Volume 03 Issue 10-2023
77
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
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2771-2273)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
10
P
AGES
:
77-84
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
5.
445
)
(2023:
6.
555
)
OCLC
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1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
This article deals with the concept of the literary chronotope and its poetic features occurring in modern novels. The
following article analyses topical problems of modern literary criticism, the essence, theoretical foundations of the
forms of the chronotope, the influence and connection of genre evolution on the storyline, the architecture of a work
of art, the basis for creating a plot, drawing up a composition based on the author’s creative intent and the ideological
content of a work of art and the perception of reality in the work as a literary process.
KEYWORDS
Mega world, macro and microworld, fantastic chronotope, physical-astronomical chronotope, biological chronotope,
social chronotope, cultural-historical chronotope, mythopoetic chronotope.
INTRODUCTION
At the last stages of modern scientific and theoretical
literary thinking, the chronotope acts as one of the
poetic elements in describing scenes of the world,
existence, the basis for creating a plot, drawing up a
composition based on the author’s creative intent and
the ideological content of a work of art and the
perception of reality in the work as a literary process.
Chronotope is one of the most important elements
used in describing scenes of the artist’s inner world.
The chronotope determines the national framework of
the creator’s thinking, showing the originality of the
literary method and style. As Bakhtin noted, in addition
to the genre-forming function, the chronotope is the
main plot-forming component. The fact that the
Research Article
THE POETIC FEATURES OF THE CHRONOTOPE PHENOMENON
Submission Date:
October 16, 2023,
Accepted Date:
October 21, 2023,
Published Date:
October 26, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajps/Volume03Issue10-11
Yunusova Ganjina Rustamovna
Bukhara State University, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajps
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 10-2023
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American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
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VOLUME
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OCLC
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Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
chronotope is a form-content category that defines
and denotes the genre of a work of art, the mutual
compatibility of the artistic chronotope and the epic
plot creates an opportunity, a literary and artistic basis,
a basis for historical figures. describe images
convincingly, based on the principles of the realistic
creative method. [1,72.]
The chronotope gradually shapes the internal structure
of the work, based on artistic and aesthetic patterns.
The chronotope, which organizes space and time in a
work of art, introduces the reader to it and at the same
time directs events in the reader’s mind on the basis of
associative-intuitive integrity. In modern fiction, events
can highlight experiences occurring simultaneously at
different times (for example, in The Grapes of Wrath,
Tom Joad, traveling along the roads of Oklahoma,
suddenly finds himself in a California, like a paradise,
where poverty and unemployment have disappeared
in a given time)
LITERATURE REVIEW
In world literary criticism, scientific and theoretical
issues of epic time, artistic time and artistic space, and
chronotopic artistic poetics have been studied for a
number of years. The issues of chronotope were first
covered in his scientific and theoretical works by M.
Bakhtin, and later in Russia by D. Likhachev, N. Shutaya,
N. Gai, A. Nikolaev, B. Meilakh, E. Meletinsky, V.
Khalizev; In Europe, H. Meyerhoff, A. James, A.
Rodriguez, N. Bemong, J. Culler, M. Atkins; In North
America, J. Blommaert, B. Koinen and others analyzed
the categorical and scientific-theoretical problems of
the chronotope.
We can proudly say that in Uzbekistan, for the first time
in Central Asia, special studies of the chronotope were
carried out from a scientific and theoretical point of
view. N. Shodiev, Kh. Boltaboev, E. Abutalieva, U.
Zhorakulov, B. Karimov, D. Kuronov, A. Toychiev, K.
Kadirov, M. Umarova, U. Karshibaeva, O'. Nazarov, B.
Toraeva covered the problems of this issue in their
research. In the work of N. Chodiev “Horizons of the
Epic,” the unique genre features of the poetics of the
artistic era in large epic forms existing in the literature
of the region are scientifically generalized in a
typological and conceptual way [1, 72].
A new approach to artistic space and time in creativity,
progressive views in accordance with existing
standards in world literature are described in detail in
Bahadir Karim’s monograph “Abdullah Qadiri:
Criticism, Analysis and Interpretation.” Kazakh
scientist A. Temirbolat studied thoroughly the
categorical and rhythmic problems of the chronotope,
the relationship of artistic time and space in modern
novels, and the plot-forming function of the
chronotope.
METHODS AND MATERIALS
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This research paper is written through qualitative data
collection. The scientific works of M. Bakhtin,
A. Temirbolat, B. Turayeva and other scholars are
analyzed, compared and summarized. Through the
analyzing extracts from the “ The Grapes of wrath” of
the novel by John Steinbeck.
DISCUSSIONS
The result of the Chronotope expresses the image of
the character in the work of art and shapes him as a
personality. The main reason for this is that artistic time
and space determine a person’s relationship with the
living world.
The chronotope is depicted in direct communication
with the spiritual world of the heroes of the work. The
plot of the work revolves around a specific
chronotope.
Therefore,
scientists
divide
the
chronotope into such structures as the megaworld,
macroworld and microworld, depending on the pace
of understanding the individuality of a person, his
spiritual world and his inner world. The megaworld
represents the changes taking place in space and time,
the universe and the world, the second represents real
events between people, and the third represents
conflicts between the human psyche, consciousness
and thinking. (8,16) These three levels are inextricably
linked, and changes in the megaworld have a direct
impact on the macro- and microworlds. According to
the state of time, the chronotope is divided into two:
subjective and objective. Objective chronotope refers
to the continuity and continuity of time, taking into
account that the course of events occurs in real life.
According to researchers, the objective chronotope
refers to the typological and metric characteristics of
artistic time. The objective chronotope, on the one
hand, includes the coordinates past-present-future,
and on the other, such coordinates as before-
simultaneously (in parallel)-after. [8, 26].
The convention of depicting a chronotope, as well as
any type of artistic plot, is based on the experience of
a person’s mental state and internal experiences. The
adoption of a chronotope by a specific author, the
assignment of certain parameters to him, the
formation of the boundaries of artistic space and time
in a work is completely subjective. The relationship
between time and space is inextricably linked in a work,
and it is natural to observe the compression and
lengthening of time, the mixing of artistic temporal
and spatial relations. Therefore, an interval is created
between the real form and the artistic form, called
convention [9, 57]. In modern novels, the creator
moves from one space or time to another in a parallel
state, using the chronotope of the road and sleep,
based on the world of imagination. D. According to
Likhachev,
modern literature: “…. This is connected
with the feeling of the world changing, the sense of
time. Time has many different forms, and no two
writers use time as an artistic tool in the same way. This
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is the result of the development of literature over the
centuries [8, 127].
The subjective chronotope shows the conceptual and
conceptual units of time and space. In the unity of
conceptual time and space, human cognitive
knowledge and understanding of pictures of the world
are studied, in conceptual unity, indicators of human
perception of the elements of space and time are
studied.
Naturally, subjective time has no definite boundaries.
Within the boundaries of subjective time, a person can
travel from the present - to the past - to the future. The
boundaries of this journey are limited by human
perception. “The tension of artistic time is reflected in
the intensity of the events taking place in it. Thus, the
chronotope influences the human psyche and
determines his life cycle.” [1,74.]
According to modern literary research, the following
types of subjective and objective space and time are
distinguished: 1) social, 2) cultural-historical, 3)
fantastic, 4) psychological, 5) biological, 6) physical-
astronomical, 7) mythopoetic. Each of these types has
specific characteristics and forms the boundaries of
certain everyday spheres of human life. Here the
astronomical chronotope serves as a center that unites
other chronotopes around itself. According to literary
scholars, the human race is a complex macrosystem
embodied in a living organism and social matter.
As a result, his life passes through different boundaries
of space and time and is united around a single
astronomical chronotope. [8, 17]
Social chronotope covers the history of all humanity, a
specific country or a specific city. Therefore, one of the
main features of the social chronotope is the focus and
emphasis on traditions. Society is, as it were, built on
the basis of certain cyclical rules and gradually
develops according to these rules. There are two types
of social chronotope: diachronic and synchronic. The
diachronic view prioritizes sequence based on social
connections, whereas the synchronic view examines
the adaptation of social events over time.
Social time in fiction can slow down, speed up,
condense with unexpected intensity, and the literary
space is narrowed to a minimum and even expanded
on a global scale. Unlike the physical chronotope, the
social chronotope is based on a person's life
experience and the character's past based on the social
information environment. Therefore, the parameters
of the social chronotope change chronically. In doing
so, it becomes easier to reveal the character's inner
psyche from a social perspective. The creation of a
stylistic coloring of a social chronotope is formed on
the basis of the author’s imagination.
Social reality, no matter how intense and radical the
changes in society, the strong will of the hero cannot
be broken; Social chronotope is the social, cultural and
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Servi
spiritual space of a person who is in conditions of social
and spiritual conflicts and upheavals of time. [1, 76]
The cultural-historical chronotope studies the national
specifics of a certain people on our planet. “In other
words, the social chronotope analytically studies the
pace of change, cyclicality, origin and vision of a
particular civilization. [8,21]
By the cultural-historical model of time and space we
understand a specific type of representation of
objective temporal and spatial relations in the human
mind, culturally and historically conditioned and fixed
in patterns. [9, 57] The concept that acts as a bridge
connecting
the
cultural-historical
and
social
chronotopes is the world in which we live. The primary
unity of artistic space and time, manifested in it, is
everyday events that occur in everyday life. This type
of chronotope covers reality based on everyday life
and the life of a person and the entire society.
The cultural and historical chronotope is directly
related to the mythopoetic chronotope. A certain
culture is a set of worldviews, expressed in figurative
form and reflecting the values and beliefs shared by
certain subjects.The specific characteristics of the
mythopoetic chronotope are the following: a) the
transformation of space into a specific form as a result
of time compression (the fourth dimension); b)
“temporalization” of space, enveloping it with
internally intense symbols, creating a plot or myth
taking place in a turbulent, fast-flowing artistic time; c)
study of the chronotopic nature of events occurring in
the world through mythopoetic consciousness.
Accordingly, understanding and analysis of the
mythopoetic chronotope includes the study of the
material content of the universe and nature.
A fantastic chronotope is created in the course of
everyday events
created by alien ideas, “scientifically
unreal” facts and creatures. The area of use of the
fantastic chronotope is mainly art and literature, since
these areas are the most extensive and productive
areas where the human mind and imagination know no
boundaries. Fantastic chronotope - based on the image
of an imaginary, miraculous, supernatural time and
space, the motive of warning about future dangers as
a result of achievements of science and technology is
artistically expressed.
The world of figurative symbols and events created on
the basis of artistic fabric, striking the world of human
imagination, comes to life in the author’s work through
a fantastic chronotope. Time and space are reflected in
various forms of fantasy such as alternative history,
cyberpunk and turbo-realism. [1,75] If we consider
these directions in detail, then in an alternative history,
events take place in a parallel universe or in a time
travel path.
The real goal of the creator is to reflect in such
directions events that could have happened in history,
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Servi
but did not happen. In this perspective, the road and
the chronotope of sleep are actively displayed. The
path to past intersects along different roads, and each
road chronotope performs its own artistic and
aesthetic function. The path of the past is closely
related to the path of the future.
Depicting the future through pessimistic events is a key
feature of cyberpunk. Particular attention is paid to the
integration of the human factor with computers and
artificial intelligence, as well as subordination to
modern technologies. Turborealism as a philosophical-
psychological-intellectual fiction, the mental world of
the hero is expressed in an abnormal state. One of the
unique aspects of turborealism is the meaning behind
the text [3, 32. ] Contrary to the laws of our world,
living in a fantastic chronotope, the sequence of events
constructed only in the world of imagination stands
out with the power of an imaginary image that does
not exist in real life.
The author outlines a process that is expected to occur
in the future if it has not occurred. “Fantasy is a
figurative form that helps you see life in a new, unusual
way. In our century, the need for imaginative thinking
has not only grown with the rapid influx of scientific
and technological discoveries into the world of
ordinary fiction in recent years, but rather has become
a breeding ground for terrible conflicts, such as
economic, political, ideological. and racial. The world
we live in is rich in incredible metaphors.[2, 29]
The psychological chronotope is related to the
subjective chronotope and manifests itself in a holistic
connection with each other. In the psychological
chronotope, spatial images, moments, minutes and
hours, years acquire a stylistic coloring and acquire an
emotional and sometimes illusory character. The
psychological chronotope reflects the totality of
emotions in the character’s heart, his inner
experiences, his psyche, and the existing view of the
society associated with him. Thus, it is possible that the
psychological chronotope paints the scenery of the
world in different colors depending on the mental
state and mood of a person and, on the contrary,
reflects the brilliance of depression.
It would not be an exaggeration to say that the
dynamics of the hero of a work is measured by a
psychological chronotope. The image of the psyche is
convincing only when character, reality, chronotope,
state and situation are naturally combined. [7,54] The
psychological chronotope is revealed on the basis of an
internal monologue, a dream, a road motive and verbal
and non-verbal elements. . The manifestation of the
road chronotope in the psychological chronotope is
widely observed in works of art.
The path chosen by the hero of the play reflects his
psychological state. In this case, the psychological
chronotope is the main chronotope of the work, and
the road chronotope acts as a small chronotope
(motive chronotope), creating a psychological
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chronotope: entering the war and making his way to
California, full of hardships, but paradise, and his choice
of freedom, despite the dangers of life, to live in the
midst of his dreams, reflects Joe's psychological
experiences and state of mind.
Conclusion. To sum up, the chronotope determines the
national framework of the creator’s thinking, showing
the originality of the literary method and style, besides,
chronotope acts as one of the poetic elements in
describing scenes of the world, existence, the basis for
creating a plot, drawing up a composition based on the
author’s creative intent and the ideological content of
a work of art and the perception of reality in the work
as a literary process.
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