils and 25
–
27 cm on heavy
soils. In the fall, one or two cultivations are carried out
to control weeds and level the soil. In early spring, the
soil is harrowed, if necessary, cultivated 2
–
3 times to a
depth of 8
–
10 cm. Before planting, cultivate to a depth
of 12
–
14 cm. For a seedless crop, soil cultivation should
ensure the same seed sowing depth, obtaining
friendly, uniform shoots, and reducing the number of
weeds. Autumn tillage includes 1
–
2 stubble cultivations
immediately after harvesting the predecessor, early
autumn plowing with the application of mineral
fertilizers to a depth of 27
–
30 cm. Then two cultivations
are carried out, respectively, at 8
–
10 and 12
–
14 cm with
an interval of 10
–
12 days. Semi-fallow tillage in autumn
makes it possible to sow in spring with a minimum
number of tillage operations. If the soils are well
leveled in autumn and there are no perennial weeds, 2
–
3-fold harrowing with medium harrows can be used
instead of pre-sowing cultivation.
DISCUSSION
With an uneven surface, pre-sowing cultivation is
carried out with a combined unit to the depth of seed
sowing. The main factor for soil cultivation in the
seedless method of growing tomatoes, especially in
the southern regions, is a decrease in the number of
tillage operations in the spring, which allows you to
significantly preserve moisture reserves in the soil and
its structure. To obtain a 10 t yield, tomato plants use
33 kg of nitrogen, 13 kg of phosphorus and 45.5 kg of
potassium. Organic fertilizers are not applied to
tomatoes; they are best applied under the
predecessor. During the growing season, at the
beginning of crop development, it should first of all be
provided with phosphorus and potassium. Then
nitrogen nutrition is increased, and before fruiting
—
with potassium. Doses of mineral fertilizers are
calculated by the balance method based on the results
of agrochemical soil analysis, taking into account the
removal of nutrients by the plant for the planned yield
and their assimilation from fertilizers. On dark chestnut
soils, it is effective to apply N120 P180 K60
–
90; on sod-
podzolic soils
—
N60
–
80 P80
–
100 K80
–
100; on dark
gray forest and podzolized chernozems
—
N80
–
90
Volume 04 Issue 10-2024
19
American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
(ISSN
–
2771-2559)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
10
Pages:
17-20
OCLC
–
1290679216
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
P90
–
120 K70
–
120. On chernozem soils, N120 P120 K90
is applied to obtain a high yield. For the main
application (under plowing or the first cultivation), 2/3
of the total dose of mineral fertilizers is used, and the
rest is applied as additional feeding together with
irrigation water (fertigation).
RESULT
When growing tomatoes without seedlings, the seeds
are sown at a time that guarantees uniform
germination and protection from frost. In the south,
this is April 25
–
30, in the central part
—
May 1
–
10. With
such sowing dates, the shoots appear later than the
last frost. Usually, in steppe conditions, frosts are most
likely at the end of April and until the end of the first
ten days of May. Delay in sowing reduces the yield by
20
–
25%. Under irrigation conditions, tomato seeds are
usually sown to a depth of 3
–
4 cm. The sowing pattern
is determined depending on the type of hybrid and
growing conditions. With drip irrigation, a more
technologically advanced sowing pattern is a strip
sowing pattern of 90 + 50, 100 + 40, 180 + 30 cm with a
distance between plants in a row of 30
–
35 cm. The
advantage of such cultivation with large intervals
between periods and strips is that the area that can be
processed mechanically increases, which reduces labor
costs, reduces the cost of the drip irrigation system due
to the sparse pattern of laying irrigation pipelines (one
pipeline inside the strip), and creates more favorable
conditions for harvesting. The timing of planting
seedlings in open ground depends on soil and climatic
conditions and the purpose of the product. For early
sale on the fresh market in the south, seedlings are
planted in the second or third decade of April. For
medium fruiting periods, respectively, 1
–
15 May, 10
–
20
May and 15
–
25 May. Planting seedlings in open ground
begins with early hybrids and ends with late ones. The
soil is well moistened before and after planting. After
3-4 days, new plants are planted in place of the plants
that did not take root. Good results are obtained by
using cassette seedlings and mulch. Planting pattern:
(30
–
40 + 140
–
150) x 35
–
40 cm
—
for growing tomatoes
for processing and (40 + 140) x 45
–
50 cm for growing
tomatoes for the fresh market. Modern technology for
growing tomatoes, like other vegetable crops, involves
the use of a drip irrigation system. Providing tomatoes
with moisture at different stages of development and
using different growing methods (seedling, non-
seedling) differs significantly. With the non-seedling
growing method, for normal development of the root
system and vegetative mass, the optimal humidity
range during the period of seedlings
—
the beginning
of fruit formation is 65
–
70% of the FB. During the mass
growth of fruits, the soil humidity should not be lower
than 80
–
85% of the FB. During the fruiting period, to
improve the quality of the products, the soil moisture
should be reduced to 65-70% of the HB. This condition
is especially important when growing tomatoes for
processing, where the dry matter content (BRIX) is a
significant indicator. For seedling tomatoes, the soil
moisture should be 65-70% of the HB after planting.
Volume 04 Issue 10-2024
20
American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
(ISSN
–
2771-2559)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
10
Pages:
17-20
OCLC
–
1290679216
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
After the seedlings take root, the soil moisture regime
is maintained similarly to the non-seedling cultivation
method. During the growing season, the required
volume of soil moisture, i.e. the width and depth of the
moistened zone, also changes. The width of the
moistening strip is determined by the width of the
sowing (planting) strip and should be at least 40 cm in
the initial period of vegetation. With the onset of fruit
formation, the volume of soil moistening with each
watering should be gradually increased, and
throughout the fruiting period, the moistening strip
should be at least 60 cm at a depth of 40 cm. The
moistening area in the first case is 20-22%, in the second
it increases to 35% of the total field area. Depending on
the pre-irrigation soil moisture value, the width and
depth of the moistening strip and the irrigation rate
change. On loamy soils during the rooting period of
tomato seedlings and the beginning of fruiting,
provided that the drip tape with droppers is located
every 30 cm in the center of the tape and with a pre-
irrigation soil moisture of at least 70% of the HB, the
irrigation rate will be 50-60 m3 /ha. The irrigation time
with such a rate is approximately 3 hours. At the
beginning of fruiting and during the fruiting period
with a pre-irrigation soil moisture of 80-58% of the HB,
a strip width of 60 cm and a depth of 40 cm, with a
single-strip seeding scheme (140 + 40 cm), the
irrigation rate, accordingly, will be 70-90 m3 /ha. Such
irrigation requires 3.5 to 5 hours. During the period of
intensive water consumption, the inter-irrigation
period should last no more than 3-4 days. As the yield
increases, irrigation at a rate of 110
–
130 m3/ha should
be carried out much less frequently to maintain
optimal soil moisture. During the first period of
vegetation, from germination to the beginning of
tomato fruiting, the humidity in the 20
–
25-centimeter
zone is monitored. In this case, the tensiometer (its
ceramic probe) is installed at a depth of 10
–
20 cm at a
distance of 10 cm from the axis of the tape center
towards the smaller row spacing. The pre-irrigation
value of the soil moisture potential (tensiometer
readings) in this period, depending on the soil type, is
0.063
–
0.074 MPa.
REFERENCES
1.
O’zbekistonning o’simliklar dunyosi. To
shkent,
o’qituvchi, 1997 y.
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Yoziyev L. H. Botanika.Qarshi, 2003 y.
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Sahobiddinov S. S. o’simliklar sistematikasi. T., 1976
y.
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To’xtaev A., Hamidov A. Ekologiya asoslari va
tabiatni muhofaza qilish. T., 1994 y.
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Ergashev A., Ergashev T. Ekologiya, biosfera va
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