Volume 04 Issue 06-2024
18
American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation
(ISSN
–
2771-2753)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
06
P
AGES
:
18-24
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
The article describes recommendations for correcting water-electrolyte balance during physical training of football
players, as well as daily energy expenditure and caloric content of daily menu products.
KEYWORDS
Preparation of football players, daily energy expenditure, water-electrolyte balance, correction.
INTRODUCTION
The main pattern of nutrition should be the
correspondence of daily energy consumption and daily
calorie content of food. If caloric intake exceeds
energy expenditure, this leads to fat deposition and
digestive disorders. Insufficient calorie content with
high energy expenditure leads to gradual depletion of
the div, so to speak, to “self
-
food”.
Athletes' daily energy expenditure is 3000-6000 kcal,
and under very intense training and competition
conditions, energy expenditure reaches 7000-8000
kcal.
Energy consumption depends not only on the amount
of work performed, but also on the emotional factor,
which was clearly revealed during competitions.
Research Article
THE IMPORTANCE OF SPORTS NUTRITION AND CORRECTION OF
WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE IN FOOTBALL
Submission Date:
June 07, 2024,
Accepted Date:
June 12, 2024,
Published Date:
June 17, 2024
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajbspi/Volume04Issue06-04
Adilbekov Taxir Toxtaevich
Associate professor at Department of Human and Animal Physiology at National University of Uzbekistan
named after Mirzo Ulugbek, Uzbekistan
Mamatova Zulayho Aminjanovna
Associate professor at Department of Human and Animal Physiology at National University of Uzbekistan
named after Mirzo Ulugbek, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajbspi
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 04 Issue 06-2024
19
American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation
(ISSN
–
2771-2753)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
06
P
AGES
:
18-24
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
An athlete’s nutrition must be rational, that is,
sufficient in quantity and complete in quality.
Rationality is based on balance - the optimal ratio of
basic nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins,
mineral salts and their components (essential and
nonessential amino acids, lipids and unsaturated fatty
acids, microelements, etc.).
Adequate nutrition is achieved by the correct ratio of
nutrients in the diet. There are six classes of nutrients:
water, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins,
minerals.
Water is life. The human div consists of 60-65% water.
Metabolism occurs in an aquatic environment. Water is
contained in tissue cells, blood, and digestive juices.
The amount of water in an athlete
’s diet should be 2
-
2.5 liters, taking into account soups, milk, coffee, tea,
as well as water contained in various dishes, fruits and
vegetables. On days of intense training and
competition, the need for water increases sharply.
During training and competitions, it is better to use
alkaline mineral waters (Borjomi, Narzan and others),
to which it is useful to add slices of lemon. Football
players often drink tea with lemon. You should drink
water, juices or tea in small portions, keeping it in your
mouth for a long time.
When increasing exercise, water serves two important
functions:
regulates div temperature, in particular, provides
cooling during exercise;
delivers nutrients to cells and removes “waste” from
them.
Here are some recommendations for football players
regarding water consumption: drink 6-8 glasses of
water per day; drink 2 glasses of water 15 minutes
before training or playing;
after training or a game, drink 2 glasses of water more
than you need to quench your thirst;
drink 1 glass of water every 15-30 minutes during
training or play;
drink cooled liquids to speed up the transition of
substances from the stomach to the blood, as well as
to cool the div more quickly;
drink 1 glass of water after drinking caffeinated drinks
(caffeine is known to be a diuretic and therefore causes
dehydration).
Getting enough water into your div is an ongoing,
vital process that experts call hydration.
Water is a universal solvent. Most div chemicals are
soluble in water.
Due to its low viscosity, water easily moves through
blood and lymphatic vessels, through intercellular
spaces and transports substances soluble in it. Thus,
water performs a transport function.
Water is involved in maintaining a constant div
temperature, i.e. performs a thermoregulatory
function. Water forms a hydration shell for high-
molecular compounds (proteins, polysaccharides) and
thereby contributes to their stability. Water is an active
participant in metabolism. For example, the
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American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation
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2771-2753)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
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OCLC
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1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
breakdown of nutrients during digestion occurs
exclusively through hydrolysis, i.e. with the
participation of water. Water is also the end product of
a number of chemical processes occurring in the div.
A large amount of water (about 400 ml per day) is
formed during tissue respiration. The human div
contains about 3 kg of mineral (inorganic) substances,
which is 4% of div weight. The mineral composition of
the div is very diverse, and almost all known mineral
elements can be found in it, however, their content is
not the same.
Both short and long-term exercise require a good
supply of water to the div, which must be regulated
depending on the duration and intensity of the physical
activity. To avoid dehydration, it is important to
remember
about
thermoregulation,
which
is
influenced by climatic conditions (temperature, wind),
as well as factors such as level of training, clothing, etc.
In addition, fatigue and stress are additional factors
predisposing to dehydration.
Dehydration of the order of 1 - 2% of div weight (from
0.7 liters to 1.4 liters for a person weighing 70 kg) can
lead to a decrease in muscle performance by 10%.
Dehydration of more than 4% can lead to severe
fatigue, heaviness in the legs, shortness of breath, and
also negatively affects the nervous system.
Over 6 - 8%, this is a real risk of death from dehydration.
The most common cause of electrolyte deficiency is
the neglect of many athletes to timely and adequately
replenish fluid losses. In this regard, it is necessary to
remember the following:
✓
during training or a game, a decrease in
div weight due to sweating reaches 2 percent or
more, which significantly reduces performance, and a
loss of 7% leads to refusal to continue working;
✓
use various drinks, it is necessary to
focus not on the feeling of thirst that arises, but on the
intensity of exercise, while it is necessary to remember
the following pattern: a rise in normal air temperature
by 5C increases fluid consumption by 15%, an increase
in div weight by 5 kg, more than 75 kg per 7%
increases fluid intake [1,2].
✓
replenishment of fluid losses must be
carried out not with ordinary water, but with specially
designed drinks that allow maintaining the proper level
of performance due to the timely supply of easily
digestible carbohydrates;
✓
consumption of carbohydrate drinks
must be started before training and continued during
and after it to maintain glycogenesis in the liver and
muscles (for this purpose, glutamic acid preparations
can be used).
In the overwhelming majority of cases in elite
sports, they resort to the use of pharmacological
agents and biologically active additives that replenish
the required volume energy supply to the div and
ensuring the delivery of plastic substances: substance
supplements or so-called sports nutrition, which is
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OCLC
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1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
always used as a supplement to a balanced diet, and
does not replace it.
Currently, there are hundreds, if not thousands of
sports nutrition companies. When choosing the
product to use, the doctor should rely on the following
points:
1) the drugs used must be certified in the country,
which guarantees not only the safety of these
products, but also their compliance with anti-doping
legislation
2) the product line of the manufacturing company
must cover the entire range of athletes’ nee
ds for
various training regimes
3) testing of drugs is permissible only with the consent
of athletes and during training, starting with the
minimum recommended doses of one of the drugs to
determine the tolerability of its components
4) the use of sports nutrition should be systematic, and
its volume and structure vary depending on the
seasonal cycle.
Considering the extreme loads that determine the
div’s constant need for plastic material and
coenzymes involved in the most important
biochemical reactions, in the practice of elite sports,
substrate nutritional supplements are systematically
used (proteins, carbohydrates, protein-carbohydrate
mixtures-gainers,
vitamin-mineral
complexes,
carnitine, creatine , fatty acids and essential amino acid
complexes (BCAAs) and vitamin-mineral complexes
(VMC) [4,5].
The most common substrate additives are proteins and
carbohydrates, including in the form of gainer mixtures
(Start-Gainer, Energy-Optemeizer, Max-Amino), as well
as creatine, carnitine, L-carnitine and vitamin-mineral
complexes[6].
A distinctive feature of sports IUDs is the multiple
excess of the recommended daily doses of the main
minerals and vitamins included in their composition, so
they must be used during intensive and long-term
training camps. During the season, it is sufficient to
constantly take conventional IUDs with a high content
of B vitamins (Vitrum, Vitaminlight, Vitamax, Polizhen,
MAX FOR MEN, etc.). Taking these drugs leads to a
significant increase in physical and mental endurance,
improves div structure, and normalizes psychomotor
reactions in unfavorable conditions of daily activity.
In addition to sports ICH, especially in the absence of
timely biochemical monitoring, a preventive course of
magnesium, the deficiency of which can lead to
damage to muscle tissue, and zinc, which is
fundamentally important for steroidogenesis, is
necessary.
One of the most common myths that exists in the
football community is the opinion that creatine has a
negative effect on the joint-muscular sensation of
football players, which supposedly leads to physical
defects. Our data indicate only the beneficial effects of
a course and targeted (before games) intake of
moderate doses of creatine in combination with
BCAAs: with a course intake of up to 2 grams per day
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OCLC
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1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
for 10-1 I days, with a single use before games up to 3-5
grams.
The course intake is carried out at training camps with
mandatory breaks between them, up to 5-7 days, in
order to optimize the adaptive reactions of the
athlete’s div.
Creatine monohydrate is phosphorylated in the liver,
converted into creatine phosphate, which, entering
the mitochondria of cells, participates in the reactions
of ATP reduction from ADP (adenosine diphosphate),
thereby providing the ability to release large amounts
of energy without visible energy depletion.
One of the most common substrate supplements, L-
carnitine, is often used in targeted weight loss
programs. In these programs, it is used along with
thermogenics throughout the entire pre-workout
weight loss period at a dose above 1500 mg. Another
area of application of L-carnitine is its use before
games and intensive training during the season for a
more efficient flow of energy supply processes, in such
cases a dosage of up to 1500 mg is used 45-60 minutes
before the game.
Dietary supplements (adaptogens, herbal anabolics,
immunomodulators,
antihypoxants,
hepatoprogectors, etc.)
The top of the pyramid of specialized sports nutrition
are dietary supplements and substances used for
targeted activation of various parts of metabolism,
correction of psycho-emotional state and prevention
of immunosuppression.
The use of these drugs can be either a course or a one-
time use. Optimal, in our opinion, is the use of these
drugs
against
the
background
of
constant
hematological screening (biochemical blood test,
immunogram, hormonal spectrum). However, in
practice, continuous monitoring is impossible due to
logistical
difficulties
and
paramedical
factors
(reluctance of the athlete and coaching staff, lack of
proper organization). Based on this, the use of these
substances is often preventive and intuitive. The
program we have developed focuses on maintaining a
high level of endogenous testosterone in the athlete’s
blood, as well as preventing the development of
immunosuppre
ssion and activation of the div’s
protective functions (hepatoprotectors, prebiotics,
antihypoxants). To implement the first point of the
program, we recommend the use of anabolic agents of
plant origin and prohormones ( Tribulus, Ecdysterone,
etc.) in courses of up to 10-14 days against the
background of intense physical activity 2-4 times
during the season.
In practical medicine, immunomodulators are used
only when changes in the immune status are identified.
While recognizing the correctness of this approach in
relation to ordinary people, we cannot agree with it in
relation to high-level athletes, since almost always,
against the background of prolonged intense physical
activity, more or less pronounced changes in the
immune status develop, which always precede the
clinical manifestations of overtraining. . Based on this,
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we consider it advisable to take a course of preventive
treatment with modern safe immunomodulators twice
a year in courses of up to 10-14 days.
One of the most important tasks is the activation of
the div’s protective functions against the
background of prolonged intense physical activity.
Traditionally, antihypoxants are used for this purpose,
such as inhibitors of lipid peroxidation (Hypoxen,
Actovegin, Ubiquinone, Serrata) and hepatoprotectors
(Essentiale, Heptral, Karsil, etc.)
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, it should be noted that, as in other areas
of elite sports, the development of pharmacological
and nutritional correction programs in football is not
possible without knowledge and understanding of the
physiology of the training process, and without a clear
understanding by the team’s coaching staff of the
importance of these activities.
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