Volume 04 Issue 06-2024
8
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
06
P
AGES
:
8-12
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
(2024:
8.166
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
The movement of civilization over the ages includes several fields of knowledge related to cultural, religious,
economic, and scientific aspects. Moreover, every civilization has different interests and targets trying to achieve
them. On the other hand, the civilizations can classify to two ones: western and eastern. Then, these classifications
have led to a sort of differences and then conflict resulting from the difference of directions of knowledge mentioned.
So, the religions and their outputs due to disagreement on the practical lifestyle generated a vast gap among societies,
especially after the era of globalization as well. Thus, the research highlights the religious doctrine of fighting others
based on Islamic and Christian concepts. The paper starts highlighting the civilization and its main aspects. Then, how
the difference of the fighting doctrines for Islam adopting ‘Jihad’ and Christianity adopting ‘Just War’ impacts on the
attitudes of leaderships and societies as well.
KEYWORDS
East, West, Civilization, Jihad, Just War, Globalization, religion, doctrine.
INTRODUCTION
The civilization is defined “the culture and way of life
of a society or country at a particular period in time or
a human society with its well-developed social
organizations” (Cambridge dictionary, 2020). Through
Research Article
LITERARY IMPACTS OF DOCTRINES “JUST WAR AND JIHAD” IN THE
CIVILIZATION MOVEMENT
Submission Date:
May 26, 2024,
Accepted Date:
May 31, 2024,
Published Date:
June 05, 2024
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/Volume04Issue06-02
Hameed Abdulameer Hameed Alkhafaji
English Language Department, AlToosi University, Iraq
Email id: - hameedh@altoosi.edu.iq
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajsshr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 04 Issue 06-2024
9
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
06
P
AGES
:
8-12
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
(2024:
8.166
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
the definition, civilization initially focuses on the
culture and lifestyle of society in a specific duration.
Then, the definition is related to the progress of the
development of the social organization. That means
the culture is associated with the volume of the
educational progress through which any society can be
recognized and be influential over its next generations
and other societies. As known, one of the components
of the culture is the spiritual aspect related to the
doctrines of the societies that believe in God according
to an eastern or western viewpoint, particularly
between Islam and Christianity. Another part of the
definition focuses on the way of life, which implies the
progress of economic level and well-developed
organizations of society.
Culture regards the umbrella of thinking from
which a belief in a religion is part of it. Anthropologist
Clyde Kluckhohn defined culture as “a way of thinking,
feeling and believing” (1949). Three elements
mentioned is an essential part of civilization’s notion.
He made elements as a series to build a productive
culture. The way of thinking is based on gathering
information and how to analyze it rationally. It regards
the filtering step for transiting to the next step, which
is how to feel what you think about whether agree or
disagree. The feeling regards as a supportive way to
root the idea to be a belief. The process of culture that
Kluckhohn explained is applying on every idea which
human adopts, whether it was related to social-
religious believes or ideologies. Another part of the
definition was the way of life which obviously related
to the level of economic progress and the scientific
developments which profoundly impacts on raising the
class of civilization of the society. The level of the
economy plays a primary role in pushing the civilized
society forwards.
According to what mentioned, both factors;
culture and way of life are supporting and completing
each other. If anyone has had a kind of regression, the
whole process of civilizing building would have
repercussions and visa verse.
After finishing the factors of civilization, it has
to mention the “Globalization which is the term that
has been given to a range of economic, technological,
cultural, social, and political forces and processes that
are said to have collectively produced the
characteristic conditions of contemporary life. It goes
beyond national boundaries” (Yeates, 2001). Another
definition of Globalization that “refers primarily to how
economic and industrial institutions (such as industries
or corporations) interact in various locations
throughout the world, with primacy given to no
specific geographic location” (Kluver, 2000). The
globalization led to a wider global awareness which
lets political and economic problems reach beyond
their instant boundaries. When focusing on both
definitions, they share the main factors with civilization
Volume 04 Issue 06-2024
10
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
06
P
AGES
:
8-12
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
(2024:
8.166
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
and its movement. So, the globalization is interacting
with civilization.
The question popped up is, what type of civilization is
that globalization interacting? The rational answer
leads you forward to the fact that the globalization is
driven by the potential and vital civilization. As a result,
western civilization has the vitality and potentials more
that the eastern civilization, especially on the economic
field. That leads to a western dominance on cultural
and political decisions around the world. Besides, the
globalization tries to market and interfere in specific
religious doctrines of other eastern societies based on
their strategies and aspirations. Therefore, western
religious ideologies were present in their wars around
the world for achieving their imperial goals. So, they
used religious concepts to apply specific project aiming
for expanding a country's influence via diplomacy or
military force. One of these concepts was “Just War”
which regards a sacred notion adopted by Christianity
for urging western society to fight for keeping their
superiority. At the meantime, Muslims as part of
eastern civilization have the same notion expressing
the holy wars called “Jihad”. It is
imperative to say that
both notions have same sacredness value of sacrifice
for doctrine, but they are different precisely in the
reasons of conducting and adopting wars.
James Johnson (2017) has defined the Just War is
“notion that the resort to armed fo
rce is justified under
certain conditions; also, the notion that the use of such
force should be limited in certain ways”. Moreover,
Johnson has highlighted,
The doctrine received its first formulation in St.
Augustine's letter Contra Fauslurn. Therein St.
Augustine asked the critical question: "Is it necessarily
sinful for a Christian to wage war?" His negative and
exceptive answer-that wars are just if waged to avenge
an injustice or to coerce the enemies of the Church is
generally considered as the first appearance of the
specifically Christian doctrine of the just war (2017).
Then, Johnson has explained the theory of St.
Augustine through adopting the clarification written
by St. Thomas Aquinas who “answered the question of
St. Augustine in a negative way, included;
(i) the Prince had authorized the war; (ii) there was a
‘Just Cause’ against the adversary on account of some
guilt on his part; and (iii) the belligerent had a ‘right
intention’, i.e., to promote good or to avoid evil.”
(Jonson, 2017).
The
meaning of “Just” refer to dual meanings, the
justness and justification of warfare. It means that the
war should be justifiable and having a role of justice.
This meaning can’t be achievable if the authorization of
war in the hand of unqualified leader who called the
prince in the writings of St. Thomas Aquinas as
mentioned. If that happened, it would lead to disasters
because any unqualified or eligible prince may take an
unjustified or unstudied decision of war. That would
Volume 04 Issue 06-2024
11
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
06
P
AGES
:
8-12
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
(2024:
8.166
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
create unjust environments which object the original
principal of Just War. Thus, it must mention that the
first point has given the prince an authority to declare
and start war may have unexpectable results. The
unjust authority can’t handle justifiable holy war as
known. On the other hand, this authority is entirely
different from the holy war or called Jihad in Islam as it
comes. Jihad doctrine in Islam has many restrictions
and directions which can’t be dropped whatever the
results of the war were.
Jihad, in Islam, “means struggle”
(Munawwir, 1984).
Ibn Manzur in The Lisan Al Arab explained “that Jihad
is to fight the enemy, to devote all the ability and
energy in the form of words, deeds or anything,
someone could” (1996).
The analysis of Prof. Zawati gives clear idea concerning
the valuable aims of Jihad. He said,
this analysis asserts that the chief aim of Jihad is not to
force unbelievers to embrace Islam, nor to expand the
boundaries of the Islamic State, but to sanction
warfare by Muslims whenever their security is
threatened. A closer look at the provisions of the
Islamic law of nations, which governs the doctrine of
Jihad, reveals that it is realistic and practical. It
regulates conduct during a Jihad based on certain
human principles compatible with those upon which
modern international conventions are based.
Furthermore, Islamic law made a great contribution to
international humanitarian law more than a millennium
before the codification of the four Geneva Conventions
of 1949.
The clarifications on Jihad refers to the fact that the
leader of the Islamic country has no authorization to
start war depending on his desires or ambitions. It
must be according to universal Islamic perspective
which imposes that the leader has to have religious
knowledge or authorized by the accredited religious
foundation for keeping the Islamic directions valid and
rescuing Muslim community from any possible further
consequences.
Therefore, there are several global values covered
within the struggle. Struggle in the sense of intense
effort establishes well circumstances, nature, and the
whole world. Thus, in the article, Jihad or Just War
theoretically refer to how believer can utilizes
themselves to build up a prosperity for the humans, to
impose national disciplines for achieving justice values
of the globe that could be applied to anyone, Muslim,
Christian or others.
CONCLUSION
The civilization and globalization had been interfered
each other and created a dominance on many life’s
fields. The article has tried to shed light on the impacts
of civilizational factors, the culture and the way of life,
the style of human movement. Then, it focused on the
intercultural discussions and opinions on the doctrine
Volume 04 Issue 06-2024
12
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
06
P
AGES
:
8-12
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
(2024:
8.166
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
of Jihad and Just War in both Islam and Christianity
which both have the most complicated and
controversial issues facing believers around the world.
The article provided a precise analysis and translating
of the notions of both Islamic and Christian law based
on its traditional sources. The article has offered a
corrective viewpoint to the literature concepts which
had been accepted as the conventional wisdom about
Jihad and Just War in both religions. Then, the article
has shed light on the value of Jihad in Islam which is
wholly based on achieving humanity peaceful purpose
regardless of economic or historical purposes and
compering it with Just War notion. Finally, the research
highlighted the impacts of doctrines on the lifestyle of
believers whether Muslims or Christians for
understanding position religion in both Eastern and
Western civilizations.
REFERENCES
1.
Cambridge Dictionary-Online (2020). Definition of
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2.
Kluver, R. (2000). Globalization, Informatization,
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Jun2000, Vol. 3, Issue 3, p. 1.
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Kluckhohn, C (1949). Mirror for Man: The Relation
of Anthropology to Modern Life. New York:
Whittlesey House.
4.
Ibn Manzur (1996). Lisan al-
Arab. Beirut: Dar Ihya’
al-Turath al-Arabi.
5.
Johnson, J. (2007). Just War. Encyclopedia
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war.
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Munawwir, A. (1984). Kamus Arab-Indonesia,
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Wells, J. (1999) The construction industry in low-
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Yeates, N. (2001), Globalisation and Social Policy,
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Zawati, h. (2001). Is Jihad a Just War? War, Peace,
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