Volume 04 Issue 06-2024
19
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
06
Pages:
19-30
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
Currently, as a result of the development of many lands, the primary virus foci have decreased. As a result, new
relationships between cultivated and wild plants, pathogens and vectors have emerged. To some extent, these
relations are characterized by the concept of natural foci. Because some viruses specialize in a narrow range of plants,
they do not spread at all in natural foci. Therefore, studying both theoretical and practical aspects of work in this
direction with the help of new, modern methods and technologies is one of the urgent tasks before us in the near
future. To date, there is information on several characteristics of all studied tomato, tobacco, turnip, rapeseed, radish,
potato, alfalfa, cotton, corn, and bell pepper viruses in Uzbekistan. But there is no information about their natural foci
and groups, and how they slowly infect cultivated plants and the emergence of new virus foci, and they have not been
studied until now. Taking this into account, we can identify the natural foci of some viruses studied in Uzbekistan and
see the ways of their transmission, especially mechanical transmission.
KEYWORDS
Phytovirology, pathobiocenosis, pathogen, chlorosis, mycoplasma, transmissive, reservoir, infection, prognosis,
epiphytotia, specific
INTRODUCTION
Research Article
CLASSIFICATION OF FOCUSES AND MECHANICAL TRANSMISSION OF
PLANT VIRUSES
Submission Date:
June 04, 2024,
Accepted Date:
June 09, 2024,
Published Date:
June 14, 2024
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajast/Volume04Issue06-05
Qalandarova Madina Andreyevna
Trainee Teacher At Tashkent State Pedagogical University Named After Nizami, Uzbekistan
Nigmatullayev Bakhtiyor Alimovovich
Associate Professor At The Tashkent State Pedagogical University Named After Nizami, Uzbekistan
Mardonov Fozilbek Mardonovich
Assistant At "Medicinal Plants" Department At Tashkent State Agrarian University, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajast
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 04 Issue 06-2024
20
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
06
Pages:
19-30
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
One of the main conditions for ensuring the normal
growth, development and efficiency of vegetable
crops in agriculture is the use of healthy organic
materials. The health quality of planting material
depends on many factors, first of all, whether it is free
from virus infection. Infection of plants with viruses
has a negative effect on the food, nutritional value and
suitability of the products obtained from them. In
order to see what kind of symptoms the plant viruses
show in the plants, we first try to infect the plants that
can clearly show the viruses. The use of mechanical
method to infect the viruses is considered effective. In
the case of mechanical infection, it is possible to see
with a clear eye through the signs in the leaves of the
plant used for control in 2-3 days. In nature, about 800
viruses develop and infect plants. There are ways of
natural or artificial transmission of these viruses to
plants, and several types of these ways have been
studied and are currently used for virus transmission.
Academician Ye.N. According to Pavlovsky's theory,
the natural foci of transmissible diseases has
theoretical and practical importance, it allows to know
the law of development of virus epiphytotia and
provides a scientific basis for their disappearance. In
addition, this theory foresees the migration of virus
foci from one place to another, hidden foci infections,
and the emergence of "daughter" foci. According to
Pavlovsky, the natural foci of transmissible diseases is
a phenomenon in which the "causing agent" of the
disease is a special carrier and the evolution of the
animal - the causative agent, and until now,
independent of man, has passed several generations
for a long time. they live in their natural habitats even
during the period of change. An example of such a
disease with a natural focus is Far Eastern encephalitis,
the causative agent (virus) of which is spread by ticks
in the transovarial way. Ticks infect wild animals, and
the virus is transmitted through blood to previously
uninfected ticks. Even if a person is susceptible to the
disease in this case, it will not be of any importance in
the spread and preservation of the virus in nature.
Therefore, the basis for the existence of a natural focus
is the presence of wild animals, an organism prone to
infection, a carrier that ensures the continuous
circulation of the causative agent. For example,
Common Cucumber Mosaic Virus, Solanum Stolbur,
Shingle Mosaic Virus, Legume and Pea Yellowing,
Alfalfa Mosaic and many other diseases can be shown.
Yu.I. Vlasov studied the biology of some pathogens -
the causative agents of diseases with natural
outbreaks, and some theoretical aspects of these
results were obtained in the development of measures
to fight against viral diseases and in forecasting the
epiphytotypy of viral diseases. Phytovirology The
concept of "natural source" first of all means that the
causative agent of the disease is a virus, the carrier is
an insect and other elements, and an organism prone
to infection is a plant or animal organism. Having this
feature, reservoirs of viruses can be wild plants. The
primary natural hearth can function and live
independently of the cultivated plant. In order to infect
cultivated plants, they must be grown in the zone of
the source of infection and there must be conditions
for the transfer of the carrier from the natural source
to agricultural crops there will be times. They appear in
zones where viruses spread in cultivated plants
multiply and infect wild plants. Over time,
representatives of the wild flora become permanent
natural hosts of this or that pathogen. Any natural
source of infection is a pathobiocenosis, because it
includes the causative agent of the disease. pathogen
(virus, mycoplasma). Currently, as a result of the
development of many lands, the primary virus foci have
decreased. As a result, new connections between
cultivated and wild plants, pathogens and vectors have
emerged. To some extent, these relations are
characterized by the concept of natural foci. Because
Volume 04 Issue 06-2024
21
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
06
Pages:
19-30
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
some viruses specialize in a narrow range of plants,
they do not spread at all in natural foci. Summarizing
the literature data and his own results, Vlasov divides
the degree of correlation of viral diseases with natural
outbreaks into four groups:
1) typical natural focal diseases;
2) having permanent circulation of the causative agent
of the disease among cultivated plants;
3) diseases with a partial connection with natural foci;
4) diseases related to natural foci (unconfirmed).
The rules about natural foci of the disease (uchenie)
are aimed at fulfilling the following practical tasks:
1) identification (separation) of natural sources of
infection for cultivated plants (crops);
2) researching the specific characteristics of pathogen
circulation in natural foci, the conditions of
transmission of infection to cultivated plants;
3) Development of ways to prevent the sudden
appearance of disease (vspyshka) in agricultural crops.
Natural foci and types of plant virus diseases
Typical naturally-occurring diseases include wild plants
- carriers - diseases in which wild plants circulate
according to the scheme. Although viruses belonging
to this group sometimes cause epiphytotia in
cultivated plants, cultivated plants are not considered
an obligatory link in the circulation of these viruses.
There are the following groups of these viruses or viral
diseases:
1. Typical natural focal diseases;
2. Diseases with natural foci whose causative agent
circulates among cultivated plants;
3. Diseases whose causative agents are partially in
contact with natural foci;
4. Diseases that have not been confirmed to be related
to natural outbreaks
TYPICAL NATURAL FOCAL DISEASES
The virus overwinters in perennial weeds. In the spring
and early summer, Aphis fabae migrates from its
primary host (viburnum, jasmine) to weeds, infects,
and from there transfers to planted legumes. Some of
the aphids go to the weeds and form a new hearth. So,
the virus always circulates in natural foci in the weed -
aphid - weed. Its stable preservation in nature does not
depend on the presence of legumes. Studying the
biology of the virus draws attention to the following
factors. First, a natural outbreak can be hidden latent,
because often the symptoms of the disease are not
obvious in weeds. Second, not one, but several weeds
can be "virus-carriers". All this confirms that
leguminous yellows and related viruses can circulate in
natural foci.
Alfalfa wound tumor, Common cucumber mosaic,
Cotton leaf curl, Rustless coaster mosaic, Rice powdery
mildew viruses also belong to the group of "Typical
natural foci diseases". They also have their own specific
disease-causing plants, vector insects, and their own
circulation. Studying these laws and features and
following them will prevent virus epiphytotia.
Determining factors of typical natural focal diseases
Volume 04 Issue 06-2024
22
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
06
Pages:
19-30
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Diseases
(viruses)
Symptoms
Dispersive
insects
Spread
by seed
Reservoirs
Circulation
Literatur
e
Yellowing of
peas
and
legumes
Chlorosis,
twisting and
crushing
of
upper leaves,
retardation in
growth and
development
Legume black
aphid-Aphis
fabae
Scop.
also
bean,
vetch, alfalfa
aphids
Seed
transmission
has not been
proven
Cirsium arvense
(L.)
Scop.,
Chenopodium
album
L.
secondary focus
alfalfa
The virus
overwinte
rs
in
perennial
weeds.
Vlasov,
1964;
1966
One of the main conditions for ensuring the normal
growth, development and efficiency of vegetable
crops in agriculture is the use of healthy organic
materials. The health quality of planting material
depends on many factors, first of all, whether it is free
from virus infection. Infection of plants with viruses
has a negative effect on the food, nutritional value and
suitability of the products obtained from them. In
order to see what kind of symptoms the plant viruses
show in the plants, we first try to infect the plants that
can clearly show the viruses. The use of mechanical
method to infect the viruses is considered effective. In
the case of mechanical infection, it is possible to see
with a clear eye through the signs in the leaves of the
plant used for control in 2-3 days. In nature, about 800
viruses develop and infect plants. There are ways of
natural or artificial transmission of these viruses to
plants, and several types of these ways have been
studied and are currently used for virus transmission.
Academician Ye.N. According to Pavlovsky's theory,
the natural foci of transmissible diseases has
theoretical and practical importance, it allows to know
the law of development of virus epiphytotia and
provides a scientific basis for their disappearance. In
addition, this theory foresees the migration of virus
foci from one place to another, hidden foci infections,
and the emergence of "daughter" foci. According to
Pavlovsky, the natural foci of transmissible diseases is
a phenomenon in which the "causing agent" of the
disease is a special carrier and the evolution of the
animal - the causative agent, and until now,
independent of man, has passed several generations
for a long time. they live in their natural habitats even
during the period of change. An example of such a
disease with a natural focus is Far Eastern encephalitis,
the causative agent (virus) of which is spread by ticks
in the transovarial way. Ticks infect wild animals, and
the virus is transmitted through blood to previously
uninfected ticks. Even if a person is susceptible to the
disease in this case, it will not be of any importance in
the spread and preservation of the virus in nature.
Therefore, the basis for the existence of a natural focus
is the presence of wild animals, an organism prone to
infection, a carrier that ensures the continuous
circulation of the causative agent. For example,
Common Cucumber Mosaic Virus, Solanum Stolbur,
Shingle Mosaic Virus, Legume and Pea Yellowing,
Alfalfa Mosaic and many other diseases can be shown.
Yu.I. Vlasov studied the biology of some pathogens -
Volume 04 Issue 06-2024
23
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
06
Pages:
19-30
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
the causative agents of diseases with natural
outbreaks, and some theoretical aspects of these
results were obtained in the development of measures
to fight against viral diseases and in forecasting the
epiphytotypy of viral diseases. Phytovirology The
concept of "natural source" first of all means that the
causative agent of the disease is a virus, the carrier is
an insect and other elements, and an organism prone
to infection is a plant or animal organism. Having this
feature, reservoirs of viruses can be wild plants. The
primary natural hearth can function and live
independently of the cultivated plant. In order to infect
cultivated plants, they must be grown in the zone of
the source of infection and there must be conditions
for the transfer of the carrier from the natural source
to agricultural crops there will be times. They appear in
zones where viruses spread in cultivated plants
multiply and infect wild plants. Over time,
representatives of the wild flora become permanent
natural hosts of this or that pathogen. Any natural
source of infection is a pathobiocenosis, because it
includes the causative agent of the disease. pathogen
(virus, mycoplasma). Currently, as a result of the
development of many lands, the primary virus foci have
decreased. As a result, new connections between
cultivated and wild plants, pathogens and vectors have
emerged. To some extent, these relations are
characterized by the concept of natural foci. Because
some viruses specialize in a narrow range of plants,
they do not spread at all in natural foci. Summarizing
the literature data and his own results, Vlasov divides
the degree of correlation of viral diseases with natural
outbreaks into four groups:
1) typical natural focal diseases;
2) having permanent circulation of the causative agent
of the disease among cultivated plants;
3) diseases with a partial connection with natural foci;
4) diseases related to natural foci (unconfirmed).
The rules about natural foci of the disease (uchenie)
are aimed at fulfilling the following practical tasks:
1) identification (separation) of natural sources of
infection for cultivated plants (crops);
2) researching the specific characteristics of pathogen
circulation in natural foci, the conditions of
transmission of infection to cultivated plants;
3) Development of ways to prevent the sudden
appearance of disease (vspyshka) in agricultural crops.
Natural foci and types of plant virus diseases
Typical naturally-occurring diseases include wild plants
- carriers - diseases in which wild plants circulate
according to the scheme. Although viruses belonging
to this group sometimes cause epiphytotia in
cultivated plants, cultivated plants are not considered
an obligatory link in the circulation of these viruses.
There are the following groups of these viruses or viral
diseases:
1. Typical natural focal diseases;
2. Diseases with natural foci whose causative agent
circulates among cultivated plants;
3. Diseases whose causative agents are partially in
contact with natural foci;
4. Diseases that have not been confirmed to be related
to natural outbreaks
Typical natural focal diseases
The virus overwinters in perennial weeds. In the spring
and early summer, Aphis fabae migrates from its
primary host (viburnum, jasmine) to weeds, infects,
and from there transfers to planted legumes. Some of
Volume 04 Issue 06-2024
24
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
06
Pages:
19-30
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
the aphids go to the weeds and form a new hearth. So,
the virus always circulates in natural foci in the weed -
aphid - weed. Its stable preservation in nature does not
depend on the presence of legumes. Studying the
biology of the virus draws attention to the following
factors. First, a natural outbreak can be hidden latent,
because often the symptoms of the disease are not
obvious in weeds. Second, not one, but several weeds
can be "virus-carriers". All this confirms that
leguminous yellows and related viruses can circulate in
natural foci.
Alfalfa wound tumor, Common cucumber mosaic,
Cotton leaf curl, Rustless coaster mosaic, Rice powdery
mildew viruses also belong to the group of "Typical
natural foci diseases". They also have their own specific
disease-causing plants, vector insects, and their own
circulation. Studying these laws and features and
following them will prevent virus epiphytotia.
Determining factors of typical natural focal diseases
Picture 1
The virus can be released from the infected div to the environment in different ways. A virus in the external
environment can infect a plant in various ways. The virus can be transmitted mechanically to the leaf by natural or
artificial friction, by grafting, by using insects, by using a weevil. The transmission of the virus to the carrier insect is
carried out by the insect feeding on the diseased plant.
Volume 04 Issue 06-2024
25
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
06
Pages:
19-30
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Picture 2
In the case of viruses that spread through the soil, the
virus can be released from the exudates separated
from the roots of the diseased plant, from the remains
of the diseased plant, and the virus can be released
from the diseased plant through the wounds that
appear when they are processed. In this case, hands
and processing equipment are infected with infectious
sap. In the special experiments of M.I. Goldin, viruses
transmitted through soil were shown to be released
from the patient's div. A certain amount of virus
released from the root of a plant infected with TMV
passes into the solution. Several other factors
influence the spread of viruses in nature.
The first group includes Cucumber mosaic virus,
Shingle mosaic virus, Pea mosaic virus, Physalis virus,
etc.
The second group includes potato U virus, cauliflower
mosaic virus, tomato yellowing virus.
The third group includes TMV, potato X viruses and
shows that they are found in cultivated plants
(tobacco, tomato, pepper, potato) and in wild plants
(gulyavnik, physalis, chicory). The transmission of TMV
through seeds and the transmission of potato virus X
through tubers show that they are adapted to the
permanent circulation in agricultural plants.
The fourth group includes the cucumber mosaic virus
belonging to the tobamovirus family, and soy mosaic
viruses from potyviruses. Focuses on their infecting a
narrow range of plants and their spread through seed
and planting material by contact or vector vectors. It
shows that some viral diseases can be transmitted only
by grafting. Yu.I. Vlasov studied the biology of some
pathogens - the causative agents of diseases with
natural outbreaks, developed some theoretical
aspects of these results and developed measures to
combat viral diseases. Certain results were obtained in
the emergence and forecasting of epiphytotypic viral
diseases. Wild plants can be reservoirs of viruses and
mycoplasmas with this feature. The primary natural
hearth can function and live independently of the
cultivated plant. In order to infect cultivated plants,
they must be grown in the zone of the source of
infection and there should be conditions for the
Volume 04 Issue 06-2024
26
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
06
Pages:
19-30
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
transfer of the carrier from the natural source to
agricultural crops. Along with primary natural sources,
there are secondary natural sources. will be available.
They appear in zones where viruses spread in
cultivated plants multiply and infect wild plants. Over
time, representatives of the wild flora become
permanent natural hosts of this or that pathogen. Any
natural source of infection is a pathobiocenosis, as it
includes the causative agent. In this case,
pathobiocenosis is understood as a plant-host, carrier
and pathogen (virus, mycoplasma) formed as a result
of evolution in the environment under known external
conditions. Currently, as a result of the development of
many lands, the primary virus foci have decreased. . As
a result, new connections between cultivated and wild
plants, pathogens and vectors have emerged. To some
extent, these relations are characterized by the
concept of natural foci. Because some viruses
specialize in a narrow range of plants, they do not
spread at all in natural foci. Therefore, studying both
theoretical and practical aspects of work in this
direction with the help of new, modern methods and
technologies is one of the urgent tasks before us in the
near future. To date, there is information on several
characteristics of all studied tomato, tobacco, turnip,
rapeseed, radish, potato, alfalfa, cotton, corn, and bell
pepper viruses in Uzbekistan. But there is no
information about their natural foci and groups, and
how they slowly infect cultivated plants and the
emergence of new virus foci, and they have not been
studied until now. Taking this into account, we can
identify the natural foci of some viruses studied in
Uzbekistan and see the ways of their transmission,
especially mechanical transmission.
Mechanical virus transmission.
In nature, about 800 viruses develop and infect plants.
There are ways of natural or artificial transmission of
these viruses to plants, and several types of these ways
have been studied and are currently used for virus
transmission. Some of these ways are listed below:
- mechanical transmission of viruses;
- transmission of viruses by grafting;
- loading of viruses with the help of a particle;
- transmission of viruses by insects;
The mechanical method is based on the introduction of
viruses from a wound on a plant leaf. For this,
microwounds are created by sprinkling diatom algae
(celite) or corborundum (silicon carbide) or corundum
(aluminum oxide) in the cuticle of the plant leaf that
needs to be infected.
The diseased plant organ is taken and a buffer (glycine
or phosphate) is added in a porcelain mortar and
diluted thoroughly. One of the agents is dusted on the
surface of the plant leaf that needs to be infected. will
settle down. Corud and corborund are sprayed on the
surface of the prepared leaf. 1-2 drops of the virus
suspension are dropped and gently applied using a
sterilized glass stick, a cotton or gauze swab, or well-
washed and dried fingers. The strength of rubbing
depends on the type of plant, its age, the quality of the
leaves, and the image. If you rub it harder, the cuticle
layer on the surface of the plant leaf will be damaged
and the leaf may dry up. After using the image, it is
advisable to keep the plant in a moist place for several
hours.
Gibbs and Harrison (1978) suggest that several factors
are important to increase virus infectivity.
a) the presence of ions in the inoculum, the infectivity
of the inoculum depends on the amount of ions in it.
For example, the concentration of phosphate buffer
Volume 04 Issue 06-2024
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American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
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VOLUME
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Pages:
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OCLC
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Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
0.02-0.1 M and pH 7.0-8.5 increases the infectivity of
the virus. Again, infectivity and virus depend on the
host-plant and their combination. Many viruses lose
their activity at low levels of RNA.
b) Inhibitors of infectivity - sometimes it is very difficult
to mechanically transfer viruses to a sensitive plant.
This phenomenon depends on some proteins and
polysaccharides that serve as "inhibitors of infectivity"
in many plant cells. These do not eliminate the
infectivity of the virus, but somehow affect the
transmission of the virus. Such inhibitors are present in
sap isolated from sugar beet, Chenopodiumspp,
Phytolaccaspp and Dianthussp. In order to eliminate
the inhibitory effect, if the concentration of the virus is
greater, when the sap of the infected plant is diluted,
the inhibitor is also diluted and the effect is lost.
c) virus-inactivating substances - virus infectivity is also
affected by substances in the plant that destroy its
activity. The juices of the leaves of woody plants
contain tannin, which binds to viruses under certain
conditions and precipitates the viruses, resulting in the
loss of virus infectivity. But in order to prevent such
situations, in the process of homogenization of plant
leaves, a buffer equal to pH 8-9 is used and crushed in
solutions such as nicotine or caffeine. In an alkaline
environment, the binding of tannins to the virus
weakens. There are other methods in which a single
protein is added to the medium in which the virus is
homogenized (for example, powdered skin). This
protein competes with the virus to bind tannin.
Virus infection by grafting.
Grafting has long been used in horticulture to improve
the quality of plants that are propagated from seed,
not propagated by cuttings and grafting, and are of
low importance for agriculture. At the same time,
grafting is also very important in conducting scientific
work. Grafting is the connection of one plant to
another plant cutting or bud. A grafted plant is called a
scion, and a grafted plant is called a scion. Viruses can
be transmitted from one plant to another by grafting.
In this case, if a graft infected with a virus is grafted
onto a graft, or if a healthy graft is grafted onto a graft
infected with a virus, the virus will pass to the second
pair and show symptoms of the disease. For the first
time, grafting was used by Dutch gardeners in the 17th
century. They transferred the satin-like properties of
the tulip bulb to a healthy bulb by grafting it. Grafting
is mainly used for tree plants (apples, apricots,
cherries). In order for the welding to have a good
result, first of all, it is necessary to be close to the
system to be welded (apple to quince, pear, apricot to
cherry, plum.), in addition, when welding, the graft and
the cambium part of the graft, the wood parts should
touch each other well and it is necessary to tie tightly.
Sometimes a virus in one of them affects the growth of
the plant as a whole after grafting. A more
economically important citrus cultivar loses its virus
resistance after grafting. Transmission of the virus can
also occur during vaccination.
There are many ways to transmit viruses by grafting.
Below are some of these methods:
A. When grafting herbaceous plants, the grafting
method is used. In this case, the lower part of the joint
is sharpened to a point.
V. It is possible to infect the branches of raspberry-like
plants by placing them in a container of water (bottle
method), by grafting them to potatoes, potatoes and
other plants.
G. By bud grafting of woody plants (eye graft).
V. In grafting, the roots of two plants are preserved, for
example, in a vine.
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Regardless of the method of welding, the tissue of the
graft and the graft must be in contact with each other.
It is left until the plant grows. Only then will it be good
for the virus to spread. Welded parts are tightly
clamped with various tapes, and it is very important
that the upper part is always wet.
Picture 3
If the concentration of the virus in the div is high and
it is not spread evenly throughout the div, the virus
will transfer from the grafted site to the second plant
after two days. If the concentration of the virus in the
plant div is low and evenly distributed throughout
the div, then the virus can spread to the second plant
within a week, and in some trees, it can last for a
month.
Summary. On the basis of the information collected on
the basis of the literature, it was concluded about the
spread of plant viruses in the case that they were
determined about their centers. The most effective
and widely used method for infecting viruses is the
mechanical method. is. and in this method it is possible
to make an accurate diagnosis in the case of analysis
based on specific symptomatic signs.
REFERENCES
1.
Карташова
И.А.
Селскохозяйственная
фитовирусология. М., “Колос”, Ставропол
“АГРУС” . 2007. 164 с.
2.
Куст
С.В.
Идентификатсия
вирусов
в
инфекционной смеси с помощю набора
растений индикаторов. Практикум по общей
вирусологии. Изд
-
во МГУ, 1981,
-
С. 43
-46.
3.
Гиббс. А., Харрисон Б. Основы вирусологии
растений. Москва: Мир. 1978.
4.
Метюз Р. Вирусы растений.М.:Мир. 1973.
Volume 04 Issue 06-2024
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(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
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06
Pages:
19-30
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
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Volume 04 Issue 06-2024
30
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
06
Pages:
19-30
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
in some medicinal plants in Kashkadarya river
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