Volume 03 Issue 04-2023
9
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
04
Pages:
09-15
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
7.063
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
This article discusses the solution of various metric and positional problems in the field of descriptive geometry and
topographic drawing, improving the graphic literacy of students, knowledge, methods of applying the theoretical laws
of topographic drawing. Knowledge of the theoretical rules and regulations of topographic drawing helps students
gain deeper knowledge in the field of topographic drawing.
KEYWORDS
Descriptive geometry, Topographic drawing, Spatial imagination, Surfaces, Surface types, Planes, Straight line,
Parallelism, Perpendicularity, Head lines, projection, scientific research, knowledge, skills, development, mountainous
reliefs, different levels of options.
INTRODUCTION
It is known that the discipline "Descriptive geometry"
is one of the basic subjects that form the basis for
training specialists in the construction industry.
Geometric thinking is becoming more and more in
demand in the professional activity of a future
specialist not only in engineering, construction,
architecture, but also in science and business. In this
regard, and also because of the general trend towards
the visualization of any information, the role of the
geometric and graphic components in the educational
sphere is increasing.
The purpose of studying the discipline is to master the
basic methods for constructing technical images on a
plane and in space in accordance with the regulatory
and technical requirements of ESKD. Discipline tasks:
Research Article
INTERCEPTION OF A PLANE WITH A TOPOGRAPHIC SURFACE WITH
NUMERICAL MARKS
Submission Date:
April 20, 2023,
Accepted Date:
April 25, 2023,
Published Date:
April 30, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajast/Volume03Issue04-03
Ramazonova G.S
Teacher At Tashkent University Of Architecture And Civil Engineering, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajast
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 04-2023
10
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
04
Pages:
09-15
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
7.063
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
−
study of the laws of geometric formation of space
models;
−
study of the basic rules and provisions of the current
standards and instructions for the preparation of
technical documentation;
−
development of spatial imagination;
−
development of skills and abilities in the
development and execution of drawings;
−
study of the basic rules for the execution and
execution of construction drawings.
The process of studying the discipline is aimed at
forming students' general professional competencies:
DIC-3 - possession of the basic laws of geometric
formation, construction and mutual intersection of
plane and space models, necessary for the execution
and reading of drawings of buildings, structures,
structures, drawing up design documentation and
details.
As a result of mastering the discipline, the student
should have an idea:
- about the general rules for the design of graphic
material;
know:
- the basic laws of geometric formation, construction
and mutual intersection of plane and space models,
necessary for the execution and reading of various
drawings, as well as for the preparation of design
documentation;
−
current standards, regulations and instructions for
the preparation of technical documentation.
be able to:
−
perform images of spatial objects on flat drawings;
−
solve graphical methods of metric and positional
problems of spatial objects in the drawings;
- build and correctly draw up drawings in accordance
with ESKD and SPDS;
- use different fonts.
This article is intended to help students in studying the
section of descriptive geometry "Projections with
numerical marks" and performing graphic work
"Determining the boundaries of earthworks". The
method of projections with numerical marks is a
section of the course of descriptive geometry and is
most often used in the preparation of drawings of
building objects, in which the height dimensions are
much smaller than the plan dimensions. The solution of
problems in projections with numerical marks
ultimately comes down to the development of
drawings with a vertical layout for such structures as
highways and railways, construction sites, airfields,
dams, dams, etc.
Drawings in projections with numerical marks give an
idea not only of the shape of the structure and its
dimensions, but also of the slopes, the volume of
earthworks, and the direction of the flow of flood and
storm water.
This article discusses the concepts of projections with
numerical marks of points, a straight plane, the surface
of their relative position, examples of problem solving,
questions for self-testing, as well as options for tasks
and an example of work.
The plane in projections with numerical marks can be
set:
- a straight line and a point outside it, Figure 1a;
Volume 03 Issue 04-2023
11
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
04
Pages:
09-15
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
7.063
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
- three points not lying on one straight line, Figure 1b;
−
two intersecting straight lines. A sign of the
intersection of two lines on projections with numerical
marks is the presence of a common point K, which has
the same mark for each of the lines, Figure 1c;
−
two parallel lines. A sign of parallelism of straight
lines on projections with numerical marks is the
parallelism of projections, the same direction of slopes
and the equality of intervals, Figure 1d;
- a flat figure, figure 1e;
- the scale of the slope, Figure 1f.
The most convenient and illustrative image of the
plane in projections with numerical marks is the
assignment using the scale of the slope of the plane
(graded slope line).
Figure 1.
Figure 2 shows an inclined plane , which is better
represented as a flat mountain slope. We cut it with
horizontal planes in height after 1m. The lines of
intersection of these planes with the plane
will be
contour lines with marks 0, 1, 2, 3.
Horizontal plane - a straight line belonging to the plane
and parallel to the pla
ne of the zero level П0.
The slope line of the MN plane - a straight line
belonging to the plane and perpendicular to its
horizontals. Thus, according to the right angle
projection theorem, the angle between the slope scale
and the contour projections will be a right angle.
The scale of the slope of the plane (М0N0)
- a
graduated projection of the line of the largest slope of
the plane - MN.
The scale of the slope of the plane is perpendicular to
the projections of contour lines, is depicted in the
drawing by two parallel straight lines (thin and
thickened) and is indicated by the same letter as the
plane, with a subscript i ( i). Elevations of contour lines
Volume 03 Issue 04-2023
12
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
04
Pages:
09-15
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
7.063
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
are indicated from the side of a thin line, along the scale
of the slope of the plane.
Figure 2.
The
angle of incidence φ0
- the angle of inclination of
the plane (the angle of inclination of the slope line)
to the plane of the zero level П0.
The plane interval - the distance between adjacent
contours of the slope scale i, corresponding to a unit
of elevation.
The direction of the strike of the plane S0
-
the
left direction of the horizontals, if the observer looks
along the line of the slope of the plane in the direction
of its descent.
Plane strike angle 0 - the angle between the direction
of the meridian from south to north and the direction
of
the
plane
strike,
which
is
measured
counterclockwise from the northern end of the
meridian.
Construct a line of intersection of the plane Q, setting
it by the scale of the slope Qi with the topographic
surface, Figure 3.
The line of intersection of a plane with a topographic
surface is built in the same way as the intersection of
planes: they find the intersection of contour lines with
the same marks.
Volume 03 Issue 04-2023
13
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
04
Pages:
09-15
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
7.063
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Figure 3.
Since the result of the intersection of the plane and the
topographic surface is a curved line, to construct it, it is
necessary to find the intersection of all contour lines of
the plane with the surface contour lines that have the
same numerical marks.
Further improvement in the quality of education is
expected as a result of the enrichment of teaching
methods in the field of higher education with modern
information tools. In this regard, the distance learning
method is of particular importance, since it has a
number of conveniences for both the teacher and the
students. Such technological methods as the Internet,
multimedia set themselves the task of developing
computer programs based on educational materials,
manuals necessary for student students. After all,
distance learning makes it possible to have generalized
access to methodological literature, modern and
relevant information from world educational centers in
any field.
Distance learning method differs from traditional
forms of education. It allows you to teach students at
a convenient time for them, in a convenient place and
conditions for them. Curricula are developed based on
individual and group requirements, regardless of the
course of study. In the learning process, it is possible to
introduce a mutual exchange of information between
pupils and students through a centralized network of
scientific information and data. It is expected that the
effective use of training areas, technical and vehicles
will be expressed in the systematization of data
collection, as well as in reducing the cost of retraining
specialists. In the educational process, the most
modern
information
and
telecommunication
technologies are used.
Distance learning allows the teacher to create broad
conditions for self-study, saving time and increasing
the material interest of specialists, depending on the
level of their capabilities. The organization of the
exchange of achievements in the field of education
within the framework of the world education system
will undoubtedly ensure achievements in this area.
The Tashkent University of Architecture and Civil
Engineering has also established distance learning,
which teaches topographic drawing. Students are
given material on the subject and a database of tasks is
created.
Based on the theoretical information provided to the
students above, we have tried to define them in the
Volume 03 Issue 04-2023
14
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
04
Pages:
09-15
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
7.063
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
following ways to evaluate their knowledge. These
tasks help students work on metric and positional
problems with numerical marks and develop their
spatial imagination, Figure 4.
Volume 03 Issue 04-2023
15
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
04
Pages:
09-15
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
7.063
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Figure 4.
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Н.Н.Крылов;
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Ломоносов Г.Г. Инженерная графика: учеб. для
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Ломоносов. М.: Недра, 1984.
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287с.: ил.
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Ребрик Б.М. Инженерно
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Ребрик, Н.В. Сироткин, В.Н. Калиничев. –
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Недра, 1991. –
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Чекмарев, А.А. Инженерная графика: учебник /
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