Volume 02 Issue 12-2022
26
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
12
Pages:
26-31
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.582
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
Thermodynamics of biological processes is a branch of biophysics ¬that studies the general patterns of energy
conversion. Thermodynamics ¬also considers the problems of stability and evolution of biological systems. In biology,
the laws of thermodynamics are used, firstly, to calculate the parameters of energy transformations in the div and,
secondly, to determine the efficiency of biological processes. The thermodynamic ¬aspect must be taken into account
when studying physicochemical processes. The thermodynamics of biological processes served as the basis for
developing ideas about the energy sources of life processes, and proved fruitful for understanding and quantitative
analysis of such biological processes as the generation of biopotentials, osmotic phenomena, and muscle
contractions.
KEYWORDS
Thermodynamic system, linear processes, entropy, synergy, enthalpy.
INTRODUCTION
Research Article
LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS IN BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES
Submission Date:
December 14, 2022,
Accepted Date:
December 19, 2022,
Published Date:
December 24, 2022
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajast/Volume02Issue12-04
R.R.Usarov
Hemu University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
U.T.Asatov
Tashkent Institute Of Chemical Technology, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajast
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 02 Issue 12-2022
27
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
12
Pages:
26-31
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.582
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
In our time of integration of scientific disciplines, the
question of the fruitfulness of the mutual penetration
of neighboring sciences has long ceased to be
debatable. Recognized leader of the natural sciences
of the XX century. - physics - gave rise to such border
areas as physical chemistry, biophysics, astrophysics,
geophysics, where the most important scientific
events took place and are taking place. Looking at this
diversity of frontier disciplines, one involuntarily
wonders whether we are witnessing numerous fruitful
unions of well-defined basic sciences, or new areas are
being born before our eyes that threaten to grow to
the size of the sciences that gave birth to them, and
lead to a revision of the existing classification of the
system of sciences.
In the hierarchy of basic sciences, chemistry is directly
adjacent to physics. This neighborhood provided the
speed and depth with which many branches of physics
fruitfully wedged into chemistry. Perhaps it would be
even more accurate to speak not of neighborhood, but
of the fact that chemistry is surrounded by physics on
all sides. Indeed, the subject of chemistry is matter and
its transformation, or, bearing in mind the structural
level
of
organization,
molecules
and
their
transformations. Chemistry borders, on the one hand,
with macroscopic physics - thermodynamics, physics of
continuous media, and on the other hand - with
microphysics - statistical physics, quantum mechanics.
Today we will talk about biophysics. In some technical
higher educational institutions, along with physics and
chemistry, students also study biophysics.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The table below shows the 2-module from the working
curriculum of the subject of biophysics.
2-module. Thermodynamics of biological processes
Fundamentals of chemical thermodynamics. Linear processes. Thermodynamics of linear
processes. Entropy. Work and energy. Thermodynamics of nonlinear processes. The
concept of synergy. Enthalpy.
Thermodynamics, as a science, arose in the first half of
the last century and developed on the basis of the
study thermal processes and the operation of steam
engines. At present, this science covers a vast area of
physical and chemical phenomena accompanied by
energy processes .
Thermodynamics is the science of the transformations
of various types of energy during those interactions
between bodies that are limited only by heat exchange
and work. In a narrower sense, thermodynamics
studies the general thermal properties of a substance
at equilibrium and the patterns that characterize the
process of approaching equilibrium. It is based on
three fundamental laws that summarize the
experience of practice and scientific research.
A thermodynamic system is a group of bodies or a div
that is actually or mentally separated from the entire
environment (external environment), which can
energetically interact with each other or with other
bodies and exchange matter with them.
The system can be a gas in a cylinder, a solution of
reagents, a crystal of a substance. As can be seen from
the definition, the system must contain a sufficiently
Volume 02 Issue 12-2022
28
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
12
Pages:
26-31
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.582
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
large number of particles (atoms, molecules,
electrons) so that such concepts of thermodynamics as
heat, temperature, and pressure can be applied to it.
A part of a system with its inherent chemical
composition and macroscopic properties is called a
phase. The phases are separated from each other by
physical surfaces, during the transition through which
the properties rarely change. For example: water - ice.
If the system consists of one phase, then it is called
homogeneous.
The
multiphase
system
is
heterogeneous. The substances that make up the
phases are called components. The system can interact
with the external environment in different ways.
A thermodynamic system that exchanges energy but
does not allow mass exchange with the environment is
called closed.
A system that can exchange energy and mass with the
environment is called an open system.
A system deprived of the ability to exchange both mass
and energy with the environment is called isolated. In
an isolated system, all macroscopic changes cease over
time, and the value of any physical quantity at each
point of the system remains constant. This state of an
isolated system is called equilibrium.
There is no macroscopic energy transfer between the
parts of a thermodynamic system in equilibrium. The
equilibrium state cannot change by itself, without
external influences on the system. The state of the
system, which remains unchanged in time only due to
some changes in the environment, is called stationary.
The first law of thermodynamics is one of the forms of
the law of conservation of energy, established in its
modern form by Hess (1840), Mayer (1842), Joule
(1842) and Helmholtz (1847).
There are several formulations of the law of
conservation of energy:
•
Energy is neither created nor destroyed;
•
A perpetual motion machine of the first kind is
impossible;
•
In any isolated system, the total amount of
energy is constant.
In thermodynamics, another formulation of the law of
conservation of energy is used, which is the first law of
thermodynamics. This law operates with the quantities
of heat and work that the system exchanges with the
environment.
etc. , while absorbing heat Q and doing work A. Rice.
1.1 a
Since nothing changes in the system itself in a circular
process, according to the law of conservation of
energy
Q = A
(1.1)
In this case, we will assume that + Q corresponds to the
heat absorbed by the system, - Q to the heat released
by the system.
Volume 02 Issue 12-2022
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American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
12
Pages:
26-31
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.582
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Fig.1.1. On the formulation of the first law of thermodynamics.
The amount of work in thermodynamics is considered
to be positive
(+ A
), when the work is done by the
system and with a minus sign
(-A
), if it is done by
external forces on the system.
And now imagine that the system performs an open
process along path 1, passing from state I to state II,
while absorbing heat
Q
, and doing work
A
1
. The
system has passed into a different state, some changes
have occurred in it and, therefore, the amounts of heat
and work will not be equal.
Q
1
≠ A
1
(1.2)
Further, it can be assumed that the system returns to
position I, but already along path 2, while absorbing
heat
Q
2
and doing work
A
2
. and in this case it should
be considered that
Q
2
≠ A
2
.
In general, the system has completed a circular process
and therefore we can write
Q
1
+ Q
2
\u003d A
1
+ A
2
(1. 3 )
or
Q
2
- A
2
\u003d - (Q
1
- A
1
)
(1.4)
If we imagine that our system will move from state I to state II along 1 path, and a will return along another
path - 3,4,5..., then we can write
Q
2
- A
2
\u003d Q
3
- A
3
\u003d Q
4
- A
4
\u003d ... \u003d Q
j
- A
i
\u003d - (Q
1
- A
1
)
= const
(1.5)
It follows that the difference
Q - A
for a given initial and final state does not depend on the transition path and
will be torn to change some property of the system. This property is internal energy. Therefore, according to the
previous one, we can write:
Q
1
- A
1
\u003d U
2
- U
1
(1. 6 )
or
Q - A \
u003d Δ
U \u003d U
2
- U
1
(1.7)
This ratio can be represented as:
Q=
Δ
U + A
(1.8)
Volume 02 Issue 12-2022
30
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
12
Pages:
26-31
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.582
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
which is the mathematical notation of the first law of
thermodynamics.
This law is formulated as follows:
The heat absorbed by the system is used to increase
the internal energy of the system and to perform
external work.
Thermodynamics forms the basis of extensive
and heat
engineering). This, in particular,
of
processes in
, which play a huge role in
The application of thermodynamics
forms
. The latter
studying these processes and provides a basis for their
understanding and regulation.
Chemical thermodynamics, considers the relationship
between work and energy in relation to chemical
transformations. Since a chemical transformation is
usually accompanied by the release or absorption of a
certain amount of heat, it, like other natural
phenomena (including electrical and magnetic),
accompanied by thermal effects, obeys the
fundamental
principles
(beginnings)
of
thermodynamics.
Chemical
thermodynamics
determines, first of all, the conditions (such as
temperature and pressure) for the occurrence of
chemical reactions and the equilibrium states they
reach. The analysis of thermal phenomena is based on
three fundamental principles, confirmed by numerous
observations.
The heat released or absorbed by a particular chemical
reaction is proportional to the degree of conversion of
the reactants, determined by the amount of any of the
consumed or formed products. The change in internal
energy or enthalpy of the reacting system is
determined by the chemical reaction equation. For
example, the combustion of a mixture of gaseous
methane and oxygen is described by the
thermochemical equation
Here, the letters in brackets denote the aggregate
states of substances (gas or liquid). The symbol H
denotes the change in enthalpy in a chemical
transformation at a standard pressure of 1 atm and a
temperature of 298 K (25 C) (the degree sign in the
superscript H indicates that this value refers to
substances in standard states (at p = 1 atm and T = 298
K)). The chemical formula of each substance in such an
equation denotes a well-defined amount of a
substance, namely its molecular weight, expressed in
grams. The molecular weight is obtained by adding the
atomic masses of all the elements included in the
formula with coefficients equal to the number of
atoms of a given element in the molecule.
RESULTS
We see that physics, on an ever-larger scale and more
and more fruitfully, intrudes into chemistry. Physics
reveals the essence of qualitative chemical regularities,
supplies chemistry with perfect research tools. The
relative volume of biophysics is growing, and there are
no reasons that can slow down this growth. All these
circumstances have given rise among physicists to the
extreme point of view that chemistry and physics can
no longer be regarded as two separate sciences.
REFERENCES
1.
Parmon
VN
Lectures
on
chemical
thermodynamics. Novosibirsk: NSU, 2004.
Volume 02 Issue 12-2022
31
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
12
Pages:
26-31
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.582
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
2.
Barmasov A.V. Course of general physics.
Molecular Physics and Thermodynamics St.
Petersburg. BHV, 2012.
3.
Trafimova T.I. Physics course. Moscow: High
School, 2003.
4.
Semiokhin I.A. Collection of problems in chemical
thermodynamics: Moscow, 2007.
