American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
24
https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi
VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue03 2025
PAGE NO.
24-27
10.37547/ajahi/Volume05Issue03-07
Determining the water capacity demand of the soil in the
study area
To’rayev Oktam Ismoilovich
Independent researcher, 100086, Termez city. I.Karimov street, 288. Termez State University of Engineering and Agrotechnology,
Uzbekistan
Received:
23 January 2025;
Accepted:
26 February 2025;
Published:
25 March 2025
Abstract:
Currently, in a period of expected climate change, specific soil conditions are observed in every part of
our country. In restoring the soil structure, various chemical elements in the soil, their structure, mechanical
composition, satisfaction of water demand, as well as the application of organic and mineral fertilizers to the soil
and its water-holding capacity are of great importance. The main task of today is to analyze the data obtained
from the analysis of the formation of soil structure depending on physicochemical factors - the amount of
precipitation, the amount of water and its porosity, the type of soil, and its mechanical composition.
Keywords:
Soil, water, irrigation, climate, permeability, temperature, humidity, mechanical composition,
capacity.
Introduction:
The mechanical elements of the soil
adhere to each other, forming lumps (aggregates) of
various sizes and shapes. Its property of forming
aggregates from mechanical elements is called the
property of forming structures. In soil science, the
structure of the soil is understood as its property of
separating into soil aggregates (lumps) of various
shapes and sizes. From the point of view of agronomy,
only lumps that are not washed away by water, that is,
are strong, are considered the best.
Soil is an important object for the growth and
development of plants. There were different views on
the properties of soil in different periods of
development of agriculture. Of course, these views
were evaluated relatively depending on the growth and
development of plants in this soil. If a plant grows well
and produces fruit in this soil, then this soil is called
good, and vice versa, bad. Soil is considered a source of
nutrients and water necessary for plant life, and its
structural state is one of the important factors affecting
its fertility. Such clods are water-resistant, and the soil
formed from them is called strong structural soil.
Structureless soils are composed of clods that easily
crumble under the influence of water.
Depending on the size of the clods, soils are divided into
the following types:
- clods with a diameter of more than 10 mm -
megastructural;
- clods with a diameter of 0.25 to 10 mm -
macrostructural;
- Particles smaller than 0.25 mm in diameter are
classified as microstructured soil.
Clasts from 1 to 3 mm in size are considered the best
water-resistant clasts from an agronomic point of view.
The rate of formation of the topsoil layer is
approximately 2.5 cm per 100-1000 years. This
indicator varies depending on the climate, grasslands,
soil type and land use. Many living organisms, such as
bacteria, fungi, worms, insects, participate in soil
formation. This process is very slow in deserts, high
mountains and regions close to the Arctic Circle.
This layer is very thin in our climatic conditions, and in
the climate of Uzbekistan it takes more than a hundred
years for one centimeter of fertile soil to form, unless
other negative factors interfere with this process, of
course. Therefore, the amount of land suitable for
growing crops is also very limited: all agriculture in
Uzbekistan is concentrated along rivers and in narrow
strips of land between mountains and deserts. It would
not be wrong to say that only 9.5% of the land in our
country feeds the population of the republic. This is
American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
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American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations (ISSN: 2771-2559)
very valuable capital - not a reserve, but precisely the
capital that needs to be preserved.
Soil provides crops from which food, clothing and most
of the clothing for human needs are obtained. The
population of the country is growing, and with it the
needs are also increasing. Man conquers new lands
without caring about the old ones. The areas suitable
for cultivating the land are decreasing. And their quality
is decreasing... The process of deterioration of the
quality of the land, the decrease in its productivity is
land degradation. In arid climates, land degradation
often turns into desertification, when fertile land turns
into a desert.
In a soil with a strong structure, due to the large volume
of non-capillary pores, all precipitation and irrigation
water are absorbed and stored well, and air exchange
is much better in it than in fine-grained soil. Therefore,
due to the sufficient amount of water and air in the
structured soil, favorable conditions for the life of
microorganisms are created, as a result of which
nutrients necessary for plant life accumulate in the soil.
The soil does not have a solid permanent structure. It is
formed by the following factors:
a) mechanical factors - under the influence of tractors,
people, and animals moving in the fields, and the
working bodies of working tools;
b) physicochemical factors - under the influence of
rainwater and the ammonium and hydrogen ions
contained in them, the calcium and magnesium
absorbed by the humus are squeezed out and the
strength of the soil structure decreases; due to the
crushing of soil particles under the influence of water
discharge and, especially, during irrigation, the air
squeezed out by the water;
c) biological factors - under the influence of aerobic
bacteria, the soil can be broken down into small
particles as a result of the decomposition of humus,
which binds the soil particles together.
Soil samples, sieves with a base and lid, with holes of
10, 7, 5, 3, 2, 1, 0.5 and 0.25 mm in diameter, a 1-liter
cylinder with a diameter of 7 cm and a height of 45 cm,
8 large and 9 small porcelain numbered cups, electronic
scales, a water bath, a container or cylindrical tub with
a diameter of 30-40 cm and a height of 30-35 cm.
To restore the soil structure, annual and perennial
grasses are planted in crop rotation, and organic
fertilizers are also applied to the soil. The humus layer
is renewed to form structural lumps and strengthen
them. When planting annual plants and plowing the
land with a peat plow in the fall, the structure of fine
particles of the topsoil of the fields is partially restored.
During plowing, the scythe plow throws the top layer of
soil with fine particles, along with plant residues, to the
bottom of the furrow, while the main div turns the
soft, firm, lumpy soil of the lower layer, enriched with
humus due to the anaerobic decomposition of organic
matter, to the surface.
There are several methods for studying the structural
state of the soil.
These are: 1) N.I. Savvinov's method - a method based
on macroaggregate analysis by sieving the soil;
2) V.R. Williams and P.A. Andrianov's method for
determining
the
water
resistance
of
soil
macrostructures;
3) K.K. Gedroys' method for determining the resistance
of soil microstructural elements;
4) D.T. Vilensky's drop method for determining the
water resistance of aggregates.
This method was developed at the Department of
Agriculture of the Moscow Agricultural Academy
named after K.A.Timiryazev and is based on
macroaggregate analysis by sieving the soil.
In this method of studying the state of soil structure:
a) a soil sample is taken from the area to be examined
and dried in air. Then 2.5 kg is weighed from it on a
scale, passed through sieves with different mesh sizes
and separated into the following 9 fractions: larger
than 10 mm; 10-7; 7-5; 5-3; 3-2; 2-1; 1-0.5; 0.5-0.25 and
smaller than 0.25 mm. A tray is placed on the bottom
of the sieves to collect dust particles, and the top is
covered with a lid to prevent soil particles from being
scattered during sieving;
b) after sieving, each fraction is weighed separately on
a scale and calculated as a percentage, with 2.5 kg of
soil being taken as 100%;
c) To determine the percentage of strength of
aggregates weighing 50 g, an average sample is taken.
For this, an amount of soil equal to half the percentage
of the fraction expressed in grams is taken from each
sieve. In order to avoid clogging the holes of the lower
sieve, the average sample may not be taken from a
fraction with a diameter of less than 0.25 mm (although
it is taken into account when calculating the average
sample). The average sample is taken twice;
g) The average sample obtained is placed in a cylinder
filled with water and left undisturbed for 10 minutes.
This is done to allow air to escape, which could
mechanically damage the pieces during subsequent
operations.
American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
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American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations (ISSN: 2771-2559)
Figure 1. Passing soil from a cylinder
through a set of sieves
Figure 2. Laboratory equipment for
determining the state of soil structure
During the experiment, after 1-2 minutes, although
most of the air has been released from the soil, a small
part remains in the form of bubbles in large voids, and
the remaining air is expelled. To do this, water is poured
into the cylinder to the top, covered with a glass,
quickly turned to a horizontal position, and then
returned to a vertical position. After that, air begins to
separate from the soil in the form of small bubbles; d)
10 minutes after the soil sample is placed in the
cylinder, the cylinder is covered with a glass, quickly
turned over and held in this position for several
seconds until large soil particles fall to the bottom.
Then the cylinder is brought to its original position and
the soil is expected to sink to the bottom. This
operation is repeated 10 times. When the cylinder is
turned over, weak aggregates and lumps with a
diameter larger than 10 mm are separated into
components;
e) 5 sieves with a diameter of 20 cm, a height of 3 cm
and holes of 0.25; 1; 2; 3; 5 mm are placed one above
the other in a cylindrical bath filled with water. The
water level should be 5-6 cm above the edge of the
upper sieve. j) After the cylinder has been inverted ten
times, it is brought onto the sieves. The cylinder is
inverted and the window is opened under water. The
soil mass in the cylinder falls onto the upper sieve. To
ensure even distribution of the soil, the cylinder is
rotated on the sieve without removing it from the
water. After the main mass (larger than 0.25 mm) falls
onto the surface of the sieve, 40-50 seconds later the
mouth of the cylinder is closed again with a window
under water and removed from the water;
h) The sieved soil mass is sieved: for this, without
removing the sieves from the water, all the sieves are
raised 5-6 cm and quickly immersed in water again.
They are held in this position for 2-3 seconds until the
lumps fall back onto the sieve. Then the set of sieves is
slowly raised and quickly immersed again. The upper
sieves (5, 3 and 2 mm) are removed after shaking ten
times, and the lower one is additionally shaken five
more times and removed from the water;
i) The lumps on the sieves are washed in a large
porcelain bowl with a stream of water from the
washing device, after removing excess water, they are
placed in small porcelain bowls that have been
previously weighed and numbered;
k) Then the bowls are placed in a thermostat and the
soil is dried at 1050C for 4 hours, then cooled in a
desiccator for 2 hours.
l) The mass of dried pellets is determined separately.
The mass of water-resistant pellets is multiplied by 2.
Where: x
–
water resistance of the aggregate, in
percent
a
–
mass of water-resistant aggregate, in g.
N
–
total mass of the analyzed soil, in g. 100 %
For example, if 50 g of soil (N) contains 5 g of aggregate
(a) with a diameter of 5-3 mm, the percentage will be
as follows:
CONCLUSION
During the field research, the climatic conditions in the
experimental field area were perennial values. The soil
of the experimental field is a light gray, medium loamy
soil with a low humus content, and the absorption of
mineral colloids is very fast. The water-physical
properties of the experimental field soil are density,
solid phase density, soil porosity, maximum
hygroscopicity, and moisture reserve. Depending on
the degree of soil moisture, it is high or low, depending
on the soil layer, so that the capillary pores are filled
with water to the lower layers of the soil, and during
sharp changes in air temperature, it is low in winter and
high in autumn. The limited field moisture capacity of
the soil is understood as the ability of the soil to retain
American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
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American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations (ISSN: 2771-2559)
water absorbed into the soil to varying degrees in the
layers. The higher the moisture capacity of the soil at
the experimental site, the more sufficient moisture is
provided in the soil for plants. Soil sampling was
continued until a constant moisture content was
reached. The constant moisture content was taken as
the limited field moisture capacity. To determine the
limited field moisture capacity, samples were taken
from the plots at the start of the experiments and the
moisture content was determined.
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