American Journal Of Philological Sciences
112
https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajps
VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue04 2025
PAGE NO.
112-117
10.37547/ajps/Volume05Issue04-28
Comparative Analysis of Interrogative Sentences in
Arabic And Uzbek
Sultanbek Boltaboev
Oriental University, Department of "Oriental Languages", Senior Lecturer, Uzbekistan
Received:
18 February 2025;
Accepted:
17 March 2025;
Published:
17 April 2025
Abstract:
Since people all over the world are constantly communicating with each other in their daily lives,
interrogative sentences are also very important in the conversation process. Each language has its own
grammatical rules, types, and construction of interrogative sentences, as well as interrogative words, suffixes, and
pronouns.Interrogative sentences are intended to provide information about something, action, or situation that
is unknown to the speaker, and invite the interlocutor to express his or her opinion or attitude to the idea being
proposed.Based on these, in the process of communication, people ask each other questions every day about
various situations, news, news, buying and selling, and so on, and they widely use the above factors. This article
will discuss interrogative sentences in Arabic and Uzbek and the specific features of such sentences in both
languages.
Keywords:
Interrogative, sentence, intonation, pure, rhetorical, special, choice, alternative, charge, pronoun,
choice.
Introduction:
In Uzbek grammar, an interrogative
sentence is defined as follows: A sentence expressing a
question about a reality unknown to the speaker is
called an interrogative sentence.
Such statements are pronounced with a special
intonation. They are formed using special words, and in
the Uzbek language and modern literary Arabic,
interrogative sentences are ended with a question
mark. Interrogative sentences are often characteristic
of dialogue-like speech.
In Arabic, interrogative sentences are called
ٌ ةَلْمُج
ٌ
ٌ ةَّيِماَهْفِتْشِإ
. The following information about interrogative
sentences is available in Arabic grammatical sources,
including: In the scientific work of the famous Lebanese
grammarian Antoine ad-Dahdah entitled
ٌِوْحَّنلاٌ ِةَغُلٌ ُمَجْعُم
ٌ ِيِب َرَعْلا
, that is:
“
The Alphabetical Order of Arabic
Grammar,” the author writes as follows:
ٌ. ِريِوْصَّتلاٌ َوٌ ِمْهَفْلاٌِبَلَطِلٌُلَمْعَتْسُيٌيًنْعَمٌ ُف ْرَحٌ: ٍماَهْفِتْسِإٌ ُف ْرَح
1
ٌ:ُة َزْمَهْلِأٌ.
ٌ؟ دْي َزٌِتْيَبْلاٌيِفٌَأ
2
ٌ.؟ َكُيْأ َرٌٌاَمٌ:ٌاَمٌ.
3
ٌَءاَجٌْلَهٌ:ْلَهٌ.
؟ دْي َز
That is: the word
ٌ ماَهْفِتْسِإ
in the dictionary means
request, reference, question, and in istilah, it is used as
an interrogative predicate. These downloads are used
to
understand,
understand,
imagine,
confirm
something by asking others. In this work, the author
mentions interrogative sentences in Arabic such as
ٌْلَهٌ ،اَمٌ ،َة َزْمَهْلَأ
, for example:
؟ دْي َزٌ ِتْيَلاٌ يِفٌ َأ
- Is Zayd at
home?;
ٌْأَرٌاَم
؟ َكُي
- What do you think?;
ٌ دْي َزٌَءاَجٌْلَه
Has Zayd
come.
In this work, the author mentions interrogative
sentences in Arabic such as
ٌْلَهٌ،اَمٌ،َة َزْمَهْلَأ
, for example:
ٌَأ
؟ دْي َزٌ ِتْيَلاٌيِف
- Is Zayd at home?;
؟ َكُيْأ َرٌاَم
- What do you
think?;
ٌَه
ٌ دْي َزٌَءاَجٌْل
Has Zayd come?
In addition, in the famous work
ٌِكْيَدَيٌَنْيَبٌُةَّيِب َرَعْلَأ
, published
under the general editorship of the Egyptian
grammarian Abdurrahman bin Ibrahim al-Fuzan, the
authors provide the following information about
interrogative words and their suffixes:
ٌٌ ْنَمٌ: ِماَهْفِتْسِ ْلْاٌِتا َوَدَأٌ ْنِم
-
ٌ
ٌاَم
–
ٌ
ٌاَذاَم
–
ٌ
ٌاَذاَمِل
–
ٌ
ٌ َفْيَك
–
ٌ
ٌيَتَم
–
ٌ
ٌ َنْيَأ
–
ٌ
ٌْمَك
–
ٌ
ٌٌّيَأ
–
ٌ
ٌْلَه
–
ٌٌَأ
.
The authors mentioned these question words in the
manual, but did not provide any comments or
explanations about the question words. However, they
did provide the following question and answer
examples for each question word:
ي ِخَأٌاَذَهٌ؟اَذَهٌ ْنَم
.
–
who is this? This is my brother.
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American Journal Of Philological Sciences (ISSN
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ٌ باَتِكٌاَذَهٌ؟اَذَهٌاَم
.
–
What is this? This is a book.
ٌُأٌ؟ َثَدَحٌاَذأَم
ٌٌّيِلَعٌَيِمْغ
.
–
What happened? Ali fainted.
ٌَموُعْلاٌ َس ُرْدَ ِلٌِ؟اَنُهٌَتْنَأٌاَذاَمِل
.
–
Why did you come here? I came
to study.
ٌِللٌُدْم ِحْلاٌ َوٌ ٍرْيَخِبٌ ؟ َكُلاَحٌ َفْيَك
.
–
How are you? Good, thank
God.
ٌُاللٌ َءاَشٌ ْنِإٌ اًدَغٌ ُرِفَسُأٌ ؟ ُرِفاَسُتٌ يَتَم
. - when are you leaving
Tomorrow, God willing.
ٌِةَبيِقَحْلاٌيِفٌُباَتِكْلَأٌ؟ ُباَتِكْلاٌَنْيَأ
.
–
Where is the book? The book
is in a folder.
ٌٍلاَفْطِأٌُةَسْمَخٌ؟ َكَلٌ ًلًْفِطٌْمَك
.
–
How many children do you have?
I have five sons.
ٌِدِئا َوَقْلاٌ َباَتِكٌُدي ِرُأٌ؟ُدي ِرُتٌٍباَتِكٌُّيَأ
. - What kind of book do you
need? I need a rule book.
ٌُهُعَمْسَأٌ،ْمَعَنٌ؟َناَذَ ْلِاٌُعَمْسَتٌْلَه
.
–
Do you hear the call to prayer?
Yes, I hear.
ٌ بِلاَطٌ اَنَأٌ ْمَعَنٌ ؟ بِلاَطٌ َتْنَأٌَأ
. are you a student Yes, I am a
student.
In the Uzbek language, we can see in grammatical
sources that interrogative sentences are formed using
words and phrases such as kim, qanday, qanaqa,
nechta, nechanchi, qancha, nima, qaerga, qaerda,
qachon, nega, nima, nimaga, nima uchun, ...mikin,
nahot, nahotki, ...mi, ...chi, ...a, ...ya.
Turning to the analysis of interrogative sentences in the
Arabic and Uzbek languages, while Arabic grammarians
did not provide much information about how they are
formed in their works, Russian and Uzbek Arabist-
linguist scholars paid special attention to this topic in
their sources and textbooks.Based on this, we will
attempt to analyze interrogative sentences in both
languages in detail below. We will begin the analysis
process with interrogative sentences in Uzbek.
There are the following types of interrogative
sentences in the Uzbek language. Interrogative
sentences are divided into three types according to the
nature of the question: pure interrogative sentences,
rhetorical interrogative sentences, and interrogative-
command sentences. Of these, pure interrogative
sentences are the most commonly used.
1. Pure interrogative sentences elicit a specific
response from the listener. For example: Who
participates in the Rubobchilar circle? Has the concert
started? What books did you read during your summer
vacation?
Sometimes these types of questions can be repeated.
This happens when the question is not answered
quickly. For example: Why were you late for class?
Why?
In pure interrogative sentences, along with the
question, additional nuances such as surprise,
suspicion, and doubt can also be expressed: a) pure
interrogative sentence with a nuance of surprise: What
if a person with a higher education also commits
indiscipline?
b) suspicion - a pure interrogative sentence with a
shade of doubt: Will the director go and tell about the
hidden Power?
2. In rhetorical interrogative sentences, the answer to
the question is also implied. A rhetorical question
serves as a stylistic device for emotional (affective)
speech. For example:
Two waves are fighting, watching?
Will the iron hand of young history go away?
3. Interrogative - imperative sentences contain an
imperative tone. For example: Don't you write quickly?
Such an interrogative sentence is formed using the
following means:
1. With interrogative pronouns. Interrogative pronouns
(such as - mi, - chi, - a, - ya) actively participate in
expressing a question. In interrogative sentences
formed with interrogative pronouns, the speaker often
requires confirmation or denial from the listener. For
example: That day we sat in your class with Sultanova -
huh?; "Many students in our course are working hard
to become excellent students", - "What about
Lazokat?" - "He too."
2. With interrogative pronouns. Interrogative
sentences formed with the participation of
interrogative pronouns (who? what? why, where?
when? and others) require an answer that serves to
determine some unknown element of the thought
being expressed. For example: What are you doing?;
When did Mahmud leave?
3. Interrogative sentences can also be formed with the
help of prepositions such as nahot, nahotki. In this case,
interrogative sentences also express shades of surprise
and doubt. For example: Nahotki, will it rain today?
4. Through interrogative intonation. In interrogative
sentences, the intonation is rising, falling, and rising-
falling.
Rising intonation. In this case, the logically separated
part of the sentence is said at the end in a loud voice
with a rising intonation, for example:
Are we going on an excursion tomorrow?
Falling intonation. In this case, the logically separated
part is at the beginning of the sentence, and the
sentence is said with falling intonation; for example:
Are we going on an excursion tomorrow?
Expectant falling intonation. In this case, the logically
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American Journal Of Philological Sciences (ISSN
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2771-2273)
separated part is inside the sentence, for example:
Are you not going to attend the seminar tomorrow?
Regarding the formation of interrogative sentences in
Arabic through these and similar factors, Russian and
Uzbek Arabists have discussed in their textbooks and
scientific works that there are general interrogative
sentences, alternative interrogative sentences, and
special interrogative sentences in Arabic, and have
expressed the following thoughts and opinions about
them.
In particular, one of the prominent Russian Arab
scholars, B.M. Grande, in his influential scientific work
“A Course in Arabic Grammar in Comparative
-Historical
Lig
ht,” explains interrogative sentences in Arabic as
follows:
About general interrogative sentences: 1. When asking
a general question, the particles
ٌَأ
and
ٌْلَه
are used,
which are placed at the beginning of a sentence, for
example:
؟اَذَهٌُلَعْفَتٌَأ
will you do this?;
؟َّجَحْلاٌُدي ِرُتٌْلَه
do you
wish to go on Hajj?
2. In a double or alternative question, the first part of
the question is preceded by the same particles, and the
second part by the particles
ٌْوَأ
or
ٌْمَأ
, for example:
ٌ دْي َزٌَأ
و ُرْمَعٌ ْمَأٌ ِراَّدلاٌيِف
- And in the house is Zayd or Amr?;
ٌْلَه
ٌَتْلَعَف
ٌ
؟ َلٌَْمَأٌاَذَه
- Did you do it or not?
3. The particle
ٌَأ
with negation -
ٌَلََأٌ ،اَّمَأٌ ،ْمَلٌَأٌ ،ْمَلٌَأٌ ، َسْيَلٌَأ
expresses a negative question, for example:
؟اَذَهٌ َبَتَكٌاَمٌَأ
- He did not write this?;
ٌْي ِجَيٌْمَلٌَأٌ؟
- He did not come?.
4. The particles
ٌَلََأٌ ،اَّمَأ
and
ٌْمَلَأ
also serve to express
attention with a hint of a question, as well as
motivation, for example:
؟َليِمَجْلاٌ َءي ِرَجْلاٌ ِناَيِكْبَتٌ َلََأٌاَدَّنلاٌ ِرْخَصِلٌ ِناَيِكْبَتٌ َلٌََأ
- Will you not
[oh, my eyes!] mourn the generous Sakhr, will you not
mourn the brave, the beautiful!;
؟َلَمَحْلاٌْتَّلَحٌ َسْمَّشلاٌي َرَتٌاَمٌَأ
- Can't you see that the sun has already reached the
constellation Aries!
7. In the meaning of general interrogative particles, the
words “you see”, “it seems to
you”, and also “what do
you think?” are sometimes used, and the meaning of
these words takes on the connotation of “what do you
think?”, “what do you suppose?”. More often, they are
almost equated with the particle
ٌْلَه
, for example:
ٌي َرَت
ٌ َع ْر َزلاٌ اَذَه
ٌَلٌَ ْمَأٌ َلِكُأٌ ْدَق
–
Do you think that this crop has
already been eaten or not?;
ٌِة َرَجَّشلاٌَع ِض ْوَمٌَغَلَبٌْدَقٌَكُمْصَخٌي َرَتٌَأ
–
Do you think that your plaintiff has already reached
the place of the tree?; Then how is it that if you had
refrained from speaking out, would they have shed
your blood?
Our Uzbek Arabist-linguist teachers, Academician
Nematullo Ibragimov and Muhammad Yusupov, in their
textbook "Grammar of the Arabic Language" discuss
interrogative sentences in more detail, explaining them
under the heading "Interrogative Sentence and Its
Types" as follows:
Depending on the meaning of the question in its
content, interrogative sentences are divided into three
types:
1. General interrogative sentence. A question that can
be answered with the words "yes" or "no" is a general
interrogative
sentence.
General
interrogative
sentences are formed using the suffixes
ٌْلَه
or
ٌَأ
placed
at the beginning of the sentence:
؟ بِلاَطٌ َتْنَأٌ ْلَه
- Are you a student?,
ٌ ةَح َّلًَفٌ َيِهٌَأ
? - Is she a
peasant woman?
General interrogative sentences begin with a low
intonation and end with a high intonation.
ٌ س ِرَدُمٌ َوُهٌْلَه
?
- Is she a teacher?
Sometimes a general interrogative sentence is formed
without the participation of interrogative clauses. In
this case, the fact that the sentence is interrogative is
indicated by intonation. For example:
ٌ س ِ رَدُمٌ َوُه
. He is a teacher.
ٌ س ِرَدُمٌ َوُه
? - Is he a teacher?
2. Special interrogative sentence. Interrogative
sentences that are formed using certain interrogative
pronouns and require a complete answer are called
special interrogative sentences.
Special interrogative sentences usually begin with
interrogative pronouns. The following interrogative
pronouns exist in Arabic:
اَم
or
اَذاَم
–
what,
ٌْنَم
–
who,
ٌَفْيَك
–
how,
ٌَنْيَأ
–
where,
يَتَم
–
when,
)ُةَّيَأ(ٌُّيَأ
–
which,
ٌْمَك
–
how
much, how many, how many.
These pronouns are preceded by various prepositions,
forming new interrogative pronouns:
اَذاَمِل
or
ٌَمِل
–
for
what, why, because of what, for what reason,
ٌَم
ٌْنَّم
–
from whom,
اَّمِم
- from what,
ٌَنْيَأٌيَلِإ
–
to where,
ٌَنْيَأٌ ْنِم
-
from where,
يَتَمٌيَلِإ
–
until when,
ٌْمَكِب
- how much money,
how much, etc. For example:
؟ َكوُبَأٌ َنْيَأ
- Where is your
father?
Among these interrogative pronouns, the pronouns
ٌٌّيَأ
and
ٌْمَك
have a unique character:
1. The pronoun
ٌٌّيَأ
agrees in gender with the word with
which it is combined: mz
–
ٌٌّيَأ
, mn
–
ٌ ةَّيَأ
. Also, it forms a
suffix with the word with which it is combined, and in
this case
ٌٌّيَأ
is a plural, and the combined word is in the
indefinite case, in the singular it is a plural:
2. The pronoun
مك
requires the following noun to be in
the accusative case in an indefinite case. For example:
ٌ؟
انهٌبلاطٌمك
- How many students are here?
Kamm magazine? - How many magazines are there in
the library?
Sometimes the pronoun
ٌْمَك
can introduce the word that
follows it in the demonstrative case (sometimes with
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
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American Journal Of Philological Sciences (ISSN
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2771-2273)
the preposition
ٌْنِم
). In this case, the pronoun
ٌْمَك
expresses the meaning of "how many", which
expresses surprise and amazement. For example:
ٌِراَّدلاٌ يِفٌ ٍلْفِطٌ ْمَك
–
How many children are there in the
yard!
ةَليِلَقٌ ٍةَئِفٌ ْنِمٌ ْمَك
...
–
How many are there in a small
group...
3. Alternative interrogative sentences. Interrogative
sentences that suggest one of two or more subjects or
ideas are alternative interrogative sentences. Such
interrogative sentences begin with the preposition
ٌْلَه
or
ٌَأ
and the preposition
ٌْوَأ
or
ٌْمَأ
is placed between the
subject (idea) being suggested.
For example
:
يِبَطٌَتْنَأٌْلَه
؟ سِدْنَهُمٌْمَأٌ ب
- Are you a doctor or an engineer?
؟ِةَبَتْكَمْلاٌيِفٌ ْوَأٌِةَس َرْدَمْلاٌيَفٌَيَهٌَأ
- Is the girl at school or at the
library?
In turn, another of our teachers, Professor E. Talabov,
also asks questions in his textbook "Arabic Language":
Those who have explained the above-mentioned
interrogative sentences through various examples say
that interrogative sentences are used to obtain
information about something or an event that is
unknown to the speaker.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, we can say that the above data show that
although interrogative sentences in Arabic and Uzbek
are not exactly the same in terms of structure, they
have some similarities. The analysis also shows that
each grammatical category and style of presentation in
each language has its own unique content and
charm.We witnessed this once again in our analysis of
single interrogative sentences in Arabic and Uzbek. We
hope to analyze interrogative sentences in Arabic and
Uzbek in greater depth in our future scientific research.
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