Volume 03 Issue 05-2023
94
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
05
Pages:
94-98
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
This article discusses the specific characteristics of the philosophical aspects of the artistic-aesthetic nature of maqam
art. In the article, the author commented on the emergence, development and stages of development of status art.
KEYWORDS
Catharsis, kalokagatia, maqom, aesthetic value, national aesthetic, identity, music, emotion, perception
INTRODUCTION
The world's focus on the arts, particularly music, is
greater today than ever before. After all, the art of
music affects not only the inner spiritual and spiritual
world of a person, but also the formation of his
ideology and philosophical worldview, forms the social
and moral ideals of a person, his vision of beauty, and
develops his aesthetic taste. The transformation of
world music and musicology due to the process of
globalization creates ontological, epistemological and
axiological problems of music, which create the need
to study music in the system of national and universal
culture and develop its philosophical and aesthetic
foundations. In this sense, in today's period of
changes, studying the traditional foundations and
values of every culture, art, in particular, maqom art,
from a philosophical-aesthetic point of view is of
urgent importance.
A number of scientific researches are being carried out
on the aesthetic essence of musical art, especially the
art of maqom, in the leading scientific research centers
and institutes of a number of developed countries
Research Article
SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PHILOSOPHICAL ASPECTS OF THE
ARTISTIC-AESTHETIC NATURE OF MAQOM ART
Submission Date:
May 21, 2023,
Accepted Date:
May 26, 2023,
Published Date:
May 31, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/Volume03Issue05-17
Nurullaeva Zulhumor Sidamatovna
Senior Teacher Of The Department Of Ethics And Aesthetics, Phd, National University Of Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajsshr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 05-2023
95
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
05
Pages:
94-98
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
around the world. In particular, in these studies,
particular attention is paid to the genesis of
ethnomusic, folklore and traditional music of the
Central Asian countries, the general laws of maqom art
in the aesthetic perception of reality, the dialectical
correlation of this process, the influence of maqomes
on the human psyche, the aesthetic content and
essence of this art.
It is noteworthy that in our country, reforms are being
carried out in the development of music and maqom
art, as well as in all areas. In particular, as a result of the
opening of the Uzbek National Institute of Music Art
and the holding of makom festivals every two years,
the attention to makom has changed. The recognition
of "Shashmaqom" by UNESCO in 2003 as a
"Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Cultural Heritage
of Humanity" created the need to further revive the
research on the philosophical and aesthetic
characteristics of this phenomenon. "Now we need to
mobilize all our capabilities so that the tunes of
maqom, the spirit and philosophy of maqom take a
deep place in the hearts of every person, first of all, in
the minds and hearts of our young generation." This
type of art has its own place and role in achieving socio-
spiritual development.
Since ancient times, the nature of musical art, genre
features and historical development path have been in
the center of philosophical and aesthetic research.
Pythagoras, Plato, Aristotle, A. Boethius, I. Kant, G.
Hegel, F. Schelling, A. Schopenhauer, F. Nietzsche, J.
Sartre and other philosophers, the origin of the art of
music, various aspects of the relationship with other
types of art , views related to the philosophical-
aesthetic influence on human life and the ideological
role in the socio-spiritual development of the society
are put forward. For example, Pythagoras says that it
is important to purify the soul and cleanse it from
worldly evils through music. He also thinks that secular
music is a manifestation of cosmic harmony, that its
sound creates such a harmonious order in the human
inner world. Plato states that everything that is done
by the order of the Creator in the heavenly and earthly
affairs is subject to the melody of music. Aristotle says
that the human soul is relieved when it listens to music,
it gets rid of harmful habits. Based on his views, he
highly appreciated the influence of music on human
spiritual and moral education.
In the early Middle Ages, A. Boetsius in his work
"Teachings from Music" emphasizes the existence of
interrelationship between religious symbols, spiritual
and spiritual states and various musical elements.
Among the Eastern thinkers, scholars such as Abu Nasr
Farabi, Ibn Sina, Ibn Bojja, Abu Hamid Muhammad
Ghazali, Jalaluddin Rumi, Omar Khayyam, Kaikovus,
Abdurrahman Jami, Najmuddin Kavkabi, Sayfiddin
Urmavi, Darvish Ali Changi, Qutbiddin Shirozi, studied
the theoretical and methodological foundations of the
art of maqom. Alisher Navoi, Abdurahman Jami,
Volume 03 Issue 05-2023
96
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
05
Pages:
94-98
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur studied the theoretical
foundations of music and its influence on human
emotions in their works. In particular, Farobi
determines the usefulness and harm of types of music,
their use and purpose. He believes that melodies that
only bring pleasure are less useful than those that
evoke emotions. Ibn Sina emphasizes that music has a
great influence not only on the human div, but also
on his spiritual and spiritual world. And Ibn Bojja thinks
about general harmony (universal harmony) in the field
of music. He explains the origin of music in connection
with the richness of human language, the tone of
words, sounds. Alloma emphasizes the origin of sound
as a result of the collision of objects in the air.
In German classical philosophy, I. Kant evaluates music
from the point of view of "aesthetics of feelings" and
"aesthetics of numbers". He argues that the difference
between beauty and pleasantness is that we call an
object beautiful and demand the same from others.
Yet we treat beauty as if it were a property of an object.
In this sense, music is a subjective and universal
phenomenon that reflects both beauty and
pleasantness. A. Schopenhauer tries to explain the
essence of music based on the metaphysical reality
that expresses the autonomous existence of the soul.
In the 20th century, foreign scientists Yu. Elsner, T.
Levin, H. Farmer, D'Erlange, A. Eichhorn, M. Littner and
others studied the art of music from a scientific and
practical point of view.
Philosophical-aesthetic aspects of music in the CIS
countries and the issues of connection with other
types of art are detailed in the works of scientists such
as Yu.Rags, V.Shestakov, Yu.Borev, A.Losev. G.Shamilli,
S.Farkhadova, R.Aminjonov, A.Sagadeev, S.Daukeeva,
S.Gudimova, A.Rajabov among the art historians have
researched the genesis, evolution and theoretical-
methodological foundations of the art of music.
S. Begmatov, A. Djumaev, O. Ibrohimov, O.
Matyokubov, I. Rajabov, F. Karomatov, Z. Oripov, Sh.
Aykhodjaeva, A. Nazarov, N. Mironov, A. Sokhor are
among the art historians who studied the art of
maqom in Uzbekistan. R. Yunusov, Yu. Rajabov, V.
Uspensky, V. Belyaev, Yu. Plakhov, T. Vyzgo, Kh. Tuma,
E. Romanovskaya, modern scientists Abdurauf Fitrat,
Ghulam Zafari can be noted.
D. Kadirova, N. Agzamova, D. Tashbaeva studied the
art of music among Uzbek philosophers. For example,
D. Kadirova studied the aesthetic features of Uzbek
national music and singing art, and N. Agzamova
studied the role of music in the aesthetic concept of
Eastern peripatetics. And D. Tashbaeva studied the
unique aesthetic aspects of Uzbek music. In them,
music is studied as a phenomenon related to aesthetic
feelings.
Maqam art is a genre that reflects masterpieces of high
wisdom. The capacity of a person to know and
understand art is somewhat limited compared to
Volume 03 Issue 05-2023
97
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
05
Pages:
94-98
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
fiction. Because in it reality is expressed with special
tenderness, sensitivity, human's divine feelings in
unique delicate melodies, it helps to understand reality
more fully and attractively through artistic and
aesthetic feelings. For maqom art, like philosophy, the
main subject is a person. Through the art of maqam, a
person searches for a meaning that is important to him
from natural phenomena, thereby purifying his soul.
That is why this art form is important for the all-round
development of a person.
The rhythm and harmony in the art of maqom has a
great influence on the aesthetic world of people, their
spiritual and moral education. Music, which forms the
basis of maqom art, plays an important role in the
creation of new knowledge, ideas, and artistic works.
In the art of maqom, we can see the dialectical
relationship of the individual to the general. Each
example of creativity in the art of maqom is
independent, unique and unique, and directly reflects
a certain aspect of reality.
Maqams occupy a very large place in the musical
heritage of the peoples of the East. According to the
"National Encyclopedia of Uzbekistan", "Maqom"
(Arab. - place, place, place) is one of the main concepts
in the music of the Muslim East. Initially, the place
where the finger is pressed on the handle of a stringed
instrument to produce a sound of a certain pitch was
used in the sense of a fret. Later, during the
development of Eastern music theory, the scope of
meaning of maqam expanded more and more, and
began to mean other related meanings as well: lat
structure, lat system; melodies, forms, genres created
on the ground of certain curtains; consisting of one
part or series of instruments and singing lines, musical
style, etc.
Maqam is the location of sounds that make up
melodies and songs in musical instruments, i.e.
curtains. In some books on music, the concept of
"maqom" is defined and classified differently.
According to Ibn Zayla, the dictionary meaning of the
word "maqom" means "place", "place", "state",
"situation", "stage", "level" in Arabic. The term was
not originally interpreted as a musical term. The term
maqam has been used in different senses in different
fields. He was the first to express the four stages of
Sufism in the teachings of Sufism. In order to get to
know Allah, a person has to go through these stages in
order to overcome his ego and achieve spiritual and
moral purification. Each of the four stages consists of
ten bases, which are called "maqom". Such a definition
of the term maqom is also recorded in the "National
Encyclopedia of Uzbekistan". Later, the word
"maqam"
came
to
mean
"denominator"
in
"mathematics". Dilorom Karomat in his article entitled
"Twelve maqam system and its similarities with Indian
ragas (according to manuscripts)" admits that maqam
is also called "Sufi kalam" in Kashmir.
Volume 03 Issue 05-2023
98
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
05
Pages:
94-98
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Judging the evolution of maqam from a philosophical
point of view, maqam songs came from a higher
civilization or the absent (arshi ala). It represents the
"state" in Sufism, that is, the Sufi reached the state of
"jazwa" precisely through these melodies and aspired
to spiritual perfection. Perhaps it is because of this
factor that the development of maqam tunes spans a
long period of time. In addition, the maqom helps to
clarify the epistemology of human thinking, in addition
to its emotional and aesthetic function.
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