American Journal of Applied Science and Technology
18
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VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue01 2025
PAGE NO.
18-22
10.37547/ajast/Volume05Issue01-05
Change the hardness of the alloy based on changing the
composition of aluminum alloys
Tursunbaev Sarvar
Tashkent State Technical University named after Islam Karimov, 100095, University 2, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Dovulov Shukhrat
Tashkent State Technical University named after Islam Karimov, 100095, University 2, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Tadjiyev Nuritdin
Tashkent State Technical University named after Islam Karimov, 100095, University 2, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Murodov Sobirjon
Tashkent State Technical University named after Islam Karimov, 100095, University 2, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Turakhujaeva Azizakhon
Tashkent State Technical University named after Islam Karimov, 100095, University 2, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Rakhmonova Mokhinur
Tashkent State Technical University named after Islam Karimov, 100095, University 2, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Received:
20 October 2024;
Accepted:
22 December 2024;
Published:
12 January 2025
Abstract:
This article analyzes the influence of germanium on aluminum alloys. The article examines how
germanium oxide is introduced into its composition during melting of aluminum-manganese, aluminum-copper,
aluminum-magnesium alloys and its hardness changes. Based on the results of the conducted research, the
conclusions and suggestions of the authors are presented at the end of the article.
Keywords:
Hardness, alloying, aluminum, manganese, copper, magnesium, germanium, furnace.
Introduction:
Aluminum alloys have better mechanical
and technological properties than pure aluminum.
Therefore, aluminum alloys are widely used in
mechanical engineering, aircraft manufacturing,
shipbuilding, construction and agriculture. Aluminum
stands out among structural materials due to its
important properties (relative strength, electrical and
thermal conductivity, corrosion resistance). Aluminum
forms solid solutions with different compositions that
look like alloying elements. Due to the growing demand
for aluminum alloys in industry, scientists around the
world are conducting research to improve their
properties. In particular, research aimed at improving
the properties of aluminum alloys by introducing
various alloying elements into them was carried out by
the Iranian scientist S.G. Shabestari and others studied
the influence of copper and the state of solidification
on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-
Si-Mg alloys. The researchers used aluminum alloy
grade A356 with a copper content of 0.2
–
2.5%, cast
under various solidification conditions (in sand,
graphite, copper, and cast iron molds). The highest
tensile strength was obtained with heat treatment of
alloys (T6), mold cooling rate (graphite) and copper
American Journal of Applied Science and Technology
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American Journal of Applied Science and Technology (ISSN: 2771-2745)
content up to 1.5%. The best mechanical properties
were demonstrated by dissolving approximately 1.5%
Cu in the Al-Si-Mg alloy in graphite molds. In this article,
the authors studied the effect of introducing
germanium oxide into aluminum and its mechanical
properties, including hardness.
METHODS
The studies were conducted on aluminum alloys in the
aluminum-copper,
aluminum-magnesium
and
aluminum-manganese systems. These alloys contain
germanium oxide. As a result of the introduction of this
compound, the oxygen contained in it was released,
and the germanium was absorbed by the alloy.
Germanium is located in period 4 th group,14 of the
periodic table of chemical elements, with atomic
number 32. Denoted as Ge (Germany), Germanium is a
grey-white intermediate optical material that is shiny
like metals. Like silicon, it is a semiconductor.
Germanium is usually extracted from nickel and
tungsten ores as a semi-metallic compound. It is also
obtained from the composition of silicates. After very
complex processing of the ore, germanium oxide is
released in the form of GeO2. In the experiments,
aluminum alloys were melted in a resistance furnace
with the addition of germanium oxide. First, for
comparison, samples were cast in aluminum alloys
without the addition of germanium oxide. At the next
stage, the element germanium was added to the alloys
of the selected grade in the form of oxide in an amount
of 0.1% to 0.3% relative to the batch.
Fig.1. Processed samples.
From each selected alloy grade, samples with three
different compositions were cast. The cast samples
were cut on a lathe to the required size and shape. The
cut and processed samples are shown in figure1. The
following tables present the chemical composition of
the samples.
Table 1.
Alloy in the aluminum-manganese system
№
Brand
Percentage of elements by mass, %
Al
Si
Fe
Cu
Mn
Mg
Ti
Be
Zn
Ge
Cr
1
АМц
96,3-99
0,6
0,7
0,05-0,2
1-1,5
-
-
-
0,1
-
-
2
АМц
96,3-99
0,6
0,7
0,05-0,2
1-1,5
-
-
-
0,1
1
-
3
АМц
96,3-99
0,6
0,7
0,05-0,2
1-1,5
-
-
-
0,1
2
-
4
АМц
96,3-99
0,6
0,7
0,05-0,2
1-1,5
-
-
-
0,1
3
-
Table 2.
Alloy in the aluminum-copper system
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American Journal of Applied Science and Technology (ISSN: 2771-2745)
№
Brand
Percentage of elements by mass, %
Al
Si
Fe
Cu
Mn
Mg
Ti
Be
Zn
Ge
Cr
1
Д16
91-94,7 0,5
0,5
3,8-4,9
0,3-0,9
1,2-1,8
0,1
-
0,3
-
0,5
2
Д16
91-94,7 0,5
0,5
3,8-4,9
0,3-0,9
1,2-1,8
0,1
-
0,3
1
0,5
3
Д16
91-94,7 0,5
0,5
3,8-4,9
0,3-0,9
1,2-1,8
0,1
-
0,3
2
0,5
4
Д16
91-94,7 0,5
0,5
3,8-4,9
0,3-0,9
1,2-1,8
0,1
-
0,3
3
0,5
Table 3.
Alloy in the aluminum-magnesium system
№
Brand
Percentage of elements by mass, %
Al
Si
Fe
Cu
Mn
Mg
Ti
Be
Zn
Ge
Cr
1
АМг5 91,9-94 0,5
0,5
0,1
0,3-0,8
4,8-5,8
0,1
0,005
0,2
-
-
2
АМг5 91,9-94 0,5
0,5
0,1
0,3-0,8
4,8-5,8
0,1
0,005
0,2
1
-
3
АМг5 91,9-94 0,5
0,5
0,1
0,3-0,8
4,8-5,8
0,1
0,005
0,2
2
-
4
АМг5 91,9-94 0,5
0,5
0,1
0,3-0,8
4,8-5,8
0,1
0,005
0,2
3
-
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The cut and processed samples were ground and their
hardness was measured. Hardness was measured on
the Brinell scale. To measure hardness, a hardness
tester “Rockwell type hardness tester FR” was used.
(Fig. 2).
Fig. 2. Rockwell type hardness tester FR.
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American Journal of Applied Science and Technology (ISSN: 2771-2745)
The hardness of the samples was measured at three
different points on the same surface. The results of the
hardness measurements are presented in the diagrams
below.
CONCLUSION
Based on the experience gained, the following
conclusions can be drawn. Overall, germanium oxide
did not have a positive effect on the hardness of
aluminum alloys. Germanium oxide did not have a
significant effect on the hardness of the alloy in the
aluminum-manganese system. However, this sharply
reduced the hardness of alloys in the aluminum-copper
and aluminum-magnesium systems. Therefore, it is
recommended to include germanium oxide in the alloy
composition together with other elements. For
example, studies have shown that its inclusion in
combination with strontium and silicon increases the
hardness of the alloy.
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