Volume 03 Issue 09-2023
57
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
09
P
AGES
:
57-59
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this article is to determine the existing categories of respect in the Korean language on the basis of
linguistic culture, to study the significance of their use in the speech of modern Koreans. The cultural difference
between the peoples of Europe and Asia is so great that it is difficult for the representatives of these two continents
to agree on good social relations without unconsciously offending each other. In such circumstances, a lot comes
down to a more liberal interpretation of politeness.
Categories focused on the interlocutor, subject and object of speech according to the type of honorifics in Korean, as
well as reveal the lexical and grammatical features of modern Koreans in the use of honorifics. In this language, forms
of respect are divided into formal and informal types.
KEYWORDS
Korean language, politeness, respect form, subject, adverbs, affix.
INTRODUCTION
The use of forms of respect as a means of
communication in speech simultaneously serves as a
method of information transfer and communication
with the interlocutor.
Since ancient times, in traditional Korean society, a
strict distinction has been established between
different strata of the population. Since the ideas of
the society were built on the basis of Confucian
Research Article
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CATEGORIES OF RESPECT IN KOREAN
Submission Date:
September 18, 2023,
Accepted Date:
September 23, 2023,
Published Date:
September 28, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/Volume03Issue09-09
Xurramova Dilorom Abduraim Qizi
Teacher Of Korean Language, Uzbekistan State World Languages University, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajsshr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 09-2023
58
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
09
P
AGES
:
57-59
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ideologies, the rights of men were prioritized over
women in this society, and the dominance of the older
generation over the young was high. Thus, through the
grammatical and lexical methods used in Korean
respect forms, this category is divided into three types,
such as the category of reference, the category of
subjectivity, and the category of objectivity. We will
explore each of them below.
Conversation category
상대경어
법
The first group of the system of forms of respect
includes «category of conversation» or «category of
personal attitude» that expresses politeness towards
the interlocutor.
This category is the largest and has a wide affixal level,
which in turn is manifested by some elements
corresponding to grammatical and lexical features.
Today, six main levels of appeal are accepted. These
are:
1.
하십시오체
high
level
of
respect;
2.
하오체
outdated, medium respect category; 3.
하게
체
obsolete, ordinary level; 4.
해라체
authoritarian level;
5.
해요체
level of informal respect; 6.
해체
,
반말
low
level. The application category is divided into formal
and informal forms.
Category of subjectivity
주체경어법
The second group of forms of respect in Korean is the
category of subjectivity, which expresses manners
directed at the object of action. The forms of this group
reflect their essence in the II and III persons and belong
to the lexical suffix category. In Korean, nominal
affixes are often used. In this case, the highest level of
the position is distinguished mainly by the suffix «
–
님
»,
which is widely used in the field of professions and
services. As an example, we can cite terms of social
status address such as
사장님
«Mr. Director»,
고문님
«Mr. Advisor»,
대사님
«Mr. Minister».
Also, the category of subjectivity includes various
pronouns that have their own meaning.
Objectivity category
객체경어법
This group expresses deep respect for the object of
reference directed to the third person. It is expressed
on the discourse-suffix basis and reveals the
connection between the categories of reference and
subjectivity. This category was widely used in ancient
Korean speech, but is now slowly falling out of
circulation. The objectivity category includes the
following finite verbs with the high honorific form:
보다
–
뵙다
«to see»;
말하다
–
말씀하시다
«to speak»;
먹다
–
드시다
«to eat»;
묻다
–
여쭈다
«to ask»;
배고프다
–
시장하시다
«to starve»;
데리고
가다
–
Volume 03 Issue 09-2023
59
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
09
P
AGES
:
57-59
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
모시고
가다
«to take someone somewhere»;
주다
–
드리다
«to give»;
있다
–
계시다
«to exist»;
마시다
–
드시다
«to drink»;
죽다
–
돌아가시다
«to die»;
자다
–
주
무시다
«to sleep»;
아프다
–
편찮으시다
«to be
sick».
The verbs listed above are used for persons who are
higher than the speaker in the social hierarchy. They
are usually leaders and elderly people.
In conclusion, we can say that the style of respect is
one of the most complex systems in the study of
Korean, and this style is restored in it with a large
number of different productions.
The choice of the level and form of respect for the
object of conversation is determined not only by the
age difference or hierarchical position in society, but
also by the level of intimacy between the interlocutors.
As a result of a comparative study, it was noted that
the use of honorifics in South Korea contributes to the
emergence of social conflicts due to high requirements
for the expressiveness of the Korean language, as well
as the use of lexical and grammatical words. The
reason for this is the high demands of democratic and
socio-economic
development,
hierarchy
and
authoritarianism, which allow the emergence of
various problems in Korean society.
REFERENCES
1.
Samuel E. Reference Grammar of Korean: A
Complete Guide to the Grammar and History of the
Korean Language. / Samuel E. Martin. A
–
Tokyo:
Tuttle Company, 1992.
–
ISBN: 0-8048-1887-8.
–
Текст: непосредственный.
2.
Jeong, H. (2011).
정헌배
교수의
술나라
이야기
[Story of alcoholic drink by Professor Jeong
Hun Bae]. Seoul: Yedam.
3.
Холодович А.А. Очерк грамматики корейского
языка.
М.:
Издательство литературы
на
иностранных языках, 1954. –
78 с. –
ISBN 978-5-
9710-1130-9.
–
Текст: непосредственный.
