Volume 03 Issue 06-2023
39
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
06
Pages:
39-45
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
7.063
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
This paper discusses a method to reduce the self-discharge process of acid car batteries. The dependence of the self-
discharge of storage batteries on the ambient temperature has been studied. At the same time, it was found that an
increase in the storage temperature of storage batteries from + 15°C to + 45°C accelerates the self-discharge process
up to 62% within 12 months. Replacing the alloy composition of the electrode, taking into account the electronegativity
of the components, reduces the self-discharge process to 2% monthly. Batteries with electrodes, where antimony is
replaced by calcium in the alloy, the self-discharge process is relatively low and the consumption of the working fluid
is also relatively low. These parameters allow them to be manufactured as maintenance-free power sources.
KEYWORDS
Current source, rechargeable battery, electrode, self-discharge, lead-antimony alloy, replacement, fluid consumption.
INTRODUCTION
In a car, a current source, that is, the battery is an
important element of electrical equipment - along with
the generator, it acts as a current source. In them, the
storage battery performs several functions: powering
the starter when starting the engine, powering
consumers with the engine off, powering consumers in
addition to the generator when the engine is running.
Research Article
CHANGING THE SELF-DISCHARGE OF ACID BATTERIES FROM
TEMPERATURE AND WAYS TO REDUCE IT
Submission Date:
June 20, 2023,
Accepted Date:
June 25, 2023,
Published Date:
June 30, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajast/Volume03Issue06-09
A.K. Mamatkulov
Jizzakh Polytechnic Institute, Uzbekistan
F.I. Erkabaev
Research Institute Of Environment And Environmental Protection Technologies Under The Ministry Of Natural
Resources The Republic Of Uzbekistan
N.T.Rashidova
Jizzakh Polytechnic Institute1,3, Research Institute Of Environment And Environmental Protection
Technologies Under The Ministry Of Natural Resources The Republic Of Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajast
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 06-2023
40
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
06
Pages:
39-45
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
7.063
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
When working together with the generator, the
storage battery provides transient processes that
require a large current, and also smoothest the ripple
of the current in the electrical network [1,2].
Lead-acid batteries are used as starter batteries in cars.
The battery design is constantly being improved. Each
battery consists of six batteries connected in series,
united in one corpus. The housing is made of acid-
resistant and non-conductive propylene. A separate
accumulator combines alternating positive and
negative electrodes covered with a layer of active
mass. Insulation of opposite polarity plates is provided
by a plastic separator.
Anode and cathode electrodes are made of lead alloy.
In modern batteries, positive and negative electrodes
are made of an alloy of lead and antimony with some
electronegative metals added. Such batteries have a
low self-discharge level and a minimum water
consumption (1 g/Ah), due to evaporation during
operation.
Among the alkaline earth metals, lithium (Li) is the ideal
anode material for batteries due to its extremely high
theoretical specific capacity (3880 mAh/g) and low
density (0.59 g/cm3). Unfortunately, the uncontrolled
dendritic growth of this metal has hampered their
practical application over the past 40 years [3-7]. Due
to the relative high cost in comparison with acid
storage batteries, it is impractical to use them as car
batteries.
According to the results of the research, the authors
[8, 9] provide information on primary cells and
batteries, backup chemical current sources, batteries
and electrochemical capacitors of both Russian and
foreign production. Analyze current-generating
reactions, design features of various types of chemical
current sources, their technical and operational
characteristics, self-discharge reduction for lead and
nickel - cadmium batteries. The rules of care, operation,
storage and reduction of self-discharge are given in the
work of the authors [10-11] in detail and with examples.
When using batteries, caring for them plays an
important role and is simple, which is reduced only to
regular checking of the electrolyte level. A low level
may indicate overcharging, which is usually caused by
a malfunctioning generator. During charging, the
electrolyte level is slightly exceeded, so you should
refill with this effect in mind. During operation, it is
desirable to control the charge of batteries, which
increases their service life.
Power sources lose part of the water from the
electrolyte during operation. As a result, the reserve
level of electrolyte above the plates decreases and the
concentration of acid in the electrolyte increases (the
density of the electrolyte increases), which negatively
affects the battery life. The rate of water loss decisively
depends on both the materials used for the production
of the storage battery and the state of the vehicle’s
electrical equipment [12-13]. Depending on the
combination of all these factors, it can differ by 10 or
even 25 times. Therefore, a decrease in the electrolyte
level to a critical one is possible in 1-3 months (with a
faulty voltage regulator) and in 2-3 years. When using
classic lead-acid batteries, the electrolyte level is
checked at least 1-2 times a month and topping up with
distilled water, as well as a relatively high self-discharge
rate - up to 13% per month, which progresses during
operation and after 1.5-2 years of operation increases
3-4 times. Therefore, if such rechargeable batteries are
inactive for a long time, they must be recharged every
1-2 months.
The self-discharge process of a car battery is an
unavoidable phenomenon, both internal and external.
The speed of the process varies, in many respects it
Volume 03 Issue 06-2023
41
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
06
Pages:
39-45
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
7.063
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
depends on the service. It is recommended to
influence the speed of the self-discharge process to
preserve the performance of batteries.
These power sources are designed for a certain
capacity or the maximum amount of electricity
received. When the external circuit is open, that is, the
device is not in use and is outside the vehicle, this
characteristic deteriorates. From the point of view of
chemical reactions, self-discharge of a battery is the
result of dissolution of lead of the positive electrode
with the release of hydrogen, accompanied by a loss of
electrical charge. At the cathode, the phenomenon is
less pronounced and occurs due to the interaction of
sulfuric acid with metal oxide, where the process is
accompanied by the release of oxygen. The reasons for
the self-discharge of the battery lie in its own design.
This means that the self-discharge process cannot be
avoided [14-16]. You can only change its flow time.
During their operation, the created ideal conditions
also cannot stop the natural decrease in capacity.
Minimal power loss is inevitable. It depends exclusively
on the components of the elements of the device. An
inactive battery naturally loses its capacity due to the
reactions mentioned earlier. There are three more
types of battery spontaneous discharge. First, during
operation, the surface of the device becomes dirty.
Under the influence of moisture or antifreeze, this
layer connects the electrodes, becoming a conductor
of currents. The value of the conducted current is quite
small, but with prolonged inactivity, even under a weak
influence, the battery is discharged quite significantly.
Second, the anode and cathode wear out over time. As
a result, a precipitate is formed from the active mass
crumbled from them. In this case, the battery is
discharged due to the accumulation of this substance,
which can close the electrodes. This is a natural
consequence of battery life and is therefore inevitable.
Third, faulty sources become the cause of self-
discharge of a car battery. The presence of external
consumers reduces the capacity, if they are constantly
powered by the batteries of the machine, then they
can cause significant damage, depending on how long
the electricity will be used.
Even in ideal storage conditions for batteries, power
loss cannot be avoided. But it can be controlled and
reduced if you know what kind of measures and under
what circumstances it is recommended to take. The
latter include checking the voltage at least once a
month. It should be within normal limits. If a fall is
detected, then it is necessary to recharge the battery
to maintain its performance.
As the ambient temperature decreases, the battery
parameters deteriorate, but unlike other types of
batteries, lead-acid batteries have a relatively low
decrease, which is why they are widely used in
transport in various regions of the world with large
differences in weather conditions. It is theoretically
believed that a lead-acid battery loses ~ 1% of its
capacity for every 20 °C decrease in temperature. But
self-discharge at low temperatures is slower, which is
primarily due to a decrease in the rate of reverse
chemical reactions.
Research methods and results obtained
In this study, experiments were carried out to reduce
the self-discharge of storage batteries not only by
minimizing adverse factors and observing the correct
conditions but also by changing the composition of the
lead electrode. The self-discharge rate depends on the
service life of the device, as well as on its type -
traditional or unattended. The norm is achieved if the
ambient temperature is maintained within the range
from +10 to + 15 °C and the absence of humidity. In this
case, the battery must be clean and charged to the
Volume 03 Issue 06-2023
42
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
06
Pages:
39-45
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
7.063
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
maximum. The amount of voltage drop will be
different for used and new batteries. If the battery has
been operated for a long time, then the minimum self-
discharge of the car battery will be from 8 to 12% per
month. The exact number depends on the life of the
power supply. Very old batteries are also likely to lose
capacity more quickly. In new batteries, the reduction
should not exceed 6% per month. That is, in two weeks
it will be within 3%, and in unattended devices - up to 1%
per month. Under normal storage conditions,
conventional batteries that last less than three years
will lose their voltage completely after 3 or 5 months.
In the course of the work, studies were carried out to
determine the degree of discharge of acid batteries
depending on the temperature of their storage (Table
1). The discharge rate of new batteries in the first
month is insignificant. Below are the degrees of self-
discharge of lead-antimony batteries (12 V, 60 A/h) by
months at a temperature of + 15°C; + 30°C and + 45°C.
Table 1
The degree of discharge of the lead-antimony battery depending on storage temperature
№
p/p
Storage at +15°
С
Storage at +30°
С
Storage at +45°
С
Storagetime,
month
Degreeofvacuum,
%
Storagetime,
month
Degreeofvacuum,
%
Storagetime,
month
Degreeofvacuum,
%
1
1
96
1
96
1
94
2
2
94
2
90
2
84
3
4
92
4
81
4
73
4
6
88
6
75
6
64
5
8
85
8
71
8
55
6
10
81
10
64
10
43
7
12
77
12
56
12
34
8
14
73
14
47
14
27
9
16
71
16
41
16
23
10
18
70
18
35
18
16
As you can see from the table.1 the higher the storage
temperature, the faster the self-relaxation process. As
you know, when the degree of discharge of batteries is
below 60%, they are recharged, so we can conclude
that when storing new acid batteries at +15 °C, you can
use it after 12 months, when storing +30 °C, you can use
Volume 03 Issue 06-2023
43
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
06
Pages:
39-45
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
7.063
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
it after 7 months, at +45 °C can be used after only 4
months without recharging.
As you know, recently, antimony, traditionally used in
battery plates, has been replaced with a more
electronegative metal to reduce self-discharge. The
lattices of the plates are made by plastic deformation
of lead to obtain a lead strip, which is perforated and
stretched. Such a plate is stronger than the traditional
one, less prone to shattering and corrosion. This
technology makes it possible to fully automate the
process of obtaining plates, as well as to exclude the
use of antimony in alloys - the most harmful factor in
terms of emissions into the atmosphere in the
production of storage batteries. In the production of
conventional lead storage batteries, 1.7% of antimony is
added to the lead electrodes consisting of perforated
grids of lead alloy according to the existing technology.
In this study, in order to reduce the self-discharge of
batteries, instead of antimony, a more electronegative
metal calcium was used (standard potential of
antimony E = -0.14 V, standard potential of calcium E =
-1.87 V). For this, in the manufacture of the lead alloy,
instead of antimony, metallic calcium was added in an
amount of 0.1%. The manufactured battery with lead
and calcium electrodes should be of low self-discharge.
The lower rate of reverse processes, that is, self-
discharge in them, is due to the use of down
conductors with the absence of antimony, its
replacement with a more electronegative metal. Table
2 shows the consumption rates of the components for
the preparation of 1 kg of lead-calcium alloy electrode.
Table 2
Consumption of components for the preparation of 1 kg of a lead-calcium alloy electrode
№
p/p
Components
GOST
Unitmeasur
ement
Norm
Technologi
callosses, %
Norm taking
into account
losses
1
Roughlead
3778-77
g
1000
9-10
1090-1100
2
Metalliccalcium
1089-82
g
1,0 ÷ 1,1
2,0
1,02÷1,12
3
Metallicarsenic
48-16-607-77
g
1,0÷1,4
10,0
1,1÷1,54
4
Metallictin
860-76
g
2,3÷2,7
12,0
2,57÷3,02
5
Metalliccopper
859-2001
g
0,04÷0,06
4,0
0,041÷0,062
6
Metallicselenium
10298-79
g
0,2÷0,25
15,0
0,230÷0,287
Batteries with a lead-calcium alloy can be
manufactured as maintenance-free, the results of the
experiments showed that the self-discharge process in
them is relatively low (Table 3) and the water
Volume 03 Issue 06-2023
44
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
06
Pages:
39-45
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
7.063
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
consumption in the working fluid is insignificant. These
batteries can be discharged without the electrolyte
filling hole. But this type requires increased control
over electrical equipment, since it is necessary to
always maintain the required voltage.
Table3
Lead-calcium battery discharge rate depending on storage emperature
№
p/p
Storage at +15°
С
Storage at +30°
С
Storage at +45°
С
Storagetime,
month
Degreeofvacu
um, %
Storagetime,
month
Degreeof
vacuum, %
Storagetime,
month
Degreeof
vacuum, %
1
1
99
1
98
0
97
2
2
98
2
96
2
94
3
4
97
4
94
4
92
4
6
96
6
93
6
89
5
8
95
8
91
8
86
6
10
94
10
89
10
84
7
12
93
12
88
12
81
8
14
92
14
86
14
79
9
16
90
16
84
16
75
10
18
89
18
81
18
71
In this work, the process of self-discharge of storage
batteries is studied and research is carried out to
reduce this process. Studies have shown that when
storing acid batteries at + 10 °C, you can use it after a
maximum of 12 months, when storing + 25 °C, you can
use it after 7 months, at + 40 °C you can use it after only
4 months without recharging. And when replacing
antimony in the alloy with a more electronegative
metal calcium, the self-discharge of the battery
decreased on average from 6% to 4% per month. Rates
of consumption of components for the preparation of
1 kg of lead-calcium alloy electrode are given. Batteries
with lead-calcium alloys, due to low self-discharge and
low consumption of working fluid, make it possible to
manufacture them as maintenance-free current
sources.
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Volume 03 Issue 06-2023
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American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
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2771-2745)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
06
Pages:
39-45
SJIF
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FACTOR
(2021:
5.
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)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
7.063
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
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