Volume 04 Issue 12-2024
57
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
12
Pages:
57-64
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
The dynamics of seasonal and annual changes in the concentration of iron (III) ions in the waters of the Kungirot
district of the Republic of Karakalpakstan were analyzed. A method for determining iron (III) ions using immobilized
organic reagents containing nitrogen and oxygen was proposed. The sorption-spectrophotometric method was
compared with other methods, and the t and F criteria were determined. Favorable conditions for the immobilization
of organic reagents were identified. Scanning electron microscope images of the immobilized organic reagent,
sorbent, and the formed iron (III) ion complex were captured.
KEYWORDS
Waters of Kungirot district, immobilization, organic reagent, methyl thymol blue, monitoring, iron ions, sorption-
spectrophotometric method, sorbent.
INTRODUCTION
Iron is one of the trace elements essential for the life
activity of living organisms. A deficiency of iron in the
human div significantly affects metabolism.
However, an excess of this element can lead to a
disease related to the cardiovascular and digestive
systems in humans, known as hemochromatosis [1].
Excess iron can enter the human div due to the wear
of water pipes or, for populations living in industrial
areas, through wastewater discharge from factories.
Therefore,
monitoring
the
iron
content
in
environmental objects is essential for continuous
monitoring. Currently, many methods have been
developed to determine the concentrations of iron
ions. For example, spectrophotometric methods using
Research Article
THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW METHODS FOR DETECTING IRON IONS IN
WATER AND CONDUCTING QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THESE IONS
Submission Date:
December 14, 2024,
Accepted Date:
December 19, 2024,
Published Date:
December 24, 2024
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajast/Volume04Issue12-10
Davronova Norniso Faxriddin qizi
Tashkent Institute of Chemical Technology, Uzbekistan
Smanova Zulayho Asanaliyevna
National University of Uzbekistan, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajast
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 04 Issue 12-2024
58
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
12
Pages:
57-64
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
various ligands have been developed for the detection
of iron ions [2-5]. However, the sensitivity level of this
method is relatively low, and it requires more time,
which hinders its use on a large scale. The ICP-MS
method allows for the detection of iron ions with high
sensitivity and selectivity [6-9]. However, the use of
ICP-MS requires expensive equipment. One of the
most developed methods for detecting heavy and
toxic metals today is sorption-spectrophotometry. This
improved variant of spectrophotometry stands out
due to its speed, high sensitivity, and selectivity, and it
does not require expensive instruments. Many heavy
and toxic metals have been detected using this method
[10-12]. Our scientific research is based on the sorption-
spectrophotometric detection of iron ions using
immobilized organic reagents.
METHODS
Materials for the Study:For the detection of iron ions,
the reagent methyl thymol blue, which contains
nitrogen and oxygen, was selected based on a review
of the literature. It was found that reagents with
nitrogen and oxygen are particularly effective for
detecting d-metals. Various fibrous sorbents were used
for the immobilization of the chosen reagent.
Methodology: Selection of Reagents
: The reagent
methyl thymol blue was chosen due to its ability to
interact effectively with d-metals. This reagent
contains both nitrogen and oxygen, which are essential
for the proper binding and detection of iron ions.
Immobilization of the Reagent
: Different fibrous
sorbents were tested for the immobilization of the
reagent. The static exchange capacities of the selected
polymer fibrous materials were determined in order to
assess their suitability for use as solid carriers in the
immobilization process.
Analysis of Static Exchange Capacity
: The static
exchange capacity of the polymer fiber materials was
measured to understand their efficiency in adsorbing
and retaining the methyl thymol blue reagent. This step
is crucial for ensuring the effectiveness of the
immobilized reagent in detecting iron ions.
By combining these materials and methods, the study
aimed to develop an efficient and reliable method for
detecting iron ions using immobilized organic
reagents.
The static exchange capacity (COE) of fibrous carriers
was determined using the following formula:
СОЕ =
(𝑉 ∙ 𝐾
1
− 𝐾 ∙ 𝑉
1
∙ 𝐾
2
) ∙ 100
𝑚(100 − 𝑊)
∙ 𝑐
Where:
•
V
= Volume of the working solution, cm³
•
K
= Coefficient equal to the ratio of the volume of the working solution to the volume of the solution used for
titration
•
V1
= Volume of the solution consumed for titrating the sample after interacting with the ion exchanger, cm³
•
m
= Weight of the ion exchanger, g
•
W
= Mass fraction of moisture, %
•
c
= Concentration of the working solution and titrating solution, mol/dm³
Volume 04 Issue 12-2024
59
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
12
Pages:
57-64
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
•
K1
and
K2
= Correction factors for the working solution and titrating solution, respectively.
This formula is used to calculate the static exchange
capacity, which indicates how effectively the fibrous
material can exchange ions with the solution.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this study, the sorption-spectrophotometric method
with immobilized organic reagents proved to be an
effective technique for detecting iron ions in various
water sources. The method provided reliable results
for
both
wastewater
and
drinking
water,
demonstrating
its
practical
application
in
environmental monitoring. The findings indicate that
the method can be used for the analysis of water
quality in regions affected by industrial discharge and
urban use.
Further analysis of the results will help identify the
environmental impact of iron ions in these water
bodies and facilitate ongoing monitoring to ensure the
safety and quality of water resources for local
populations.
Table 1
Results of Sorption-Spectrophotometric Determination of Iron (III) Ion Micro
Quantities
(n=5, F=95)
Element
Immobili
zed
Reagent
Sample
Intro
duced,
µg/dm³
Found
µg/dm³
S*
Sr
**
***
Fe
Methyl
Thymol
Blue
(MTB)
Drinking Water
0
0.25 ± 0.01
0.
006
0.
024
4%
10.0
10.2 ± 0.02 0.010 0.001 0.2%
20.0
20.31 ± 0.03 0.015 0.001 0.15%
Oltin Ko'l
Canal Water
0
1.12 ± 0.03 0.015 0.014 3.36%
10.0
11.2 ± 0.18 0.1
0.009 1.6%
20.0
21.12 ± 0.23 0.126 0.006 1%
Volume 04 Issue 12-2024
60
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
12
Pages:
57-64
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Element
Immobili
zed
Reagent
Sample
Intro
duced,
µg/dm³
Found
µg/dm³
S*
Sr
**
***
Industrial
Wastewater
0
3.32 ± 0.05 0.029 0.009 3.78%
10.0
13.4 ± 0.18 0.100 0.008 1.57%
20.0
23.11 ± 0.04 0.023 0.0001 0.173%
Notes:
•
S
is the standard deviation of the mean value.
•
Sr
is the relative standard deviation.
•
*** indicates the percentage of error.
The table presents the results of the sorption-
spectrophotometric analysis of iron (III) ions in various
water samples. The detected concentration of iron (III)
ions shows a clear increase as the concentration of
introduced ions rises, demonstrating the reliability of
the method for detecting micro quantities of iron in
drinking water, canal water, and industrial wastewater.
The relative errors remain low, which indicates the
accuracy and precision of the method.
In the analysis presented in Table 1, the sorption-
spectrophotometric determination of iron (III) ions
was performed using immobilized organic reagent
(methyl thymol blue) in different water samples:
drinking water, water from the Oltin Ko'l canal, and
industrial wastewater. The results show the
concentration of iron ions in the samples before and
after the introduction of known amounts of iron, with
the measured concentrations closely matching the
introduced values.
The highest concentrations of iron ions were found in
industrial wastewater, as expected, due to the higher
likelihood of contamination in industrial areas.
The lowest concentrations were found in drinking
water samples, which generally contain much lower
levels of pollutants.
The Oltin Ko'l canal water had intermediate iron
concentrations, highlighting the need for continuous
monitoring in water sources exposed to both industrial
and natural contaminants.
The standard deviations (S) and relative standard
deviations (Sr) are relatively low across all samples,
indicating that the experimental procedure was
consistent and reproducible.
The statistical evaluation confirms that the method is
robust and provides repeatable results, essential for
monitoring water quality over time.
Volume 04 Issue 12-2024
61
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
12
Pages:
57-64
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Given the low relative errors and high accuracy, this
method is suitable for long-term environmental
monitoring, particularly in areas with varying levels of
industrial discharge, such as the Kungirot district.
Regular monitoring of iron concentrations in local
water sources is critical for public health and the
maintenance of safe drinking water standards.
In conclusion, the sorption-spectrophotometric
method
with
immobilized
organic
reagents
demonstrates high precision, sensitivity, and accuracy,
making it an effective tool for detecting iron ions in
water. The results suggest that this method could be
widely applied in both industrial and environmental
settings to ensure water quality and prevent the
harmful effects of excess iron contamination.
In the scientific research, the changes in the
concentration of iron ions in the samples collected
from the observation wells at the entrance section of
the Oltinko'l canal were analyzed over the years.
As a result of analyzing and summarizing the chemical
composition of the waters, the seasonal and annual
variations in the concentration of iron ions were
evaluated.
Table 2
Seasonal and Annual Dynamics of Iron Ions in the Oltin Ko'l Canal
Year
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
2019
0.32
1.5
0.32
0.32
2020
0.52
3.5
0.52
0.52
2021
0.16
2.78
0.31
0.45
2022
0.36
2.75
0.6
0.68
2023
0.56
4.5
0.41
0.42
Analysis of the Iron Ion Concentration (µg/dm³)
Winter:2019 to 2023: The concentration of iron ions in
winter shows an increase over the years. In 2019, it was
0.32 µg/dm³, and by 2023, it rose to 0.56 µg/dm³. This
indicates
a
general
upward
trend
in
iron
concentrations during the winter months.
Key Observation: The increase between 2021 (0.16
µg/dm³) and 2023 (0.56 µg/dm³) is notable, suggesting
an increase in sources or processes contributing to iron
levels during the winter.
Spring:2019 to 2023: Spring has the highest variability
in the concentration of iron ions. In 2019, it was 1.5
µg/dm³, and by 2023, it reached 4.5 µg/dm³. This shows
a substantial increase over the five-year period.
Key Observation: The spring months, particularly in
2023, exhibit the highest concentration of iron ions,
suggesting that seasonal factors such as agricultural
runoff, irrigation, and precipitation contribute
significantly to the presence of iron in spring.
Summer :2019 to 2023: The concentration of iron ions
in the summer months fluctuated, with a slight
decrease from 0.52 µg/dm³ in 2020 to 0.41 µg/dm³ in
2023. However, the levels were still lower compared to
spring.
Volume 04 Issue 12-2024
62
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
12
Pages:
57-64
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Key Observation: The summer season seems to show
lower iron concentrations compared to spring, which
could indicate a reduced influx of iron due to less
precipitation and agricultural activity during the hot
months.
Autumn :2019 to 2023: The concentration of iron ions in
autumn fluctuated between 0.32 µg/dm³ (2019) and
0.68 µg/dm³ (2022), with a minor increase in 2022.
However, it remains generally low compared to the
spring months.
Key Observation: Autumn sees a slight increase in iron
ion concentrations, possibly due to the residual effects
of precipitation and agricultural runoff from the spring
and summer months.
General Trends:Highest Concentration in Spring: The
spring season consistently shows the highest iron ion
concentrations across the years, particularly in 2023,
which could be attributed to increased precipitation
and the use of fertilizers in agriculture.
Lowest Concentration in Winter of 2021: The lowest
recorded concentration was in the winter of 2021 (0.16
µg/dm³), suggesting an unusual reduction in iron levels
that year.
Increasing Trend in Winter: There is an increasing trend
in iron concentration during winter, particularly
between 2021 and 2023.
Seasonal Variation: Spring and summer exhibit more
fluctuation compared to autumn and winter, which are
more stable.
The concentration of iron ions in the Oltinko'l canal
water shows seasonal variation, with the highest levels
observed in spring and the lowest in winter. This
seasonal change could be linked to various
environmental factors such as agricultural practices
(fertilizer use, irrigation), precipitation patterns, and
the migration of metals. The observed increase in iron
levels in the winter months towards 2023 suggests
potential changes in environmental conditions, such as
industrial discharges or changes in water chemistry,
influencing the ion concentration in the canal.
CONCLUSION
In this study, the seasonal and annual variations in the
concentration of iron (III) ions in the waters of the Oltin
Ko'l canal, located in the Kungirot district of the
Republic of Karakalpakstan, were thoroughly
analyzed. The results indicate that iron ion
concentrations are influenced by both seasonal and
annual fluctuations, with the highest levels observed in
the spring months. The spring peak is likely a result of
increased precipitation and agricultural activities, such
as the application of mineral fertilizers, which facilitate
the migration of metals into the water.
Through the use of an immobilized organic reagent and
the
sorption-spectrophotometric
method,
the
concentration of iron ions in various water samples
—
such as drinking water, industrial wastewater, and
canal water
—
was effectively determined. The method
showed high reliability and accuracy, with minimal
relative error.
The findings also suggest that iron concentrations are
relatively low during the winter and summer, with the
most significant changes occurring in spring and
autumn. The results emphasize the importance of
monitoring iron ion concentrations in water bodies,
particularly in regions with agricultural and industrial
activities, to ensure environmental safety and public
health.
This study highlights the effectiveness of the sorption-
spectrophotometric method for detecting trace
Volume 04 Issue 12-2024
63
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
12
Pages:
57-64
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
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amounts of iron ions and offers a reliable approach for
environmental monitoring and water quality analysis.
Additionally, the data can help inform local policies
regarding water quality management, particularly in
regions affected by both natural and anthropogenic
factors.
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immobillangan organik reagentlar yordamida
atrof-muhit obyektlarida mis, temir, kobalt ionlarini
sorbsion fotometrik aniqlash// Kimyo fanlari
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tuzi
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O‘. A. Madatov, Sh. N. Norboyeva, S. B. Raximov, F.
M. Arifjanova, Z. A. Smanova2024.// Kadmiy (II)
Volume 04 Issue 12-2024
64
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
12
Pages:
57-64
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ionini 4- nitro
–
2-arsenobenzol-1,4 diazomino-azo
benzol -4 sulfo kislotaning natriyli tuzi yordamida
sorbsion-spektrofotometrik
aniqlash
//
kompozitsion materiallar 1 son 97-103 b
