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ABSTRACT
The article considers the associative features of the phraseology of the Arabic and Uzbek languages. In order to find
a solution to this problem, an associative experiment was conducted on native speakers of Arabic and Uzbek
languages. Based on the analysis of the experiment results, the associative properties of phraseological units in both
languages are revealed. Various and similar aspects of associations formed by carriers of phraseological units in Arabic
and Uzbek were also analysed.
KEYWORDS
Phraseologies, association, verbal associations, response reaction, associate, associative connection, associative
experience, component, linguistic factor, extralinguistic factor.
INTRODUCTION
The emergence of a new associative linguistics based
on anthropocentric linguistics has attracted the
attention of a number of linguists. It is known that in
associative linguistics, language and its units are
studied in their pure form, that is, their state is
analyzed before they are used in speech. Although a
number of studies are being carried out in this
direction, the study of associative features of linguistic
units remains one of the pressing problems among
linguists. In particular, research has not yet illuminated
the associative features of phraseological units in the
Arabic and Uzbek languages.
Research Article
ASSOCIATIVE FEATURES OF PHRASEOLOGISMS IN ARABIC AND UZBEK
LANGUAGES
Submission Date:
November 18, 2023,
Accepted Date:
November 23, 2023,
Published Date:
November 28, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajps/Volume03Issue11-08
Muhammadiqbol Boborajabov
Trainee-Lecturer Of Oriental University, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajps
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
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Phraseologisms play an important role in reflecting the
national and cultural landscape of the world.
Phraseologisms are anthropocentric in nature, and it is
impossible to study them in isolation from the human
factor. Naturally, the linguocultural, psycholinguistic
and associative features of language are more clearly
manifested in phraseology than in other linguistic
units. From this point of view, this article is intended to
highlight the associative features of phraseological
units in the Uzbek and Arabic languages.
MAIN PART
The associative relationship in phraseological units
occurs in the following two cases.
1.
The meaning or meaning components of a
phraseological unit are associatively restored in
memory.
According to the associative experiment[11] conducted
on the Uzbek language speakers, the phraseology of
the Uzbek language to wink at is associative with units
such as read, surprised person, thief, hadik, get angry,
look with an evil eye. was found to be connected.
The results of this experiment show that associative
units reveal the original meaning and meaning
components of phraseology.
It is known that the phraseology of wink is multi-
meaning and means “to read”, “to have the intention
of subjugating someone to one’s advantage” [1.146] In
an associative experiment, the reading association
given by one subject revealed the lexical meaning of
this phraseology. And the associative units to be angry
and to look with a bad eye restored the meaning
component of the phraseology in the testee’s m
emory.
The associative relationship between language units
can also be observed in Arabic phraseology. In
particular, as a result of the experiment
تدوسا
ايندلا
يف
هينيع
(to look dark in the eyes of the world) phraseology
سأيلا
(disappointment),
تلصح
هل
،ةثداح
هتلعج
بئتكي
(something happens that upsets him),
مغلا
و
مهلا
(grief),
مومهم
و
نيزح
(sad),
طابحلإا
(to fall),
تقلغا
لك
قرطلا
يف
ههجو
(all roads are closed),
هنا
طبحم
لاو
ىري
ئش
ليمج
ىف
ةايحلا
و
سأي
(he has failed, nothing in life looks good to him and he
is hopeless),
مل
دجي
لاح
(not finding any solution) it
became known that he entered into an associative
relationship with such units [12].
This phraseology expresses the dictionary meaning of
سأيلا
ديدشلا
(strong disappointment).
دقف
لجرلا
لك
هتورث
تدوساف
ايندلا
يف
هينيع
(a person lost all his wealth and the
world appeared dark to his eyes) [9:45]
It was understood that the dictionary meaning of this
phraseology was revealed through the above
reactions.
2. One phraseological unit associatively restores
another phraseological unit in human memory.
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The results of the associative experiment showed that
some phraseology as stimulus words stimulate the
recovery of other phraseology in human memory. For
example:
dunyo ko‘ziga qorong‘i ko‘rinmoq
- to be depressed;
yengil tortmoq -
a mountain falls from one’s shoulders;
to be calm;
ko‘ngli yozilmoq
- to find comfort, to relax;
qo‘yi mingta bo‘lmoq
- to walk the market [13].
However, it was found that this situation is relatively
rare in Arabic. In Arabs, it was found that the
association occurs mainly in connection with the
meanings of phraseology and meaning components.
For example, in the Arabic language, the phraseology
of
جلثأ
هردص
(
to freeze one’s heart) expresses the
meanings of being calm and agreeing.
لاق
بلأا
هنبلا
:
كحاجن
جلثأ
يردص
(Father to his son: Your success has calmed
my heart. [9:22]
In an experiment conducted among Arabic speakers,
the following associations were given to this
phraseology:
هاضرأ
(to agree),
هنأ
نئمطم
(he is calm),
رس
ه
هنأْمَطو
(to make him happy and calm),
ةحارلا
و
ةنينأمطلا
(pleasure and peace of mind),
نأمط
و
لان
عيضرلا
نم
ءيش
(to be calm and agree with something),
يا
حرفا
هردص
ليزاو
همه
(to keep his mind calm and to let go of his
sorrows),
حاترا
نم
دعب
ثدح
(to be calm after an event).
The only way to determine the associative properties
of language units is associative experience. As a result
of associative experience, the characteristics of verbal
associations, linguistic and extralinguistic factors
causing their occurrence are determined. In recent
years, the issue of conducting associative experiments
in Uzbek linguistics has been established. In these
works, an associative experiment was conducted
among native speakers of some lexical units in the
Uzbek language, and the associative relationship
between the language units was determined.
In Arabic linguistics, conducting research aimed at
studying the associative relationship of language units
remains an urgent issue. This conclusion can be
explained by the lack of research on the associative
analysis of phraseological units, which is the object of
our research.
The research of phraseologisms in the Uzbek and
Arabic languages in the associative aspect makes it
possible to study the associations of these two
linguistic units in the human memory in a comparative
aspect, to identify common and specific aspects in
them. In this article, their associative features were
noted through the analysis of some phraseology in
Uzbek and Arabic based on associative experience. In
particular, in the associative experiment conducted on
the Arabic phraseology
مسترا
ىلع
ههجو
رورسلا
(joy shone
on his face), the following associations were identified:
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حرف
(joy) in 10 people, the Egyptian student Muhammad
Kamil Fathiyda
ترهظ
هيلع
حملام
ةداعسلا
وأ
حرفلا
وأ
مستبا
(happiness, manifestation of signs of joy, smiling),
نم
دعب
ام
ثدح
مستبا
(laughing after something happened), It
was observed that 5 people
اضرلا
(consent) agreed.
The dictionary meaning of this phraseology means “to
brighten the
face, to be happy”. [9:35] Therefore,
these response reactions belong to the type of
associations depending on the semantics of lexemes of
verbal associations. Because, in these associations, the
semantics of phraseologism is mainly revealed. As an
alternative to this phraseology in the Uzbek language,
we can give an example of the phraseology of
“interfere with life”. This phraseology has many
meanings in the dictionary 1. To be saved from death;
2. It means to save from a difficult situation. In any
case, the master was Abdukarim Temirchi, who came
from Chashmamaron, who entered the soul of the age.
[1:96] As a result of experience, to find help from this
phraseology, the child helps the parents financially,
spend time with my mother, get rid of difficult work,
have fun, recover, relax, relax, my children grow up,
get help, sleep with pleasure, associations such as
something to work in my favor, drinking ice water in
hot weather and hot water in cold weather, being
happy, and being calm [14]. These responses do not
correspond to the dictionary meaning of the
phraseology. So, mainly extralinguistic associations are
derived from the phrase.
مزتلا
تمصلا
(keep silent) phraseologism conducted
among Arabic speakers in 5 people
تكس
ملو
لقي
ائيش
(stayed silent and did not say anything), in the rest
مل
ملكتي
ءىشب
(did not speak),
ءودهلا
(peace),
ذختا
تمصلا
ةلسو
هل
يف
فرظ
نيعم
(it is necessary to keep silent in a certain
situation),
ةمدصلا
caused response reactions such as
(shock). These associations are also formed under the
influence of linguistic factors. However, it can also be
said that the response reaction of
ةمدصلا
(shock) is
formed due to an extralinguistic factor. Because it
shows a person’s attitude to reality. The Uzbek
language has a lot of phraseology in this sense.
Phraseologisms to stay in the air, not to say lom-mim,
to bite the wax, to put sawdust in the mouth are
among them. The dictionary meaning of the
phraseological phrase “to put in one’s mouth” is not to
speak at all, not to participate in a conversation at all,
[1:200] the resulting associations are as follows:
Be silent in 10 people, do not open your mouth in the
rest, do not want to speak, silence, put sawdust in your
mouth, my boss, remain silent, bite the wax, fear, do
not speak when you are upset, Munisa, speak without
understanding, speak poorly response reactions
occurred. Be silent, do not open your mouth, do not
want to speak, silence, put sawdust in your mouth, stay
silent, bite the wax Linguistic factor for relevance to
the semantics of phraseologisms not speaking, and its
associates are examples of extralinguistic factors.
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As a result of the experiment, the associative field of
the Arabic phraseology of
ضبقنا
هبلق
(to be heartbroken)
is
فوخ
(fear) in most recipients, and
فاخ
نم
ئش
(to be
afraid of something),
عزف
وا
رعش
فوخلاب
ديدشلا
(to be afraid,
strong fear) to feel),
نزح
رثأتو
(to be sad, affected),
مللأا
(pain),
بيصا
مهب
مغو
(something happened and he
suffered),
أدب
هبلق
قفخي
ةدشب
(his heart began to beat
violently) , was found to consist of such associates. This
phraseology has two meanings in the dictionary:
anxiety and fear after a certain scary situation. [9:152]
So, the results of the experiment show that the second
meaning of the phraseology is mainly restored in the
memory of the test takers. From the above responses,
it can be seen that they mainly belong to the type of
linguistic associations.
The phraseology of being disappointed in Uzbek is a
bad thing, my mother, my mother’s complaints, losing
my peace, my grandmothe
r’s upset, fearful, worried,
worried, restless, hesitant, restless, not calm, caused
reactions such as doubting, thinking, feeling bad,
feeling bad. This phraseology expresses the dictionary
meanings of anxious, disturbed, restless. [1:153] From
the above experience, it was understood that
associates correspond mainly to the dictionary
meanings of phraseologisms. However, there are also
associations caused by extralinguistic factors. For
example, reactions such as bad work, my mother, my
mother’s complaints
are caused by extralinguistic
factors.
In Arabic, the phraseology of
لب
هقير
(to moisten the
throat) is a multi-meaning phraseology, 1. To take it
easy, to relax; 2. It means to taste a little of something.
[9:175] However, as a result of an experiment [15]
conducted among Arabic speakers, it was found that
the response reactions caused by this phraseology are
different from the dictionary meaning.
رتوت
وأ
مل
عطتسي
لوق
ئش
(his condition was serious and he could not say
anything),
برش
بورشم
وا
لكا
ئش
(consumption of a drink
or something),
رتوتم
فئاخو
(nervous and scared),
برش
و
حاترا
(drink and relax),
ىوترا
نم
أمظلا
(to quench his
thirst),
ناملأا
(safety), Examples of such responses are:
In addition, it was found that nothing was restored in
the memory of several testers. It was understood that
this phraseology was not widespread among the
Arabs.
The phraseology of the Uzbek language “to ease” is
also a multi-meaning phraseology, and its 1. Mental
suffering spreads; 2. There are dictionary meanings
such as the disease has eased. [1:76] As a result of an
experiment conducted among Uzbek speakers, from
this phraseology, a conversation with my mother, a
solution to my problems, a conversation with my
parents, a mountain to fall from one's shoulders, to
pour out one’s pains, to be calm It was found that
responses such as lmao, the completion of a difficult
task, calm down, rest, catch up with everything, take a
breath, and my children get well were restored in the
memory of the test subjects [16]. It can be seen that
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the above associations are mainly caused by
extralinguistic factors. The associations of a
conversation with my mother, a solution to my
problems, a conversation with my parents, the
completion of a difficult task, catching up with all work,
taking a breath, and the recovery of my children are
distinguished by their connection with time and space.
The rest of the response reactions are considered to be
associations arising under the influence of linguistic
factors, as they express the lexical meaning of the
phraseology.
The Arabic phraseology tjmd aldm
دمجت
مدلا
يف
هقورع
(to
freeze the blood in the veins) has the literal meaning of
“to be very afraid”. [9:185] The response reactions
resulting from the experience are as follows:
8 people have
فوخلا
(fear), and the rest of the test
subjects have
عقو
يف
فقوم
جرحم
(to be in a helpless state),
باصا
ه
فوخلا
وا
عزفلا
ديدشلا
(to be very afraid),
ةدش
فوخلا
(strong fear),
بضغلا
ديدشلا
(to be very angry). These
associations, like the above, restore the dictionary
meaning of the phraseology in memory.
In the Uzbek language, there are phrases such as
“getting out of breath” and “getting out of breath”
that express a state of fear. Phraseologism to go crazy
1. To get really angry at the end; 2. To be exhausted and
tired of living; 3. To be angry; 4. Finally, it means to be
very afraid. [1:101] According to the results of the
experiment conducted among Uzbek speakers, 11
people of this phraseology have a very strong fear, the
rest cannot say the words inside, anger, 2 It was found
that a person has reactions such as death, anxiety,
pain, unpleasant news. It turned out that the
association of fear is located close to the core of the
associative field, as well as expressing the lexical
meaning of the phraseology. Because this reaction is
repeated in most of the testers.
هسأر
يف
ءامسلا
(his head is in the sky) in the memory of
Arabic phraseologists
صخش
زتعم
(proud),
ربكتم
(arrogant),
ةماهشلا
(courage),
ربكت
(arrogance),
ولعلا
(supremacy),
رظني
قوفل
(look up),
رخفلا
(pride) causing
such associations. In fact, the dictionary meaning of
this phraseology indicates arrogance and pride. [4:279]
Because in the eyes of the Arabs, raising the head to
the sky is a sign of arrogance. However, the Uzbek
phraseology “head to the sky” and “head to the blue”
have a completely different meaning, extremely
happy.[1:52] The difference in the lexical meaning of
phraseology also causes diversity in associations. For
example, the results of an associative experiment on
this phraseology among Uzbek speakers are as
follows:
Happiness for 10 people, success of my loved one for
the rest, getting a new book, happiness, cheering up,
fulfillment of desired work, award, tall height, success
of my students, giving someone a gift. The associations
of joy, happiness, cheer up the dictionary meaning of
the phraseology, the success of my loved one, my
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getting a new book, the fulfillment of the desired work,
the award, the success of my students, and the
associates of giving someone a gift are the subject's
time and place expresses the relationship. A long
response means a connection between the object and
its sign. Therefore, all but the first type of associations
are restored in memory due to extralinguistic factors.
In Arabic, the phraseology
ضع
هنانب
(
to bite one’s finger)
expresses the meaning of regret. [9:368] As a result of
the experiment carried out with Arabic speakers, 8
people have associations arising from this phraseology
مدنلا
(regret), in the rest
ىسلأا
(pain),
ةرسحلا
(sorrow),
ظيغلا
(anger) organizes such associations. All associations
are formed under the influence of linguistic factors.
The same phraseology exists in the Uzbek language.
Phraseologism to bite one's finger in Uzbek language
1. To be unable to do anything and not be able to
achieve results; 2. It means to regret. [1:32]
Phraseologism as a stimulus word: regret in 8 people,
a child biting his finger in 2 people, be ashamed in 2
people, speak wrongly in 2 people, hesitate, run out of
something, put sawdust in his mouth, young child,
excited, recalling associations in the subjects’
memories as if they had missed something. Of these
responses, regret is linguistic in nature, while the rest
is extralinguistic in nature.
CONCLUSION
Based on the above experiments, it can be concluded
that the association formed by a speaker of one
language differs from the association formed by a
speaker
of
another
language.
Because
the
environment, lifestyle and culture in which a person
lives have a strong influence on his mind and thinking.
The variety of human perceptions of the external world
leads to changes in verbal associations and meanings
associated with them. In particular, it was found that
the associative properties of phraseological units are
different in Arabic and Uzbek languages. In the
memory of the Arab test subjects, mainly the lexical
meanings of the phraseology, its description and
associations with other linguistic properties close to it
were restored, while among the Uzbek test subjects, it
was observed that the associations were diverse. It
was found that extralinguistic associations, which
mainly depend on the subject’s
time, place, sign and
other characteristics, have arisen in them.
Such experiments conducted in linguistics serve as an
important source for elucidating the associative
features and cultural signs of the language. Russian
scientist A.A. In Leontev’s word
s, the method that
makes it possible to reveal the “cultural” sign of lexical
units as truthfully as possible, to generalize the
semantic relations specific to the word, to reveal its
“semantic overtones” is the method of associative
experience, which is An important resource in the
direction is the dictionary of associative words. From
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this point of view, it is appropriate to conduct
associative experiments to clarify the associative
features of the language.
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Rahmatullayev Sh. Annotated phraseological
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2.
Lutfullayeva
D.
Theory
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Associative
Linguistics-Tashkent: Merius, 2017. - 140 p.
3.
Lutfullayeva D., Davlatova R., Tojiboyev B.
Associative dictionary of the Uzbek language.
(national-cultural units) Tashkent, 2019. - 235 p.
4.
Sayod Mustafa A.M., Rodinova L.V. Educational
Russian-Arabic phraseological dictionary -
Moscow: Russian language, 1989. - 611 p.
5.
Berdiyorov H., Rasulov R., Yoldoshev B.
Materials from Uzbek phraseology. Part I. -
Samarkand, 1976.
6.
Yuldoshev B. Formation and development of
Uzbek phraseology and phraseography. -
Samarkand: SamDU, 2007. - 106 p.
7.
Tursunov U., Mukhtorov J., Rahmatullayev Sh.
Modern Uzbek literary language. - Tashkent,
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8.
J. Abi Jaber, A.V. Kapshuk. Arabic-Russian
dictionary of idiomatic expressions.
–
M.: YASK
Publishing House, 2019.
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455 p.
9.
روتكدلا
دمحم
دمحم
دواد
.
مجعم
ريبعتلا
يحلاطصلاا
يف
ةيبرعلا
ةرصاعملا
.
ةرهاقلا
:
راد
بيرغلا
ةعابطلل
و
رشنلا
و
عيزوتلا
،
.
–
٦٩٠
ص
٢٠٠٣
10.
ءافو
لماك
دياف
ضعب
روص
تاريبعتلا
ةيحلاطصلاا
يف
ةيبرعلا
ةرصاعملا
.
ةلجم
عمجم
ةغللا
ةيبرعلا
قشمدب
–
دلجملا
٧٨
11.
The associative experiment was conducted on
the graduate students of the Linguistics
department of the 1st stage of Ozhya.
12.
An associative experiment was conducted
among students of Najran University in Saudi
Arabia.
13.
The associative experiment was conducted
among the students of the academic lyceum of
the
International
Islamic
Academy
of
Uzbekistan.
14.
The associative experiment was conducted
among the students of the academic lyceum of
the
International
Islamic
Academy
of
Uzbekistan.
15.
An associative experiment was conducted
among students of Najran University in Saudi
Arabia.
16.
The associative experiment was conducted on
the graduate students of the Linguistics
department of the 1st stage of Uzxia.
