American Journal Of Philological Sciences
60
https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajps
VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue02 2025
PAGE NO.
60-62
10.37547/ajps/Volume05Issue02-17
The poetic significance of landscape lyrics in eastern
classical literature
Jumanova Shaxnoza Ikromjonovna
Senior lecturer (PhD) of Kokand University, Uzbekistan
Received:
13 December 2024;
Accepted:
15 January 2025;
Published:
17 February 2025
Abstract:
This article analyzes the poetic significance of landscape lyrics in classical Eastern literature. The artistic
depiction of natural landscapes is not limited to providing aesthetic pleasure, but is also revealed to be inextricably
linked with human experiences, philosophical views, and the spiritual life of society. The article highlights the role
of the depiction of nature in enriching the inner world of lyrics, ensuring imagery and spiritual and compositional
integrity in the works of poets such as Alisher Navoi, Babur, Sakkoki, Huvaido, Ogahiy and Furqat. Also, scientific
and theoretical considerations are made about the use of landscape lyrics as a means of symbolic expression in
classical Eastern literature and its influence on the development of poetic thought.
Keywords:
Classical Eastern literature, landscape lyrics, poetic significance, artistic depiction, aesthetic
interpretation.
Introduction:
The XV verse spring hymn in Yusuf Hos
Hajib’s epic poem "Kutadgu Bilig", considered the first
example of written literature, is evidence that beautiful
examples of landscape were created in ancient Turkic
literature. “Yusuf Hos Hajib "transfers and connects this
change, awakening, and revival in nature to the fate of
the Turkish people, and puts forward the idea that this
awakening, this change is the awakening of the Turkish
people, its flourishing.” [1.158]
The poets who wrote in the Turkic language in the first
half of the 15th century made a worthy contribution to
the enrichment of Uzbek literature. Although the works
of poets of this period, such as Lutfiy, Haydar Khorezm,
Sakkokiy, Durbek, Atoyi and others, are close to each
other, each of them is valuable for having its own
ideological concept and renewing poetic findings and
poetic arts. Although the artistic details, images, poetic
arts (especially allegories) used by these contemporary
poets seem very close to each other, each of them is
distinguished by its individuality. In the works of our
poets listed above, we can see landscape elements in
almost every ghazal.
In classical literature, the depiction of natural
landscapes has two meanings and content. First, the
depiction of natural elements served to create
beautiful artistic works and enhance poetic appeal.
Second, images of nature have a deep symbolic
meaning and are closely related to philosophical,
spiritual, and emotional themes. In classical literature,
the landscape is not just a scene, but an active detail in
expressing human experiences, especially love, divinity,
and the human spirit. Classical artists poetically
expressed their artistic and aesthetic ideas about being,
beauty, and divinity through nature through complex
images.
The ghazals of classical poets are mainly divided into
romantic, oriphonic (i.e., religious-mystical), and
landscape ghazals, depending on the scope of the
subject. In ghazals depicting natural landscapes, the
landscape of space and time is artistically interpreted
without unnecessary symbols and allusions. In ghazals
belonging to such themes, the seasons (spring, autumn,
winter, summer), flora and fauna, historical landscapes
are depicted, and expressed through poetic arts such as
metaphors, beautiful analysis, and diagnosis. In the
works of Khorezm, Haydar Khorezm, Sakkoki, Atoi,
Lutfi, Navoi, Babur, Mashrab, Huvaido, Uvaisi, Munis,
Nodirabegim, Amiri, Ogahi, Kamil Khorezm and other
classical artists, the elements of nature took an active
part in creating images and poetic expression.
Navoi scholar Aftondil Erkinov, in his study “Navoi
- a
Master of Landscape” revealed Navoi's skill in creating
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American Journal Of Philological Sciences (ISSN
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2771-2273)
landscapes using the example of the epic poem “Saddi
Iskandariy”. [2] The a
uthor divided the work into four
categories: “winter landscape”, “spring landscape”,
“India. Nigor forest”, “Journey to the ocean”, and
studied the importance of the landscapes used by
Navoi in the ideological content of the work and the
poet’s skill in th
e field of nature depiction. We also find
descriptions of the nature of certain regions in Navoi’s
epics. The relationship between nature and society
plays an important role in the works of Alisher Navoi.
The poet’s “depiction of winter and spring contains
verses of complex construction. The existing complex
poetic methods serve to demonstrate the high level of
Navoi’s poetic skill.”[2.61] Navoi captures the beauty of
nature with impeccable and poetic grace. Because “the
beautiful manifestations of nature have a positive
effect on the individual and therefore play a certain role
in the development of society.” [3.212]
In Navoi’s ghazals, landscape elements are represented
as the main source for creating poetic arts.
We can also observe the development of landscape in
the work of poets after Navoi. In the work of Babur,
natural elements also play a significant role in creating
poetic arts, strengthening meaning, and increasing
artistry.
A flower is a symbol of beauty, a cypress is shy in
stature,
A tulip always becomes a flower in its essence. [4.46]
In this couplet, the flower is embarrassed by the face of
the lover, the cypress is embarrassed by his stature,
and the tulip is colored by the face of the lover.
Considering that the “cypress”, “flower”, and “tulip”
grow in the garden, Babur, remaining true to classical
traditions, skillfully uses the elements of nature to
describe the beauty of the lover.
Landscape elements participated in the creation of the
poetic arts of “tashbeh” and “tashkhis”.
The memory is taken by the spring,
The color of the tulips and the steppe is taken by the
light of the eye.
The beauty, if one walks in the fibers,
In this season, the gentle and hearty fiber is like.
This rubai of Babur is a pure landscape lyric, which
describes the spring season. Spring is interpreted in
Babur's work as a season of youth, love, and the
intensification of emotional excitement.
In Ogahiy’s work, the “winter” landscape is used
relatively often, although the cold, gray landscape is
distinguished by its negative coloring compared to
other seasons, Ogahiy depicts winter with all its charm.
This shows how much the poet can feel nature and his
skill in reflecting it. “A person with an unspoiled
aesthetic sense can fully enjoy nature, and will not find
flaws in
its beauty.” [7.58]
Considering the fact that poetic arts enhance the
artistry of poetry and serve to give lyrical expression a
deeply moving tone, we can observe the importance of
natural elements as details. Natural elements can be
the main details in the creation of poetic arts. In
particular, it is difficult to imagine such things as
beautiful analysis, metaphor, simile, and diagnosis
without natural elements. It should be noted here that
in Eastern poetic thought, the four main elements of
nature: water, air, sun, and soil occupy a leading place.
In the praise section at the beginning of Alisher Navoi’s
works, the elements of nature are described. In it, Allah
the Almighty is mentioned as the creator of all nature.
These four elements sustain existence, and the
alternation of day and night, the existence of life,
animals, and plants are also characterized by the
presence of these four elements.
Muhammad bin Umar Roduyoni, who founded the
“Science of Bade”, listed 124 poetic arts in his treatise
“Tarjiman
ul-
baloga”, and Atoullo Husayni, who lived in
the 15th century, explained 147 poetic arts in his work
“Badoe' ul
-
sanoe”. Literary critic Vahob Rahmonov
describes more than 30 artistic means in his book
“She'r san’atlari”. Elements of nature can be a key
detail in the creation of these poetic arts. In particular,
it is difficult to imagine artistic means such as
animation,
metaphor,
displacement,
and
characterization without elements of nature. It should
be noted here that in Eastern poetic thought, the four
main elements of nature: water, air, sun, and soil play
a leading role. There is also a treatise “Chor unsur” by
Mirzo Abdukadir Bedil, dedicated to these four
elements. In the praise section at the beginning of
Alisher Navoi’s works, the elements of nat
ure are
described. In it, Allah is mentioned as the creator of all
nature. These four elements sustain existence, and the
alternation of day and night, the existence of life,
animals, and plants are also characterized by the
presence of these four elements.
Modern Uzbek poetry grew out of classical poetry, and
classical traditions are manifested in various forms. We
know that poetry is characterized by the ability to
absorb other literary genres. Classical literature has a
regularity of order. Modern poetry, in a certain sense,
was able to break traditional patterns, which arose
against the background of acquaintance with new
literary experiences and world literary trends. In this
process, the position of poetry also changed, the
themes became more diverse, and the genres became
more diverse. The elements of nature used in classical
literature began to give other symbols, but the
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
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American Journal Of Philological Sciences (ISSN
–
2771-2273)
continuity and, in some cases, repetition of the
metaphors used in classical literature in poetic arts was
observed. “Poetry is the
drama of life,” says N.G.
Chernyshevsky.
This means that literature reflects life through the
struggle of opposing tendencies in it. When we say life,
we mean existence. The world, as perceived by the
poet, is expressed artistically through images and
me
taphors. Aristotle writes in his Poetics: “Man differs
from other living beings in that he has the ability to
imitate, and even receives his first knowledge from
imitation, and the fruits of this process give pleasure to
everyone.” In classical Eastern lit
erature, landscape
lyrics are one of the important directions of artistic and
aesthetic thought, which is manifested not only in the
depiction of natural landscapes, but also as the main
means of expressing the human psyche, philosophical
observations and spiritual and enlightening ideas. In
the work of poets such as Alisher Navoi, Fuzuli, and
Hafiz, landscape lyrics served to enrich the means of
imagery, deepen poetic thought, and improve the
forms of artistic expression. Also, the depiction of
nature enriched the emotional and semantic layers of
lyrics, ensuring its poetic integrity. Based on the
sources and examples analyzed in the article, it can be
said that landscape lyrics in classical Eastern literature
are an important way of expressing the poet's inner
world, aesthetic ideals, and philosophical views, and
they play an important role in the development of
literary thought.
Uzbek literature is a symbol of a huge river. The more
branches of this river, the wider the roots of the
branches. Atoi, Lutfi, Navoi, Babur, Mashrab, Amiri,
Uvaysi, Nodira…. So, if we count, an endless list will
soon form. We honor them as our classic poets. Every
creator, no matter what time or circumstances he lives
in, considers the word a divine phenomenon, dresses it
in the garment of art, and through this he is able to say
what is in his heart. Our classic literature is like a
magnificent castle, and if the key is not found, it is
impossible to open it. At first glance, the lock of this
castle is not visible to everyone. A sharp look and a
sharp mind can see this lock. A creator who is able to
express an idea and thought that is not subject to time
and space has a quality befitting his creation: he is a
creator who is relevant to all times and places. In the
examples of our classical literature, every detail, every
image has symbolism, and each poet expressed his idea
through the medium of high art. In classical literature,
the signs, qualities, and characteristics inherent in
natural phenomena were transferred to man and
served to reveal the character of man, while, on the
contrary, the characteristics inherent in man were
transferred to events and events, which were useful in
creating an image of nature and its various landscapes.
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