Volume 03 Issue 11-2023
67
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
11
P
AGES
:
67-71
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
5.
445
)
(2023:
6.
555
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
This article provides information about the concepts of semantics and semantic typology, which are widely used in
linguistics, the history of its origin, and where it is used in linguistics. There are also various definitions and theories
about the concept of semantics mentioned by the world linguists. In the semantic comparison of the words in different
languages, the environment, the differences are studied. In general, semantic typology is a linguistic branch of
linguistics that typologically interprets the concept of meaning between different languages.
KEYWORDS
Semantic typology, content, level of expression, lexical unit, meaning plan;
INTRODUCTION
Semantics is the study of meaning in language. We
know that language is used to express different
meanings that can be understood and used. But
meanings exist in our minds and we can easily express
the concepts in our minds through spoken and written
speech (as well as through gestures, actions, etc.). The
sound forms of the language are consistently studied
in the field of phonetics, we may get information about
the structure of words and sentences in the fields of
morphology and syntax. These fields of linguistics are
for understanding the real meaning of a certain
sentence or message or convey it to our partner. "How
is language structured to be meaningful?" The concept
of semantics can be an obvious answer to this
question. Semantics is the level of linguistic analysis
where meaning is analyzed. Nowadays, semantics is
Research Article
THE CONCEPT OF SEMANTIC TYPOLOGY
Submission Date:
November 20, 2023,
Accepted Date:
November 25, 2023,
Published Date:
November 30, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajps/Volume03Issue11-12
Makhmudova Zukhra
Doctorate Student Of The University Of Uzbek Language And Literature, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajps
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 11-2023
68
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
11
P
AGES
:
67-71
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
5.
445
)
(2023:
6.
555
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
one of the most important linguistic areas to be
studied not only to learn a certain language well but
also to properly analyze and research it
Within the framework of semantic comparison of
words, the environment in different languages,
differences in the division of existence into concepts
are studied. In other words, it is a linguistic field that
typologically interprets the concept of meaning
between different languages [1]. On the other hand,
studying the concept of meaning between different
languages means studying the sphere of interaction
between
languages,
culture
and
perception.
Therefore, it is clear that linguistics and anthropology,
psychology and such fields have a correlation between
each other. Several American linguists, including
L.Talmy and R.Lenekera have expressed their views on
the close connection between the fields of linguistic
semantics and cognitive linguistics.
LITERATURE REVIEW
In the field of world linguistics the researches on
semantic typology has increased significantly over the
past few years. While some of them have discussed the
concept of semantic typology in general (Bach and
Chao 2009, Evans 2011), other works on semantics have
devoted themselves to the study of semantics in
categories and their usage between different
languages (Boas 1911, Sapir 1929, Whorf 1956,
Witkowski and Brown 1978, Wierzbicka 1992, Koch
2001, Brown 2001, Boster 2005, Koptjevckaja-Tamn
2007, Malt and Majid 2013 and Majid 2015).
In the history of linguistics the concept of word has
been used in various directions, in particular,
consanguinity (Murdock 1949, Nerlove and Romney
1967), color gloss (Berlin and Kay 1969, Kay and
McDaniel 1978), seed biology (Brown 1984, Berlin
19992), number system (Grrenberg 1978, Comrie 2013)
and spatial (Talmy 2000, Levinson and Meira 2003,
Majid 2004) domains have been studied typologically
with great enthusiasm.
In the field of linguistics in Uzbekistan, a number of
Uzbek linguists on the typology of verbs, including
U.Q.Yusupuv, J.B.Buronov, A.S.Sodikov, M.T.Iriskulov,
R.Z.Muryasov,
S.A.Khamzayev,
G.K.Mirsanov,
T.Ergashev, N.R.Karimova, A.Q.Pulatov conducted a
cross analysis of verbs and their types, words of the
verb group found in English and Uzbek languages.
It is precisely in the semantics section of the field of
linguistics that we find changes related to the cultural
development of language. Here we should mention
that A.Verbiskaya defined semantics as the "the
dazzling beauty of the world of meaning" [2].
According to the classification of another linguist, Leo
Spitzer, "the content is the best barometer of the
cultural
climate"[3]-the
most
basic
unit
of
measurement in language learning is the commonality
of meaning and content. Despite the fact that
Volume 03 Issue 11-2023
69
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
11
P
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:
67-71
SJIF
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FACTOR
(2022:
5.
445
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(2023:
6.
555
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
morpheme, word and sentence have been analyzed
and researched several times, conform to clear and
concise patterns, obey the rules, semes which are units
in its meaning plan, are still complete and has not been
studied in detail, however, it is more contextual than
systematic.
But the categories so shaped must still fit comfortably
with the minds, brains and cultures of speakers, with
the ontology of the natural world and with the
complex integrative demands of communication
systems. Semantic typology thus lies directly on the
fault lines between psychology, neuroscience,
anthropology, the natural science and general
linguistics [Talmy 2000].
Despite its centrality to debates on what is universal
and what is culturally malleable, semantic typology has
had a low profile compared to the flourishing and well-
theorized fields of phonological, morphological and
syntactic typology
"The concepts and categories that exist in language
are mostly diverse and abstract so, most of them do
not have clear boundaries. Very few of them have
relatively close boundaries and can be objectively
studied based on similarities and differences", writes
David Lewis [4]. It follows from this that inherent
complexities of cross-linguistic learning may emdiv
some obstacles in the way of the goal in the ongoing
work. According to the ideas of Nicholas Evans, the
linguistic field which deals with this expression of
meaning chooses the sign as its main unit [5]. The
concept of a sign has one or more meanings and is
displayed in different forms from the point of view of
different branches of linguistics. For instance, in the
field of computer linguistics, any punctuation, numbers
or letter and even arbitrary image is considered as a
sign, in psycholinguistics, since even ordinary sounds
can mean an objective meaning in the human brain, so
we can take it as the smallest object of research.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The concept of a sign has one or more meanings and is
displayed in different forms from the point of view of
different branches of linguistics. In this research, the
more attention is paid to the lexeme as an intermediary
unit of semantic typology. At this point, the
relationship between semantic typology and lexical
typology can be easily found. In particular, semantic
typology directly deals with several important tasks in
the typology of the lexical system. They are:
•
Vocabulary size
•
Semantic-thematic structure of vocabulary
•
Stylistic variety and breadth of vocabulary
structure
•
Relative effectiveness in expanding vocabulary and
new sources of different meanings (Semantic word
formation, ways of stable compounds formation,
Volume 03 Issue 11-2023
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American Journal Of Philological Sciences
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2771-2273)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
11
P
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:
67-71
SJIF
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MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
5.
445
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(2023:
6.
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)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
morphological word formation
and word
acquisition from other languages)
It is clear that the vocabulary basement and semantic
plan of any language can be easily analyzed,
understood and hypothesized by the population that
speaks
this
language,
the
socio-geographic
environment and condition in which the nation lives,
professions and activities that are possible to engage
in the area. So, it should be explained here that from a
synchronic point of view, the Uzbek language is
surrounded by a certain geographical border, and the
diachronic approach to the vocabulary of the language
is related to the history of the evolution of the
language, that is, in its own sense, a larger regions,
nations with a large population, require a deeper
approach to concepts, practises and of course their
terminologies. Of course, this analysis can further
increase the limit of meaning of the existing lexicon
and create wonderful semantic situations that are not
yet known. Let's take this situation in relation to the
analysis of the English language, it is almost impossible
to draw general conclusions in this regard. The main
reason for this is that this language in its turn was able
to unite many ethnically, historically, culturally, socio-
economically dissimilar cultures and people of the
world. At the same time, in the rapidly developing area,
the most new concepts related to discoveries and
innovations are connected to this language.
Analysis and results. So, writing something about the
semantic-thematic structure of the lexicon in a
particular language, we should illustrate this with the
following interesting examples:
•
The number of words representing the meaning
"snow" in the Eskimo language is relatively high,
•
The abundance of words for dozens of different
trees and especially for banana varieties is
characteristic of tropical African languages
•
Many concepts of "wind" in the languages and
dialects of the people living along the sea
•
Branching of untranslatable terminology in Tibetan
medicine
•
Such as the high phraseology of the religious-
philosophical terminology of Buddhism
•
The word blue is used to describe the eyes of girls
and women, comparing them to the sea among the
Spanish people
Semantical maps have great importance in the analysis
of words in a given language. The results of the above
analysis, as an example, are considered to be the most
important conditions for creating this type of
semantical maps. Through this kind of examples, we
can easily come across with the similarities and
differences between the semantic categories of
different nations in expressing their environment.
Therefore, the historical-geographical and cultural
factor undoubtedly show their importance in the study
of existence through concepts.
Volume 03 Issue 11-2023
71
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
11
P
AGES
:
67-71
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
5.
445
)
(2023:
6.
555
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
The
ineluctable
socio-cultural
communication
interchanges, continuous information transmissons,
which are required by the rapidly developing times,
further hasten the processes of semantic word
formation that are appearing between languages. In
fact, in linguistics, the semantic word formation
process has been considered as a universal
phenomenon and it refers to the process of
enrichment of existing words in the language with new
meanings. For instance, the French lexicon (along
with the English and Russian languages) to touch that
means "the action of physiologically grsping an object"
is translated into Uzbek language as "to touch one's
feeling or influence" (derived from the French word
"toucher")
CONCLUSION
Semantic typology is a typological study of the units of
content plan. The content plan means the semantic
structure of the language. Typological comparison
includes semantic comparison. Semantic comparison
occurs on the basis of semantic typology. Semantic
typology
abstracts
the
commonality
in
the
representation of semantic categories and studies the
interpretation of certain concepts by means of units of
the expression plan of different language systems. The
rules of semantic typology have great practical
importance when compiling dictionaries of different
languages and translating from one language to
another.
As it is known to us there are analytical and synthetic
language concepts in linguistics. Compared to
synthetic languages, analytical languages obtain more
polysemantic features. However, studying the
enrichment of the semantic nature of languages by
comparison has some difficulties. The main reason for
this is that the dctionaries that are in use now, can not
cover all the meanings of language. Analyzing all the
available lexemes is impossible. Through above
notions, it can be easily understood how difficult it is to
carry semantic typological research in a diachronic
aspect.
REFERENCES
1.
Koptjevskaja-Tamm,-M., 2008. Approaching
lexical typology. In: M. Vanhove, ed., 2008. pp.
3-52
2.
Wierzbicka
A.
Semantics:
primes
and
universals.
–
New York: Oxford University
Press, 1996.
–
P. 233.
3.
Spitzer Leo; Essays in historical semantics.
–
New York: Russell and Russell, 1947.
4.
Lewis D. Putnam's paradox // Australasian
Journal of Philosophy. 1984.
–
Т. 62,3. –
С. 221
-
236
5.
Nicholas Evans. Semantic typology oup
uncorrected proof
–
first proof, 8/3/2010,
