Volume 02 Issue 04-2022
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American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
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2771-2745)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
04
Pages:
47-57
SJIF
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FACTOR
(2022:
6.
108
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1121105677
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Research Article
OVERVIEW OF SOLAR DRYERS FOR DRYING LUMBER AND WOOD
Submission Date:
April 18, 2022,
Accepted Date:
April 25, 2022,
Published Date:
April 30, 2022
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajast/Volume02Issue04-07
Fayziev P.R.
Candidate Of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department Of “Land Transport Systems And Their
Exploitation”, Fergana Polytechnic Institute, 150107, Fergana, Uzbekistan
Meliev Kh.O.
Assistant, Department Of “Land Transport Systems And Their Exploitation”, Fergana Polytechnic Institute,
150107, Fergana, Uzbekistan
Tursunov D.M.
Assistant, Department Of “Land Transport Systems And Their Exploitation”, Fergana Polytechnic Institute,
150107, Fergana, Uzbekistan
Abduraximov .А. A.
Assistant, Department Of “Land Transport Systems And Their Exploitation”, Fergana Polytechnic Institute,
150107, Fergana, Uzbekistan
Khujamkulov S.
Assistant, Department Of “Land Transport Systems And Their Exploitation”, Fergana Polytechnic Institute,
150107, Fergana, Uzbekistan
Nosirjonov Sh.I.
Assistant, Department Of “Land Transport Systems And Their Exploitation”, Fergana Polytechnic Institute,
150107, Fergana, Uzbekistan
Ismandiyarov A.
Assistant, Department Of “Land Transport Systems And Their Exploitation”, Fergana Polytechnic Institute,
150107, Fergana, Uzbekistan
Abdubannopov A.
Assistant, Department Of “Land Transport Systems And Their Exploitation”, Fergana Polytechnic Institute,
150107, Fergana, Uzbekistan
Journal
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Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
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attributes
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American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
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ABSTRACT
This paper presents the results of using solar energy for drying lumber and wood in different countries: Canada,
Russia, Poland, Finland, Bulgaria, and Syria. Also described is an innovative solar dryer for drying lumber developed
at the Ferghana Polytechnic Institute at the Department of Ground Vehicles and Their Operation.
KEYWORDS
Solar dryer, lumber, fans, housing, drying process, moisture, thermal conductivity, sidewalls, air slots, air, absorber,
transparent polyethylene film, chamber.
INTRODUCTION
Attempts to use solar energy for drying wood are
being made in England, Canada, Poland, Germany,
China, France, Syria, Finland, Holland, Puerto Rico,
India, Taiwan, Uganda, Philippines, Ghana, Russia,
Bulgaria, Pakistan. and other states [1-7].
H. Oinas (Finland) gives the design of the dryer, which
is a frame structure, in the sidewalls of which there
are air slots. Above the material (shavings, straws)
installed transparent films that form a ventilation air
space. At the bottom, under the drying object, there is
an air duct through which air is supplied by a fan. In
sunny weather, transparent films roll up into tubes [8-
12].
A. B. Adamovich with employees (Russia) for drying
materials of plant origin (fruits, vegetables,
mushrooms, medicinal plants) offer an helio dryer,
which includes an air heater and a mesh tray. The air
heater itself is a metal frame, which is covered with a
transparent front and reflective rear and side films. An
absorber is located vertically in the middle of the
frame itself. The collector-absorber of radiation is
made of a sheet of non-metallic heating element,
placed in a heat-resistant moisture-proof material [15-
21].
S. Nikolov, I. Drozdov, N. Terziev (Bulgaria) offer a
two-zone drying chamber for drying wood, into which
12 stacks (6 *1.2 *2.4 m) are loaded simultaneously
with a capacity of 100 m3 of conditional material. The
main element of the solar dryer is an air-type solar
collector system. The upper southern transparent wall
is inclined vertically at a certain angle, and the
northern heat-insulating wall is located vertically. The
rear sidewall is a panel sheathed in an aluminium
sheet and coated in matt black. Conventionally, the
chamber is divided into two main and one zone
between the stacks, which provided a low-
temperature drying process to a moisture content
close to or below the saturation limit of wood (15 ...
20%) from the simultaneous provision of high-quality
drying of the material in relation to internal stresses
and plastic deformations due with a large amount of
evaporated water in the initial stages of drying. Air
circulates between the curved panel and the solar
collector system [22-29]. The aluminium trim on the
solar front wall is perforated. Supply and exhaust
channels are located in the rear (northern) heat-
insulated panel. Three axial fans are arranged
Volume 02 Issue 04-2022
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American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
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VOLUME
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SJIF
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vertically in the stack space. There is a dampening
pipe between the fans. The air circulation is two-
circular [30-37]. The second, main zone, is a weakly
typical periodically operating drying chamber, in
which two stacks are located in pairs, where the wood
is dried to a moisture content of 8 ... 12%.
In the case when the solar collector system does not
provide thermal power, then an additional installation
of a steam or water heater system is provided. The
circulation in the last zone is carried out by 6 axial fans
located horizontally [38-44]. The authors determine
that the use of solar energy in comparison with steam
convective dryers allows reducing fuel costs by 30%
and provides, in combination (combinations) with
other types of technical fuel energy, year-round
operation.
M. Al-Haddat (Syria) recommends a drying chamber
(38.5 *10, 2 *8.9 m) for drying, in which a tank with
water (135 m3) is used to accumulate solar energy.
This amount of water allows to accumulate and
release daily 6.3 *103 MJ (226 kWh) of heat at a
temperature of 10
℃
. To ensure a continuous drying
process, additional installation of steam or water
finned pipes in the drying zone is also provided when
the amount of solar energy is not enough [45-52].
The chamber proposed by the author is a continuous
action, two-way, 18-stack chamber with a transversely
circular circulation. Stacks (4 *1.5 *3.9 m) are moved
along the chamber by rollers. The dryer is oriented
towards the East-West axis [53-58]. The chamber itself
has an asymmetric cross-section, the size of which is
regulated by the slope of the southern cover. The area
of additionally installed ribbed tubes was 45 m2. The
productivity of the chamber with a capacity of 184.4
m3 was 7715 m3.mat./year. Heat consumption during
drying from humidity 25 to 10% was 70 *103 MJ for
average annual conditions.
V. Poskorobko (Poland) for the conditions of Cape
Hajnówka (53 north latitude), when the average
integral radiation is exactly 340 ... 419 kJ/cm2 per year,
introduced a solar dryer. The heating device included
a battery of solar collectors, a circulating water tank
for heating tubular heaters, and instrumentation.
The chamber was provided with heat from two
independent systems, one of which was designed for
water, heated by solar collectors, and the other for
technically saturated steam. In 4 flat collectors,
double glasses were installed above the absorber,
they let in solar radiation only in the direction of the
absorbers. Heated water up to 90
℃
. Circulated
between the solar battery. It should be noted that
during full insolation between 10 and 15 hours the
water temperature reached 60 ...
℃
. It is also noted
here that an oak parquet frieze 25 mm thick at an air
temperature of 40 ... 45
℃
reached a final moisture
content of 22% in 12 days, and softwood lumber with
an initial moisture content of 62% reached a final
moisture content of 12 ... 15% in 9 days. The solar
drying of softwood lumber was 1.5 times more
compared to traditional chamber drying and 4 times
less than atmospheric drying in an open warehouse in
the summer.
E. Popovskaya (Poland), noting the influence of
climate on the successful use of solar energy for
drying wood and the positive results of such drying in
Puerto Rico, India, the Philippines, the USA, and
Australia, points to the expediency of using solar
dryers in Central European countries. In order to
obtain certain results in production conditions, two
options for dryers based on solar radiation energy
have been proposed. One of the dryers was a frame
metal structure, which was oriented with its axis to
the "east-west".
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The second drying chamber of the frame structure on
the southern (sunny) side was transparent and had
double glazing. Beneath the glass was a solar
absorber made of blackened sheet metal. The base of
the chamber and its rear wall are made of heat-
insulating panels. The very base of the camera is
located on a turntable, which allows you to install the
camera itself in the direction of incidence of maximum
solar radiation using the orientation equipment.
Circulation was provided by two axial fans with a
power of 0.60 kW each. The capacity of the chamber
was 1.8 m3, and the surface for heating and absorbing
solar radiation was 6 m2. M. Koberle (Germany) notes
the great importance of the combination of purely
atmospheric drying with solar dryers.
C.S. Young (Canada) states the expediency of using a
solar dryer for the conditions of Ontario (corresponds
to the conditions of Ukraine. As solar energy
accumulators, the author used an ordinary river stone,
with which the bottom of the chamber was covered.
Depending on the time of year (Oliveira with
employees (USA), using a double film as a transparent
material in a solar dryer, let through 90 ... 92% of solar
radiation and axial fan No. 5 for mixing heated air,
dried the wood from a moisture content of 77 ... 80%
to different final moisture content.
Wood drying in solar kilns in Canada. The possibility of
using the energy of sunlight for drying wood was
experimentally confirmed first in countries with a
tropical climate (Puerto Rico, India, Taiwan, Uganda,
Philippines, Ghana, Pakistan), later - in the temperate
zone. In 1977-1979 experiments were carried out on
the solar drying of wood in the Canadian province of
Ontario (48 degrees north latitude).
Studies have shown the advantages of solar drying
compared to natural drying in terms of speed and
quality, as well as the final moisture content of the
wood. It was revealed that the most favourable
period for solar drying in this climatic zone is summer.
In 1978, boards were dried in an experimental solar
dryer with an air system, which was installed at
latitude 48°. A spruce board 40 mm thick, 90 mm wide
and 4 m long was dried. For the first two weeks (from
May 11 to June 20, 1978) solar drying proceeded more
slowly than natural drying. When wood moisture
reached 30%, the solar drying time did not differ from
the drying time in the open air. However, within the
humidity range of 30–20%, solar drying proceeded
twice as fast. The authors of the experiments propose
to produce solar drying to an average moisture
content of 30% and only then dry the material in a
traditional drying chamber.
Results of studies carried out in Poland and
Czechoslovakia. The presented results served as an
impetus for conducting similar studies in Poland. An
attempt to dry pine boards (thickness 32 mm, width
200 mm, length 4 m) with an initial moisture content
of 15% to a moisture level of 8.4% in drying chambers in
the summer gave the same results as those obtained
in Mountain Bavaria, then There was a success in
confirming the usefulness of the solar drying method
in Polish climatic conditions.
An experimental solar wood drying kiln was also
constructed in Czechoslovakia. With a chamber size of
7 m3, a solar collector with an area of about 29 m2
was installed with an inclination angle of 45. The
experiments carried out showed the possibility of
solar drying in these climatic conditions, especially
drying thick hardwood boards.
The solar innovative lumber dryer was designed at the
Fergana Polytechnic Institute at the Department of
Ground Vehicles and Their Operation. This project is of
great interest, as the local population widely uses
local lumber from poplar and pine brought from
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Russia in the construction of residential buildings.
Numerous works have been devoted to the solar
drying of lumber and wood (1-20). The lumber dryer
described below was developed based on the main
goals:
1. Cheap and simple design;
2. Easy operation;
3. Use of local materials.
Drying is an obligatory stage of wood preparation
before processing. Furniture made from raw wood
will warp or dry out and crack.
Drying lumber is a complex process. Structurally, the
dryer consists of a passive solar collector, four
insulated walls and a special hot floor, the roof is
made of transparent polyethylene film. This solar
dryer can hold up to 2 cubic meters of boards for
furniture production. The dryer is heated by solar
energy entering through the transparent roof and
heating the air in the collector space. Air is circulated
through the dryer by fans. As the heated air circulates,
it absorbs moisture from the surface of the wood,
which it then expels to the outside.
Heat sources in large dryers:
1. Hot steam
2. Smoke
3. Radiant heat from special devices
4. Heated rack shelves
5. Electrical current passing through wet logs.
6. Electromagnetic field of high frequency.
Chambers in large dryers operating at sawmills are
equipped with basic and additional equipment:
1. Ventilation of supply and exhaust type.
2. Heat supply
3. Moisture.
Additional equipment: insulation of walls and doors.
Trolleys for laying material, psychrometric equipment,
and electric drive. A moisture meter is used to
measure humidity. According to the method of air
movement, large drying chambers are divided into:
1. With natural
2. With forced air exchange.
Large dryers differ in principle of operation
1. Convective
2. Condensation
In convective drying chambers, the wood is blown by
streams of hot air, heat is transferred by convection.
They can be deep tunnels or chambers. In tunnel
chambers, logs are loaded from one end and dried at
the other end. Drying time 4-12 hours. They work at
large sawmills. By condensation drying technology,
the moisture released from the material. Settles on
coolers. Accumulates in containers and drains out. The
efficiency of the device is very high, but the process is
long and there are large heat losses.
The innovative project we have developed is very
similar to a solar greenhouse. The passive solar
collector provides the necessary temperature in the
drying chamber, which is generated from sunlight that
passes through the transparent film roof and is
converted by the solar collector inside the dryer.
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Many factors affect the amount of heat that can be
obtained from sunlight. One is the slope of the roof,
which in this design is 42 degrees south. The optimal
angle of the roof depends on your location and is
usually equal to the latitude of the area. One of the
difficulties in choosing the optimal roof pitch is that
the optimum pitch varies with the season as the angle
of the sun changes throughout the year. The quality
of the transparent roofing material, or glass, can also
affect the amount of heat produced by the collector.
Glazing should transmit the maximum amount of
sunlight to the collector, and not reflect it. It must
also have a certain degree of protection against
destruction by ultraviolet radiation. A margin of safety
to withstand the expected snow load in winter. In
general, thick lumber should dry more slowly than
thin lumber.
The collector area can be increased to generate more
heat (for quick drying of poplar and pine, etc.). This is
achieved by increasing the roof area by reducing the
height of the southern wall. It is also possible to
increase the temperature by reducing the loading of
the chamber with aboard.
The solar lumber dryer is built using standard
techniques. The first step is to build a special hot
floor. To do this, we make a table rack from steel
corners, sheathe it with boards from above, the
height is 50 cm, the table length is 2 meters, the width
is 1 meter, we cover the entire surface of the table
with a metal sheet, bend part of the metal sheet at a
right angle and paint it with black matte paint. The
blackened side faces south, therefore it serves as a
solar absorber, due to heat conduction, and the table
under the boards will be hot. We place lumber for
furniture on this table, which is heated from below by
solar energy. Outside the walls are painted with
weatherproof paint. This project has large doors at
the rear of the structure for loading, unloading and
checking board samples. On the north side of the
dryer, there are four ventilation openings covered
with grates. The two fans used in this design are
inexpensive fans with plastic blades.
Fig.1. Lumber dryer for furniture production.
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As fans, you can use kitchen ones (those that are
placed on the windows). The fans are mounted on the
inner wall of the dryer, 20 cm from the ceiling. An
internal baffle is needed to force heated air to
circulate through the lumber. If the dryer is not fully
loaded, it is better to cover the distance between the
internal partition and the boards with a strip of
tarpaulin. This will ensure proper air circulation.
CONCLUSION
Lumber for furniture production should be stacked in
the kiln in neat layers, separated by pads of narrow
planks of equal thickness, with a 14 cm indent on
either side of the walls - to ensure sufficient air
circulation. The lumber in each layer should be the
same in thickness. Raw lumber should be laid to dry
shortly after sawing, otherwise, it may become
mouldy, especially in the warm season.
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