Volume 04 Issue 11-2024
15
American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation
(ISSN
–
2771-2753)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
11
P
AGES
:
15-21
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
This article discusses the practical importance of adsorbents today, areas of application, and methods of obtaining
activated carbon adsorbents based on local raw materials. Preparation of adsorbents activated by the method of
thermochemical activation based on cotton stalks and cotton bolls, functional groups in the obtained adsorbents were
analyzed by IR spectroscopy.
KEYWORDS
Activated adsorbent, cotton stalk, cotton boll, thermal activation, chemical activation, IR spectroscopy.
INTRODUCTION
Research Article
PREPARATION OF THERMOCHEMICALLY ACTIVATED CARBON
ADSORBENTS BASED ON COTTON STEM AND COTTON SHELL AND
THEIR IR SPECTROSCOPY ANALYSIS
Submission Date:
October 29, 2024,
Accepted Date:
November 03, 2024,
Published Date:
November 08, 2024
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajbspi/Volume04Issue11-03
Qo’chqarova Durdona Ilxomjon qizi
Doctoral student of Namangan Institute of Engineering Technology, Uzbekistan
Soliyev Mahammadjon Ismatullayevich
Head of the chemistry department of the Namangan Institute of Engineering Technology, PhD, dots.,
Uzbekistan
Ergashev Oybek Karimovich
Namangan Institute of Engineering Technology Vice-Rector for Scientific Affairs and Innovations, Ph.D.,
Professor, Uzbekistan
Ganiyeva Nazokat Muxtorali qizi
Assistant of the Namangan Institute of Engineering Technology, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajbspi
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 04 Issue 11-2024
16
American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation
(ISSN
–
2771-2753)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
11
P
AGES
:
15-21
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Currently, activated carbons are used for the purpose
of cleaning various waste substances contained in
industrial waters. Production of these used adsorbents
based on local raw materials is one of the urgent
problems of today.
Activated carbon is a carbonaceous material processed
by special methods, during which organic raw
materials are thermally and chemically activated. In an
airless environment, it is heated to reduce the non-
carbon components (a process called carbonization)
and then reacts with the gas, corroding the surface to
form a microporous structure (a process called
activation) [1]. Wastewater treatment using the
adsorption method is recognized as the most effective
method, due to the large number of its sources, variety
of types, low cost from the economic point of view,
regeneration properties, high efficiency in cleaning and
ease of use, etc.
At present, methods such as adsorption, chemical
treatment, ion exchange, and coagulation are widely
used for the purpose of wastewater treatment [2].
Wastewater treatment using the adsorption method is
recognized as the most effective method, due to which
it has a number of advantages, such as the large
number of sources, variety of types, low cost from the
economic side, regeneration properties, high
efficiency in cleaning, and ease of use. . It has been
proven that the efficiency of the adsorption process
can be reached up to 99.9% [3]. At the same time, this
method is a simple and economical method compared
to other methods, and it has the characteristics of
good purification of wastewater from many types of
pollutants, including dyes.
Cotton stalks are a global agricultural residue with
limited economic importance, with annual production
of approximately 50 million tons. The fruit (cotton
fiber), stem, pod and leaf of Goza plant are
distinguished by the storage of different amounts of
cellulose, and this is shown as a promising and
ecologically stable raw material for obtaining cellulose
[4]. As a result of studies from the literature, the
composition of various components of the cotton
stem was studied. According to their results, the
content of α
-cellulose in cotton stalk was 42.25%, which
is higher than other lignocellulosic resources, and the
contents of lignin and ash were 20.62% and 2.71%,
respectively. is [5]. In the climatic conditions of
Uzbekistan, cotton is one of the most cultivated types
of plants. More than 60% of the agricultural areas of our
republic are specialized in cotton cultivation, especially
for the cotton crop of 2024, fertile cotton varieties
obtained by various genetic methods were planted on
nearly 1 million hectares. After the cotton crop is
harvested, some of the cotton stalks, which are
abundant in the fields, are harvested as fuel, and the
rest is left in the fields, which becomes a problem for
replanting.
METHODS
In the production of activated carbon, the starting
material is first heat-treated in an airless environment,
Volume 04 Issue 11-2024
17
American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation
(ISSN
–
2771-2753)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
11
P
AGES
:
15-21
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
as a result of which volatile substances (moisture and
partial resins) are removed from it. As a result of
thermochemical activation, part of the organic matter
burns, and the rest turns into coal with a large internal
surface, characterized by a porous structure [6].
The cotton stem (P.P) was crushed in 2-3 cm sizes, and
the cotton stalk (P.Ch) was separated and crushed
(picture: 1).
Picture 1: cotton stem and cotton shell
It was dried in a drying cabinet for 24 hours at a
temperature of 105
℃
to get rid of moisture. 200g
(accurate to 0.1g) was taken from the dried cotton boll.
The raw material was sent to the pyrolysis unit for
pyrolysis. The part of the pyrolysis device where raw
materials are placed is made of stainless steel. In the
production of activated carbon, the starting material
was first pyrolyzed for 1.5 hours at different
temperatures in an airless environment. As a result,
volatile substances (moisture and partial resins) were
removed from it (figure 2). The obtained coal product
was crushed using a porcelain mortar. The production
yield of cotton-based charcoal adsorbent was
calculated.
𝐴
𝑈
=
𝑀
𝐴𝐶
𝑀
𝐵
∗ 100%
[1]
A
U
– Product of activated adsorbent, %
M
AC
– Activated adsorbent mass, g
M
B
– Initial raw material mass, g
Volume 04 Issue 11-2024
18
American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation
(ISSN
–
2771-2753)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
11
P
AGES
:
15-21
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Picture: 2 After thermal treatment of cotton steam
The obtained coal product was crushed using a
porcelain mortar. Then it was transferred to the
chemical activation process. A chemical method was
chosen for activation. Solutions of different
concentrations of KOH and NaOH were used as
chemical activators. Chemically activated at 400
℃
for
1.5 hours. After the activation, it was boiled and
washed with distilled water in order to get rid of excess
alkali in the coal. The boiling wash was carried out for
30 minutes, then filtered. This process was carried out
3 times (500 ml of water was used for each wash). Then
it was treated with 0.n HCl for de-ashing. It was washed
again with distilled water. The change in pH was
monitored on an indicator piece of paper. It was dried
at 105
℃
for 24 hours (to absolute dry mass). The mesh
was passed through a sieve with a size of 0.1 mm. The
mass was measured.
Analysis of the structure of adsorbents obtained on the
basis of plant residues by the IR-spectroscopy method.
Infrared spectroscopy is the measurement of the
interaction of infrared radiation with matter through
absorption, emission, or reflection. It is used to study
and identify chemical substances or functional groups
in solid, liquid or gaseous form. The method or
technique of infrared spectroscopy is performed using
a device called an infrared spectrometer (or
spectrophotometer) that produces an infrared
spectrum.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Quantitative and qualitative composition of functional
groups in coal adsorbents obtained on the basis of
plant residues was determined using the IR-
spectroscopy method. Traces were analyzed by
infrared (IR) spectroscopic analysis on a Shimadzu
IRTracer100, Japan in the range of 400-4000 cm-1.
Volume 04 Issue 11-2024
19
American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation
(ISSN
–
2771-2753)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
11
P
AGES
:
15-21
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Picture: 3 IR spectra of adsorbents obtained by thermal treatment of cotton stalk and
cotton shell
IR spectroscopy of thermally activated adsorbents
based on cotton stalks and cotton bolls was studied.
Since the structure of the raw materials is close to each
other, the results of IR spectra are also similar to each
other.
According to the IR spectra, valence vibrations specific
to the OH group were detected in the 3335 cm-1 region,
and these valence vibrations indicate the presence of
partial water molecules between the coal pores.
Valence vibrations characteristic of C-H bonds of
saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons were
observed in the peaks of the 2884 cm-1 spectrum.
Valence vibrations characteristic of unconfigured C=O
group in lignin and hemicellulose were observed in
1673cm-1 and 1653 cm-1 areas, respectively. The
formation of aromatic compounds such as aldehydes,
ketones, aromatic hydrocarbons here occurs as a result
of the thermal decomposition of lignin and
hemicellulose, which are the main components of raw
materials. In the 1394 cm-1 area, deformational
vibrations characteristic of the C-H bond of saturated
hydrocarbons were observed. The deformation
vibrations observed in the 1219cm-1, 1189cm-1, 1137cm-1
areas represent the C-C bonds in the structure of
cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, which are the main
components of raw materials.
We have chosen 400
℃
as the optimal temperature in
the thermal and thermochemical activation processes
for obtaining activated adsorbents, and the activation
processes were carried out at this temperature. For
this reason, thermally activated adsorbents based on
cotton stalks and cotton wicks, adsorbents activated
Volume 04 Issue 11-2024
20
American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation
(ISSN
–
2771-2753)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
11
P
AGES
:
15-21
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
with sodium hydroxide on the basis of cotton stalks
and cotton wicks, and adsorbents based on cotton
stalks and cotton wicks In adsorbents activated with
potassium hydroxide, valence and deformation
fluctuations of IR spectra were also shown in similar
areas.
Picture 4: Thermally activated adsorbent based on cotton wick (red), adsorbent activated
with NaOH on the basis of cotton wick (green), adsorbent activated with KOH on the basis of
cotton wick (black) IR spectra of adsorbents
CONCLUSION
We have chosen 400
℃
as the optimal temperature in
the thermal and thermochemical activation processes
for obtaining activated adsorbents, and the activation
processes were carried out at this temperature. For
this reason, thermally activated adsorbents based on
cotton stalks and cotton wicks, adsorbents activated
with sodium hydroxide on the basis of cotton stalks
and cotton wicks, and adsorbents based on cotton
stalks and cotton wicks In adsorbents activated with
potassium hydroxide, valence and deformation
fluctuations of IR spectra were also shown in similar
areas.
REFERENCES
1.
D.I.Qo’chqarova,
M.I.Soliyev
UGLERODLARNI
FAOLLASHTIRISH YO’LI BILAN ADSORBENTLAR
OLISH VA ULARNING QO’LLANILISHI Namangan
muhandisliktexnologiya instituti “Fizikaviy va
kolloid kimyo fanlarining fundamental va amaliy
muammolari
hamda
ularning
innovatsion
yechimlari”
Xalqaro
ilmiy
-amaliy
anjuman
Namangan
–
2024.
2.
V. K. Gupta, I. Ali, T.A. Saleh, A. Nayak, Sh. Agarwal.
Chemical treatment technologies for waste-water
recycling
—
an overview// RSC Advances Issue 16,
2012 6380-6388p
Volume 04 Issue 11-2024
21
American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation
(ISSN
–
2771-2753)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
11
P
AGES
:
15-21
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
3.
P. 9050
–
90664. R. Rashid, I. Shafiq, P. Akhter, M. J.
Iqbal, M. Hussain. A state-of-the-art review on
wastewater
treatment
techniques:
the
effectiveness
of
adsorption
method//Environmental Science and Polluti [Bo Lv,
Bobing Dong, Chuanxiang Zhang, Zeng qiang Chen,
Zeya Zhao, Xiaowei Deng, on Research. 2021.
Volume 28, pages 9050
–
9066
4.
Suraj Prakash , Radha, Kanika Sharma, Sangram
Dhumal, Marisennayya Senapatiya, Vishal P.
Deshmux, Sunil Kumar, Madhu, T. Anita, V.
Balamurugan, Ravi Pandiselvam, Manoj Kumar
/Unlocking the potential of cotton stalk as a
renewable source of cellulose: A review on
advancements
and
emerging
applications//International Journal of Biological
Macromolecules Volume 261, Part 2, March 2024,
129456
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129456
5.
D.I.Qo`chqarova M.I.Soliyev QISHLOQ XO`JALIGI
CHIQINDISI HISOBLANGAN G`O`ZA O`SIMLIGI
QOLDIQLARIDAN ADSORBENT OLISH ASOSLARI.
“Kimyo
ta’limi,
fan
va
ishlab
chiqarish
integratsiyalari”, Qo‘qon
davlat pedagogika
instituti2024 yil. 71-72 b
6.
М.Г. Белецкая, Н.И. Богданович, Л.Н. Кузнецова,
Ю.А. Саврасова МЕТОДЫ ТЕРМОХИМИЧЕСКОЙ
АКТИВАЦИИ В СИНТЕЗЕ АКТИВНЫХ УГЛЕЙ ИЗ
ТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ ЛИГНИНОВ. «Лесной журнал».
2011. № 6
