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ABSTRACT
The article deals with the issues of human capital development affecting the stability of society, its content and
structural elements, the level of human capital research, methods, and practical importance. In addition, it is dedicated
to the research of factors affecting the quality of human capital and methodological issues of their assessment.
KEYWORDS
Human, capital, human capital, intellectual capital, stability, social stability, G.Becker, H.Bowen, M.Blaug, J.Mincer,
Y.Schumpeter, J.Keynes, P. Xappod, "Better Life Index", "The Legatum Prosperity IndexTM 2020".
INTRODUCTION
Today, there are various methodological approaches
to the implementation of human capital to increase the
standard of living of the population around the world,
not only the generally accepted approaches to the
study of human capital in order to ensure stability, but
also the socio-political, the problem of applying
principles
expressing
spiritual
and
cultural
characteristics is also becoming a priority issue. The
socio-political reforms implemented in this regard have
improved over the past quarter of a century, and the
need to research the phenomenon of human capital in
modern conditions is gaining urgent importance.
In the world, the importance of human capital as an
important factor in ensuring the stability of society is
Research Article
PROBLEMS OF HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT IN ENSURING THE
STABILITY OF SOCIETY
Submission Date:
November 20, 2023,
Accepted Date:
November 25, 2023,
Published Date:
November 30, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/Volume03Issue11-25
Akramkulovich Nuriddin Saidkulov
Associate Professor Of Gulistan State Pedagogical Institute, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajsshr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
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increasing. According to the World Bank, "the share of
human capital in the global national wealth of 141
countries has increased by 55% over the last two
decades. The share of human capital in the national
wealth of high-income countries that are members of
the Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD) is 70%, and 41% in low-income
countries. Due to the fact that the state of human
capital directly affects the well-being of the population
and the stability of society, the role and importance of
science and education, intellectual development,
compared to traditional factors, is observed to
increase. In this research, taking into account the
changes in socio-economic development, clarifying the
essence of the category "human capital", improving
the methodology of evaluating the impact of human
capital in the conditions of innovative development,
improving the mechanisms of human capital
development, ensuring the optimal participation of the
state in the economy. , in the conditions of improving
the theoretical and methodological foundations of
further increasing the importance of human capital, it
is being organized to carry out research on a priority
level.
In order to ensure the stability of society in the world,
targeted research is conducted on the basis of
measurements of the development of human capital,
intangible resources that lead to material well-being,
based on socio-political and spiritual values in society,
and the "Better Life Index" rating of the Organization
for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
the need for a systematic analysis is being promoted in
the Economist Intelligence Unit's "Quality-of-life index,
where-to-born index" programs and in the Legatum
Institute's "The Legatum Prosperity IndexTM 2020"
rating research.
Analysis of the literature on the topic: T. Shults, G.
Becker, H. Bowen, M. Blaug, J. Mincer, Y. Schumpeter,
J. Keynes, P. Khappod, K.N. Oppenlander, D.N.
Kondratev, F. Agiyon, V. E. Pokhchin, G. V. Klimenkov
Pakina A. A., C. A. Dyatlov, P. I. Kapelyushnikov and a
number
of
other
economists,
philosophers,
sociologists and political scientists made great
contributions.
Problems of ensuring social stability and effective use
of human capital in Uzbekistan K.Kh.Abdurakhmanov,
S.S.Gulomov,
O.K.Abdurakhmonov,
A.A.Artikov,
N.K.Zokirova, B.H.Umurzakov, Kh.P.Abulqosimov,
A.V.Vakhabov,
U.V.Gafurov,
N.K.Murodova,
S.A.Abdullayev, D.M. Karimova, Z.Y. Khudoyberdiyev,
D.N. Pakhimova, M.Kh. Saidov, Sh.G. Akramova and
others have been widely studied in scientific
researches.
According to the results of the conducted research, the
economic aspects of the development of human
capital in ensuring the stability of the society were
justified in the scientific researches of these scientists.
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However, socio-political, historical, spiritual, scientific-
philosophical and methodological aspects of human
capital have hardly been studied. Therefore, in this
research, the importance of human capital as a means
of ensuring social, political and spiritual stability of
society is studied.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Historical, logical, analysis, synthesis, comparative and
empirical analysis, deductive and inductive observation
methods and systematic approaches were used to
improve the quality and efficiency of human capital, to
develop monitoring of its management, to ensure
methodological support in ensuring the stability of
society.
ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
Today's globalized world is becoming more and more
complex and changing. World and environmental
conditions and opportunities are changing very
quickly. Science and technology, natural resources:
water, land and other ecological systems, climate
change, new forms of diseases and military actions
interact with each other. The development of science
and technology continues faster than ever. Social
systems are also rapidly changing due to the spread of
technology, rapid population growth in some regions
of the world, urbanization and free market relations,
shaped by new and often highly globalized models of
investment and information. These dynamics, in turn,
are linked to globalized economic changes in patterns
of mobility - people, ideas, technologies, and down to
the smallest particle, i.e. microbes. The reason is that
some regions of the world will change, and some will
change on the contrary.
All this creates political, development problems and
causes of instability. For example, human-animal
interactions and food production systems are changing
the likelihood of new global pandemics and
destabilizing factors. How can the world respond to
improving sustainability relationships in a way that
does not limit the livelihoods and freedoms of poor
people? As sustainable technology and economic
growth
bring
wealth
to
some,
how
will
overpopulation, environmental degradation, and
medical underdevelopment affect them? How are
stability problems being solved in fast-growing Asia?
Today, these questions are becoming more and more
relevant. In fact, ensuring stability in a world of
widespread and growing inequality, connecting
poverty reduction and social justice, and making
science and technology useful for the well-being of
people must become the main practical, political and
spiritual problems of our time. On the other hand, such
questions emphasize the complexity of solving these
problems in a dynamic world. Social, technological and
ecological processes are not only highly variable by
themselves, but also continuously interact with each
other in complex, locally diverse ways. In this context,
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projects, technological fixes, technologies and
regulations that do not work well often create other
problems.
Therefore, the countries that have chosen the path of
development are putting the main emphasis on the
development of human capital. The role of human
capital in facilitating economic and social development
has long been debated, but the extent of this role is still
controversial. Interest in the importance of social
capital has also increased in recent years. The question
is to understand whether and to what extent social
relations, as well as individual characteristics,
contribute significantly to economic activity and
human well-being.
The idea of human capital has long roots in terms of its
use in scientific treatment. The concept of human
capital was first indirectly used by William Petty,
according to whom human capital can be considered
synonymous with "labor". What is needed is an
element of both personal and national wealth. Labor is
an element of production that has economic value and
costs. Because deaths and wars lead to a loss of value
and, at the same time, additional costs. In this context,
Petty calculated the cost of death and life lost in war,
and he predicted capital in a macro sense.
Adam Smith, who, like Petty, views labor as an
economic value, divided capital into physical and
human capital; human capital, as well as physical
capital, along with investment in expensive machinery
and equipment, education, compared it to investment.
However, human capital is different from physical
capital. Life expectancy is a variation in fertility that can
be caused by human factors such as illness and
depression. Smith; the costs paid to individuals for
skills acquired during education, training or
apprenticeships, and these skills constitute capital for
individuals and society. According to Smith and Petty,
human capital is an expression of value. However, it
also contains uncertainties. Therefore, everything
related to human life. Uncertainty of any kind is a cost
element that is difficult to predict for people and the
economy.
Like Smith and Petty, human capital is viewed as an
economic value. Commenting on it, Farr calculated the
monetary value of human capital in terms of public
finance. According to Farr, human capital in the British
tax system is the taxable value. Kicker clarified Farr's
calculations. He said that this is the first study
according to the scientific method. But Kicker criticized
the idea that people like Farr should be treated as
capital, and that forcing people to pay property taxes
would have negative consequences, saying the
approach would be conceptually misleading.
Wittstein, in his 1800s work, like Farr, describes them
as "capital goods." Individuals claim that their lifetime
earnings are the sum of their living and education
expenses.
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Wittstein's definition of human capital in the 1800s led
to the pioneering of human capital theory in the 1960s.
Marshall evaluated labor as synonymous with the
concept of human capital; "Your most valuable
investment," he said, "is an investment in people."
Marshall (1890); Similarly, Farr and Petty view human
capital as a means of increasing the well-being of the
country, not just the well-being of the individual.
The development of human capital depends on the
growth of the real income of the population and the
improvement of the quality of living conditions. "...the
effect of the economic reforms and social changes we
are implementing is measured, first of all, by the extent
to which they affect the material condition and well-
being of the population, the level and quality of life."
From this point of view, the improvement of the quality
of life of the population of our country directly
depends on the level of development of human capital.
In our country, the issues of "developing human capital
and mobilizing all opportunities for this", in particular,
developing
a
continuous
education
system,
strengthening the health of the population, and
creating decent working conditions, are gaining
importance. In the strategy of innovative development
of the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2019-2021, "the
development of human capital is defined as the main
goal and the main factor determining the level of the
country's competitiveness in the international arena
and its innovative development, and by 2030 it will be
among the 50 most advanced in the world according to
the Global Innovation Index rating. to achieve inclusion
in the ranks of the country, to increase the quality and
coverage of education at all levels, to develop a
continuous education system, to ensure the flexibility
of the personnel training system to the socio-economic
needs, as well as to create conditions for the wide
introduction of innovations. At the same time, "during
the dialogue of the President with representatives of
science, the importance of the task of establishing a
personnel training system based on scientifically based
experience" was emphasized. In the effective
performance of these tasks, it is important to deepen
scientific research in areas such as improving the
system of evaluating human capital and its structural
elements,
researching
the
scientific
and
methodological bases of the influence of human
capital on the innovative formation of all areas,
identifying and improving opportunities for the
development of human capital in the republic.
becomes important.
Today, in any country, it is an important task to develop
a unique and sufficiently effective national innovation
system of the country. It should be emphasized that
the transition to a new model of innovative
development does not allow to overcome the
accumulated negative processes and accelerate
economic growth. When deciding on a new innovative
model of sustainable economic development, it is
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necessary to emphasize the acceleration of the use of
innovative potential, the structural restructuring of the
economy, the creation of new institutional structures
that allow the effective functioning of innovative
economic systems. Currently, there are four models of
innovative development in the world, based on the
interaction of business, science and the state, and
countries prefer to choose one or another model,
taking into account certain conditions and factors. The
"tertiary spiral" model, which is based on the
interaction between the university, industry and the
state, is of great interest, based on the comparison of
the
advantages
of
the
existing
innovative
development models and their study. In this model,
great attention is paid to universities in forming the
foundations of the innovative economy. The diversity
of the results of research on human capital affects the
quality and scope of the research conducted on the
assessment of the role of human capital in the
innovative development of the economy.
The first group of studies carried out on the role of
human capital in ensuring the socio-economic
development of society includes scientific studies
based on the scope and quality of the influence of
human capital on the production volume, among such
studies Romer, 1990 ; Barro, 1991; Temrl, 1999; Kruger
and Lindahl, 2001; Works by scholars such as De la
Fuente and Dominique, 2005 can be included. At this
point, it is clearly visible that in most studies there is a
significant positive correlation between human capital
and economic growth (R. Solow 1992). Among the
researches of the second group, it is possible to include
the research results of scientists such as Barro,
Kalayzidakis and Hodjo, who served to reveal the direct
statistical impact of human capital on innovative
development (non-linear and indirect).
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
Determining the role of human capital in ensuring the
stable development of the national economy, creating
appropriate conditions for its effective use, is one of
the important directions of scientific research in terms
of ensuring the country's place in the international
community,
decent
living
and
sustainable
development of the population. does. In this regard, it
is important to research the impact of the level of
development of human capital on economic growth in
scientific research, to evaluate the interaction of the
structural elements of human capital, to determine the
impact on the introduction and spread of innovations,
to research effective methods of human capital
development. In the Decree of the President of the
Republic of Uzbekistan dated January 28, 2022 No. PF-
60 "On the Development Strategy of New Uzbekistan
for 2022-2026" as the 52nd goal: "Low indicators
recorded in the Global Innovation Index is to improve
the position of Uzbekistan in "Creating wide
opportunities for the implementation of innovative
projects in all directions, introducing modern
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mechanisms of support for research and innovative
initiatives" - the very issue of determining the
innovative economy shows how important the
national economy is.
The main goal of human capital development is:
-
development of research of conceptual bases of
human capital;
-
summarizing theoretical considerations on the
content and structural elements of human capital;
-
by analyzing the evolution of human capital during
historical development, revealing its ideological
foundations in different periods;
-
to determine the level of its development based on
the study of forms of human capital in modern
society;
-
To express the main characteristics of human
capital in Uzbekistan, its functions and the
resources that allow its development;
-
to identify the factors affecting the quality of
human capital and research methodological issues
of their assessment;
-
promotes issues such as researching the
methodological foundations of the relationship
between the development of human capital and
innovative development. The scientific significance
is manifested in the research of the laws of the
development of mutual relations from the point of
view of the processes characteristic of the new era,
as well as in the determination of the place of use
in everyday and scientific activities.
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