Volume 03 Issue 06-2023
78
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
06
Pages:
78-82
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
In the article, the activities related to sending students from Turkestan and Bukhara to study in Germany, Turkey,
Egypt and Russia, creating funds for the material support of the students, and the repression policy of the Soviet
government against them in the beginning of the 20th century were analyzed and highlighted on the basis of various
historical sources and works
KEYWORDS
Struggle, means, sending students abroad, Turkestan, Bukhara, Germany, repressions.
INTRODUCTION
The development of science determines the
development of each society and its place in the world
community. There are special laws in the development
of
culture,
including
the
assimilation
and
transformation of the heritage passed down from the
ancestors. Also receive news from other peoples of the
world and report about their achievements.
Cooperation with the countries of the world in the field
of science and education plays an important role in the
development.
If we pay attention to the earlier history of the
development of science and education in Uzbekistan,
the activity of representatives of the Jadidist
movement acquires particular importance. Lagging
behind the development of world science in the time
of the Khans, the policy of Russification of the Russian
Research Article
FROM THE HISTORY OF SENDING STUDENTS ABROAD FROM
TURKESTAN IN THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY
Submission Date:
June 20, 2023,
Accepted Date:
June 25, 2023,
Published Date:
June 30, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/Volume03Issue06-16
Muhammadjon Alikhanov
Candidate Of Historical Sciences, Docent Namangan Institute Of Engineering And Technology, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajsshr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 06-2023
79
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
06
Pages:
78-82
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Empire in the colonial years and a number of other
factors caused the spread of Jadidism in Turkestan.
Munavvar Kori Abdurashidkhanov, one of the activists
of this movement, said: "The Jadids are supporters of
innovation, we did not spare our lives and money to
make children knowledgeable and enlightened people.
We used fast and simple methods of knowledge
transfer. We were called innovators, i.e. Jadids,
because we began to become literate and
knowledgeable, using a new method instead of
previously used methods. [10, стр.274
-275]. The Jadids
set themselves the main goals of making the
population literate, developing the country and
achieving independence.
At the beginning of the 20th century, such statesmen
and public figures as Abdulla Rakhimboev, Turor
Ryskulov, Faizulla Khodzhaev, Fitrat tried to save
Turkestan from the quagmire of centuries of
backwardness, to put an end to economic and cultural
decline. One of the most important aspects of the work
of representatives of Jadidism can be considered that
they sent representatives of the local people to study
at higher educational institutions of foreign countries
and tried to train the most unique specialists of that
time.
A plan was drawn up for the training of qualified local
personnel, and charitable foundations "Tarbiyai atfol",
"Marifat" in Bukhara, "Komak" and "Jamiyati Khayria"
in Tashkent were created [9, p. 8]. In the
implementation of this work, they were provided with
material support by various people, including the local
rich. Through charitable societies, talented young
people were sent to study at higher educational
institutions in the Russian cities of St. Petersburg,
Saratov, Kazan, Ufa, Orenburg and universities in
foreign countries such as Istanbul and CairoAmong
them were writers and scientists such as Fitrat, Gazi
Olim Yunusov, Khalid Said, Eson Efandi Musayev,
lawyers and politicians such as Mustafa Chokaev,
Ubaidulla Khodjaev, Norbotabekov.
With the help of the Tarbiyai Aftol society, 14 students
from Bukhara and Turkestan studied in Istanbul in
1908, 15 students in 1911, and 30 students in 1912[5, p.9].
With the support of "Jamiyati Khayria" in 1910, a group
of young people studied at the "Aliya" madrasah in Ufa
and the "Husayniya" madrasah in Orenburg[1, p.33].
After the "October Revolution" of 1917, higher
educational institutions were established in the
Turkestan Republic, but some problems arose in this
regard. In particular, most of the young people who
entered higher and secondary specialized educational
institutions were Russian-speaking students. For
example, in the 1920/1921 academic year, only 2 out of
2500 students of the Turkestan Medical University, 3
out of 200 students of Darul ilmi Sharkiya (Institute of
Oriental Studies) were children -Uzbeks, and there was
not a single Uzbek student among the 70 students
studying at the Faculty of Railway Workers in Tashkent
Volume 03 Issue 06-2023
80
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
06
Pages:
78-82
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
[5, p.10]. Figures such as T. Riskulov, F. Khodzhaev,
enlighteners
such
as
Munavwar
Kori
Abdurashidkhanov, Ubaidulla Khodzhaev and Fitrat
were looking for different ways to get rid of such
problematic issues. In particular, they set the goal, first
of all, to rid the country of economic and cultural
backwardness, to study the experience of developed
countries and thereby gradually lead Turkestan to
independence.
On April 23, 1921, at a meeting of the Uzbek Scientific
Commission in Tashkent, the issue of sending Uzbek
students abroad[4] was discussed. Commission
member A. Yunusov said on this occasion: “The
prospects of any country largely depend on highly
educated activists who are sufficiently prepared to
serve its interests. That is why we see, for example,
that Japan sent its scientists, engineers, doctors, etc.
to the countries of Western Europe ... If Turkestan
really wants to achieve the development of its national
autonomy in the future ... It consists in sending the
most talented young people from Turkestan abroad
immediately, and allowing the most developed and
strong to receive secondary and higher education from
there” [
9, pp. 9-10]. The Jadids believed that it was
necessary to study the scientific and technical
achievements and experience of the developed
countries of Europe.
At that time, it was considered necessary to study the
achievements and experience of Germany, one of the
most developed countries in Europe. In 1921 A. Murodi
was sent to Germany, and in 1922 about 70 students
from Turkestan and Bukhara went to higher and
secondary specialized educational institutions in
different cities of Germany to study agriculture, textile
industry, chemistry, electrical engineering, mining,
philosophy, pedagogy, medicine and other fields of
science [9, page 10]. Among the students who went to
study in Germany, there were 2 girls: Khairiniso
Majidkhonova and Maryam Sultanmuradova [3].
Members of the Komak Society and other local patrons
also played a special role in providing scholarships and
other financial support to students sent abroad.
F.Khudzhaev went there to find out about the
conditions and problems of students sent to Germany
[11, p.217]. The Bukhara People's Soviet Republic did a
lot to send students to Germany, even bought a house
in Berlin for students to study. [2].
The chairman of the BNSR, Fayzulla Khodzhaev,
instructed to transfer students to Germany and place
them for study by a special commission consisting of
the Bukhara intellectual Abduvakhid Burkhanov and
the Tatar intellectual Olimjon Idrisi, who arrived in
Bukhara from Germany. The document sent by O. Idrisi
to the leadership of Bukhara on November 8, 1923
contains information about the situation, residence
and study of 49 students in Berlin [8, p. 77]. In their
articles, Sanjar Siddik and other journalists called on
students from Moscow, Baku, St. Petersburg and
Volume 03 Issue 06-2023
81
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
06
Pages:
78-82
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Berlin to provide constant support and not break
contact with them [6, p.21]. Saidnosir Mirjalolov at his
own expense covers the expenses of students sent to
Germany in 1922. [7, p.49].
Each of the young people sent to study in Germany on
the advice of Munavvar Kori and Fitrat were given
three notebooks. In the first notebook, write down
detailed scientific information, books about the
greatest scientists in the field in which you are
engaged; in the second notebook, pedagogy of that
area, educational institutions, where and in what order
personnel are trained; in the third notebook, write
down the basic concepts and terms of the region, from
which language they are taken and what they mean,
what word corresponds to them in the Uzbek
language.
The Soviet government's attempt to ideologically
control students sent from Turkestan and Bukhara to
study in foreign countries, and its attempt to "rid"
them of "bourgeois" ideas created artificial obstacles
to sending students abroad in the following years. In
1922, V.V. Kuibyshev demanded that the leadership of
Turkestan return the students sent to Germany and
continue their studies in Moscow. However, F.
Khodzhaev opposed this. Also, since the second half of
the 1920s, political persecution and suspicion on
various issues against students studying in Germany
have intensified in the USSR. As a result, students who
came home during the holidays in 1927, including Salih
Muhammad, the son of Nasriddin Sherakhmad, were
not allowed to return to Germany. In 1930, A. Murodi,
who later studied abroad, was imprisoned.
In connection with this news, A.Ibrokhimov,
A.Abdusaid, T.Chiggatoy, I.Yolkin, A.Ishak, the
daughter of S.Shermukhammad and other foreign
students remained in Turkey and other foreign
countries without returning to Uzbekistan.
In the late 1920s - early 1930s, S. Jabbor, T. Momin, M.
Khodjaev, S. Matkul, A. Berimjon, R. Rasuli, H.
Majidkhanova and others who returned to Uzbekistan
after graduation from abroad worked in various
regions of the republic. Since 1937, they have been
accused of being "traitors to the Motherland",
"nationalists" and "counter-revolutionaries", forming
various groups. From October 4 to October 9, 1938, all
students who had previously studied in Germany and
worked in Uzbekistan were sentenced to death as
"spies."[4]
CONCLUSION
Only thanks to independence, it became possible to
find out the truth and some information about them.
Also, since the first days of independence, many young
people of our country have been studying in the
developed countries of the world in unique specialties
and exchanging experience.
Volume 03 Issue 06-2023
82
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
06
Pages:
78-82
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
In the harsh conditions of colonial oppression, the
Turkestan Jadids fought for the development of the
country, raising the morale of the people, and
changing the way of life. They mobilized all their
resources to ensure that young people receive
advanced
higher
education
abroad,
acquire
professions that are in demand in our country, and
develop modern science. However, when their work
began to bear fruit, they became victims of repression.
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