Volume 03 Issue 06-2023
101
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
06
P
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:
101-107
SJIF
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FACTOR
(2022:
5.
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(2023:
6.
555
)
OCLC
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1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
This article discusses the importance of the principles of the Japanese communicative act, analyzes the relatively rigid
communicative framework in Japanese that is established by forms of politeness.
KEYWORDS
Communicative ethics, degree of politeness, speech act, communicative act.
INTRODUCTION
Japanese communicative ethics have created a solid
foundation for relationships between Japanese
people. The Japanese social world, in accordance with
Confucian teachings, is divided into clear structures:
seniors - juniors, leader - subordinate, etc. At the same
time, the sociopolitical structure of society is also
strictly hierarchical - the connections in it are mainly
vertical.
These features of Japanese communication ethics and
traditions are manifested in Japan in the behavior of
interlocutors, in their specific gestures, bows, special
manners of greeting, in written and oral forms of
expressing the degree of politeness, courtesy and
respect. Therefore, it is important for learners of
Japanese to know the appropriate communication
framework, that is, the required elements such as
degrees of politeness, styles of written and oral
communication, to be aware of the levels of place and
situation that organize the etiquette speech act used
by the Japanese. For example, in the process of
communication in Japanese from a polite official style,
Research Article
SPECIFIC
FEATURES
AND
CHARACTERISTICS
OF
JAPANESE
COMMUNICATIVE ACT
Submission Date:
June 07, 2023,
Accepted Date:
June 12, 2023,
Published Date:
June 17, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajps/Volume03Issue06-15
Nadira Khalmurzaeva
Associate Professor, PhD, Department Of Japanese Tashkent University Of Oriental Studies, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajps
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 06-2023
102
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
06
P
AGES
:
101-107
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
5.
445
)
(2023:
6.
555
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
regardless of the situation and the level of the
interlocutor, one cannot switch to a familiar or friendly
style. This can be misinterpreted and taken as an insult.
Japanese traditions also require the expression of
respect in speech when referring to the interlocutor or
the object of the conversation, if such are parents,
grandfather, grandmother, older brothers and sisters,
officials, guests, etc.
The variety of styles of etiquette speech act creates
certain difficulties not only for foreigners studying
Japanese. In Japan itself, the current younger
generation of Japanese also have difficulty using these
styles. This is due to the changes in the social structure
of Japanese society, occurring as a result of the
modernization of the country's economy. For example,
the composition and size of a modern family, especially
in cities, differ in size and composition from the
Japanese family of the 1960s, from a family in which, as
a rule, relatives lived for more than three generations.
As a result, in modern Japanese small families, children
no longer have the opportunity to constantly
communicate with older relatives on a daily basis, learn
different styles of communication with elders, etc. [1].
Expressions of the communicative degree of
politeness used by the Japanese emphasize the
difference in social status, gender, and age of the
interlocutors. The entire speech and writing
orientation of the Japanese in a communicative speech
act can be expressed by the following principles:
The principles of the Japanese communication act are
as follows:
1. Principle Situation - addressee-to- addresser
relationship is expressed depending on the formal or
informal situation, as well as on the change in the level
of the interlocutor, the moment and place of the
communicative act, a change in discursive formulas is
required.
2. The principle of Regulativeness - a communicative
speech act regulates the communicative behavior of
people, distributes roles, establishes the status of
interlocutors, determines the degree of politeness;
3. The principle of consistency assumes that etiquette
norms are carried out in concert by all participants in
communication. For example, you need to greet with
bows depending on the status.
4. The principle of the Communicative Framework is
the presence of mandatory elements that organize a
speech act in certain situations. For example,
established clichés at the beginning and end of a
speech act.
5. Principle Manifestation of a polite attitude towards
the interlocutor. An important function of the
communicative act is to pay attention and care to the
interlocutor. The Japanese communicative act
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101-107
SJIF
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(2023:
6.
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Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
regulates the difficult choice of the most appropriate
verbal means of politeness for a specific addressee, a
specific case, a specific situation and a communication
environment.
Currently, there are globalization trends in all spheres
of human activity, including production. The key role in
the press of the humanitarian training of the individual
is now assigned to the study of the peculiarities of the
national culture of communication and the linguistic
picture of the world.
In Japanese, there are several levels of polite
treatment between the address and the listener,
depending on the age, social status, family relations of
the interlocutors, etc. Respectful relations between
the speaker and the listener are expressed with the
help of appropriate affixes.
A feature of the Japanese language is the fact that verb
forms that convey the meaning of politeness can also
express the nature of the statement (message,
question, order, etc.), and the attitude of the speaker
to the reported [2].
The specificity of the modern Japanese language is
that it has the richest system of language means of the
communicative category of politeness, which cannot
be considered just refined courtesy. It is possible to
master the means of respectful and modest forms, to
study the peculiarities of the mechanism of the
communicative act of the Japanese language only after
a long practice and constant communication with the
Japanese.
In the process of a communicative act, the addresser
divides his speech act addressed to a superior person,
speech act addressed to an equal, speech act
addressed to a subordinate person, and into a
monologue communicative act. In the course of a
communicative act with the addressee, it is necessary
to choose the appropriate forms, and degrees of
politeness, which consist of complex formations.
Therefore, for proper communication, it is necessary to
study the forms of politeness, the features of their
formation and their structure. For example: the
analysis of forms of politeness requires consideration
of the issue of communication in Japanese. Initially, in
the Japanese language, in the theory of intercultural
communication, the principle of politeness is
considered as the observance of communicative norms
and consists in following a set of mutual rights and
obligations of communicants that is valid for a given
situation. Among them, private rules are distinguished,
for example, the use of a certain type of permissible
speech acts depending on the situation of
communication and non-linguistic context (order or
request) [3].
In Japanese, there are relatively rigid format
communicative frameworks that are set by forms of
politeness. The degree of the rigid format of the
communicative framework depends on the situation of
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Servi
communication: the more formal the situation of
communication, the more the status of the
participants is emphasized, the higher the degrees of
forms of politeness will be. The norms of politeness are
also tied to the means of communication - face-to-face
conversation
or
telephone
conversation
or
conversation via the Internet, where they have their
own characteristics and rules.
So in a communicative act between a manager and an
employee, a buyer and a seller, a teacher and a student,
a boss and a subordinate, usually the addresser or
addressee, whose position is higher, uses a neutral-
polite form in his speech, and his interlocutor should
use modestly respectful or respectful forms courtesy.
Steady forms of neutral politeness are used when
meeting people, as well as in relation to people, in
cases where the social status of the interlocutor is not
known.
The expression "Go-kyo: ryoku onegai itashimas" (I ask
for your cooperation!). There is another expression
often
used
in
business:
Korekara
otagai
gambarimasho:! “Now let’s try together!” The formal
forms of politeness used by the Japanese in the
communicative act of request or wish are, on the one
hand, discursive formulas that are used as stable
constructions.
The ethics of collective labor, interdependence implies
a high responsibility of each link in the chain for the
flawless performance of its function, so as not to cause
a failure at other production stages. The peculiarities of
the national character of Japanese business
communications are determined by the fact of the long
history of Japanese business itself (which, like
everywhere else in the world, starts in trade).
Western researchers note that Japanese business has
emerged as a completely unique phenomenon in the
world economic system and does not fully fit into the
framework of the theory of capit
alism: “The modern
Japanese economy, of course, is capitalist, although
with its own distinctive characteristics.
As N.F. Leshchenko writes, “It is often possible to hear
from Japanese entrepreneurs that business is trust.
Personal honesty and business ethics are valued in
Japan; This is also a Japanese tradition. “Don’t worry
about profit, but about a good name”
- such a proverb
was in use among the merchants back in the Tokugawa
era, which did not mean at all that the merchant was
not interested in making a profit. Profit at any cost,
obtained by violating the "rules of the game", was
rejected. Such a business philosophy was determined
by factors of a spiritual order. (Leshchenko N. 66 F.
Japan 2000: conservatism and traditionalism. M., 2000.
P. 208)
Yamada Haru considered Japanese and American
communications in business from the angle of
dependence-independence on the group and the
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Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
expression of this position in the language. Everything
that Yamada says about the style and verbal
expression of communication follows from the cultural
basis generated by individualism or collectivism.
When we are surrounded by people, our speech
behavior is accompanied by manners, forms of address
that we can use in a given situation. It is these fixed
formulas of speech behavior that are called speech
etiquette.
The national-cultural level of language proficiency
involves the use of special language means of the
Japanese language and the study of the culture of
Japan. Linguoculturology is necessary for the
formation and development of communicative
competence, which contributes to an adequate
perception of the national-linguistic picture of the
world, the formation of background knowledge about
the people - native speakers. The culture of
communication, as you know, manifests itself primarily
in a respectful attitude towards another person,
courtesy and goodwill, which are verbally expressed in
speech etiquette. The courtesy rules of the Japanese
people are a very complex combination of national
traditions, customs and communication etiquette.
Etiquette is expressed, as was said, not only in
behavior, but also in speech. The very word "culture"
in the scientific sense means the totality of the results
and processes of any human social activity. The
concept of “culture” is also
associated with the culture
of communication, which is primarily reflected in its
etiquette units.
The Uzbek language has the uniqueness of using the
subtlest shades of tonality to express the means of
speech etiquette. Successful description and correct
understanding of speech culture, the qualities of good
speech are reflected in the works of Central Asian
scientists and poets. For example, in his works “On
Language and Speech”, “Dependency”, “Culture of
Speech”, Navoi reflects on the development
of the
Uzbek literary language, considers the Uzbek language
one of the richest languages. The Uzbek literary
language is also devoted to the works of Imoniy
“Badoe’
-
ul Lugat”, the work of Mirzo Mehdikhon
“Sanglah”. They bring together an unusually rich
heritage of the ancient Turkic peoples in the field of
speech culture.
In the Uzbek language, there is a whole system of
related words used as forms of attracting attention
and addressing with friendly - polite, modest, neutral
or official coloring, many forms of greetings, requests,
gratitude and apologies, for the expression of which
special vocabulary is used. [4].
For Eastern countries, in situations of appeal and
attracting attention, gender plays an important role.
Relatively more politeness is addressed to the male
sex. It should be noted that Uzbek children also
address unfamiliar, unfamiliar, adults and relatives
Volume 03 Issue 06-2023
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VOLUME
03
ISSUE
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P
AGES
:
101-107
SJIF
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FACTOR
(2022:
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)
(2023:
6.
555
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
exclusively with “You”. This is a sign of education. In
Russian, children address unfamiliar and unfamiliar
adults with “you”, and with relatives with “you”. In the
Uzbek language, the most characteristic is the use of
the formula for addressing kinship terms - aka, - opa,
where the word "aka" means brother, and when
referring to a sister, the word "opa" is used, that is,
sister. These appeals can also be used to non-relatives
by blood. It should be noted that in the Uzbek
language, an address like “aka” is characterized by
several features: 1) an appeal to an older person; 2) due
to social position; 3) as neutral to the unfamiliar; 4) as
an expression of kinship. Often they simply use “aka”,
“opa”. In re
lation to the older brother or sister, the use
of the words “aka”, “opa” expressed the age
difference; it showed respect for the elders.
Thus, in the communicative act of the Japanese
language, there are forms that are characteristic of
speech cultures, and specific, characteristic only for
the Japanese national speech culture.
When considering the issue of the relationship
between politeness and a communicative act, one
cannot do without studying the issue of society and the
culture of behavior, and the speech variety of language
means becomes one of the most important issues in
Japanese linguistics.
We conclude that the communicative act in Japan is
cultural in nature, based on the basis of national
culture.
The establishment of cooperation relations with the
Japanese largely depends on the understanding of the
national and cultural specifics of the category of
politeness and the strategies for its implementation in
a communicative act, as well as on the study of
Japanese communicative etiquette in general.
REFERENCES
1.
Ли Б.С. История корейского языка и
литературы в Узбекистане. Материалы
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миллий энциклопедияси. 2006.124с.
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К определению понятия категории конечной
сказуемости в современном корейском
языке // Материалы II Международной
корееведческой конференции. Тезисы и
доклады/ Отв.ред. И.А.Толстокулаков. –
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Вейнрейх
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М.:Прогресс, 1981.
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4.
Khalmurzaeva, Nadira (2022). ANALYSIS OF
THE STUDY OF THE PHENOMENON OF
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VOLUME
03
ISSUE
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P
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101-107
SJIF
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445
)
(2023:
6.
555
)
OCLC
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Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
“INTERCULTURAL
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natural and social sciences, 2 (Special
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